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Solution Manual for Nester’s Microbiology A Human Perspective 9th by Anderson

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Solution Manual for Nester’s Microbiology A Human Perspective 9th by Anderson

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This is completed downloadable of Solution Manual for Nester’s Microbiology A Human Perspective 9th by Anderson

 

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Perfect for the non-major/allied health student (and also appropriate for mixed majors courses), this text provides a rock solid foundation in microbiology. By carefully and clearly explaining the fundamental concepts and offering vivid and appealing instructional art, Microbiology: A Human Perspective draws students back to their book again and again!

The text has a concise and readable style, covers the most current concepts, and gives students the knowledge and mastery necessary to understand advances of the future. A body systems approach is used in the coverage of diseases.

 

Table of Content:

  1. Part I Life and Death of Microorganisms
  2. 1 Humans and the Microbial World
  3. A Glimpse of History
  4. Key Terms
  5. 1.1 The Dispute over Spontaneous Generation
  6. Early Experiments
  7. Experiments of Pasteur
  8. Experiments of Tyndall
  9. The Golden Age of Microbiology
  10. The Scientific Method
  11. 1.2 Microbiology: A Human Perspective
  12. The Human Microbiome
  13. Microorganisms in the Environment
  14. Commercial Benefits of Microorganisms
  15. Microbes as Research Tools
  16. Microbes and Disease
  17. 1.3 Members of the Microbial World
  18. Scientific Names
  19. Bacteria
  20. Archaea
  21. Eukarya
  22. Acellular Infectious Agents
  23. Focus on a Case 1.1
  24. Focus Your Perspective 1.1: Every Rule Has an Exception
  25. Focus on the Future 1.1: Meet the Microbiomes!
  26. Summary
  27. Review Questions
  28. 2 The Molecules of Life
  29. A Glimpse of History
  30. Key Terms
  31. 2.1 Elements and Atoms
  32. Atomic Structure
  33. Isotopes
  34. The Role of Electrons
  35. 2.2 Chemical Bonds and Reactions
  36. Ions and Ionic Bonds
  37. Covalent Bonds
  38. Hydrogen Bonds
  39. Molarity
  40. Chemical Reactions
  41. 2.3 Water, pH, and Buffers
  42. Water
  43. pH of Aqueous Solutions
  44. Buffers
  45. 2.4 Organic Molecules
  46. Carbohydrates
  47. Lipids
  48. Proteins
  49. Nucleic Acids
  50. Focus on a Case 2.1
  51. Focus Your Perspective 2.1: Right-Handed and Left-Handed Molecules
  52. Summary
  53. Review Questions
  54. 3 Microscopy and Cell Structure
  55. A Glimpse of History
  56. Key Terms
  57. Microscopy and Cell Morphology
  58. 3.1 Microscopes
  59. Principles of Light Microscopy: Bright-Field Microscopes
  60. Light Microscopes That Increase Contrast
  61. Light Microscopes That Detect Fluorescence
  62. Electron Microscopes
  63. Scanning Probe Microscopes
  64. 3.2 Preparing Specimens for Light Microscopy
  65. Simple Staining
  66. Differential Staining
  67. Special Stains to Observe Cell Structures
  68. Fluorescent Dyes and Tags
  69. 3.3 Morphology of Prokaryotic Cells
  70. Shapes
  71. Arrangements
  72. Multicellular Associations
  73. Prokaryotic Cells
  74. 3.4 The Cytoplasmic Membrane of Prokaryotic Cells
  75. Structure of the Cytoplasmic Membrane
  76. Permeability of the Cytoplasmic Membrane
  77. The Role of the Cytoplasmic Membrane in Energy Transformation
  78. Transport of Small Molecules Across the Cytoplasmic Membrane
  79. Protein Secretion
  80. 3.5 The Cell Wall of Prokaryotic Cells
  81. Peptidoglycan
  82. The Gram-Positive Cell Wall
  83. The Gram-Negative Cell Wall
  84. Antibacterial Substances That Target Peptidoglycan
  85. Cell Wall Type and the Gram Stain
  86. Bacteria That Lack a Cell Wall
  87. Cell Walls of Archaea
  88. 3.6 Structures Outside the Cell Wall of Prokaryotic Cells
  89. Capsules and Slime Layers
  90. Flagella
  91. Pili
  92. 3.7 Internal Components of Prokaryotic Cells
  93. Chromosome and Plasmids
  94. Ribosomes
  95. Cytoskeleton
  96. Storage Granules
  97. Gas Vesicles
  98. Endospores
  99. Eukaryotic Cells
  100. 3.8 Cytoplasmic Membrane of Eukaryotic Cells
  101. Structure and Function of the Cytoplasmic Membrane
  102. Transfer of Molecules Across the Cytoplasmic Membrane
  103. 3.9 Protein Structures Within Eukaryotic Cells
  104. Ribosomes
  105. Cytoskeleton
  106. Flagella and Cilia
  107. 3.10 Membrane-Bound Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
  108. Nucleus
  109. Mitochondria
  110. Chloroplasts
  111. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
  112. Golgi Apparatus
  113. Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
  114. Focus on a Case 3.1
  115. Focus Your Perspective 3.1: Pathogens Hijacking Actin
  116. Summary
  117. Review Questions
  118. 4 Dynamics of Microbial Growth
  119. A Glimpse of History
  120. Key Terms
  121. 4.1 Principles of Microbial Growth
  122. 4.2 Microbial Growth in Nature
  123. Biofilms
  124. Interactions of Mixed Microbial Communities
  125. 4.3 Microbial Growth in Laboratory Conditions
  126. Obtaining a Pure Culture
  127. The Growth Curve
  128. Colony Growth
  129. Continuous Culture
  130. 4.4 Environmental Factors That Influence Microbial Growth
  131. Temperature Requirements
  132. Oxygen (O2) Requirements
  133. pH
  134. Water Availability
  135. 4.5 Nutritional Factors That Influence Microbial Growth
  136. Required Elements
  137. Growth Factors
  138. Energy Sources
  139. Nutritional Diversity
  140. 4.6 Cultivating Microorganisms in the Laboratory
  141. General Categories of Culture Media
  142. Special Types of Culture Media
  143. Providing Appropriate Atmospheric Conditions
  144. Enrichment Cultures
  145. 4.7 Methods to Detect and Measure Microbial Growth
  146. Direct Cell Counts
  147. Viable Cell Counts
  148. Measuring Biomass
  149. Detecting Cell Products
  150. Focus on a Case 4.1
  151. Focus Your Perspective 4.1: Can Microorganisms Live on Only Rocks and Water?
  152. Focus on the Future 4.1: Seeing How the Other 99% Lives
  153. Summary
  154. Review Questions
  155. 5 Control of Microbial Growth
  156. A Glimpse of History
  157. Key Terms
  158. 5.1 Approaches to Control
  159. Principles of Control
  160. Situational Considerations
  161. 5.2 Selecting an Antimicrobial Procedure
  162. Type of Microbes
  163. Number of Microorganisms
  164. Environmental Conditions
  165. Risk for Infection
  166. Composition of the Item
  167. 5.3 Using Heat to Destroy Microorganisms and Viruses
  168. Moist Heat
  169. Dry Heat
  170. 5.4 Using Other Physical Methods to Remove or Destroy Microbes
  171. Filtration
  172. Irradiation
  173. High Pressure
  174. 5.5 Using Chemicals to Destroy Microorganisms and Viruses
  175. Effectiveness of Germicidal Chemicals
  176. Selecting the Appropriate Germicidal Chemical
  177. Classes of Germicidal Chemicals
  178. 5.6 Preservation of Perishable Products
  179. Chemical Preservatives
  180. Low-Temperature Storage
  181. Reducing the Available Water
  182. Focus on a Case 5.1
  183. Focus on the Future 5.1: Too Much of a Good Thing?
  184. Summary
  185. Review Questions
  186. 6 Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth
  187. A Glimpse of History
  188. Key Terms
  189. 6.1 Principles of Microbial Metabolism
  190. Energy
  191. Components of Metabolic Pathways
  192. Precursor Metabolites
  193. Overview of Catabolism
  194. 6.2 Enzymes
  195. Mechanisms and Consequences of Enzyme Action
  196. Cofactors
  197. Environmental Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity
  198. Allosteric Regulation
  199. Enzyme Inhibition
  200. 6.3 The Central Metabolic Pathways
  201. Glycolysis
  202. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
  203. Transition Step
  204. Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle
  205. 6.4 Cellular Respiration
  206. The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)—Generating a Proton Motive Force
  207. ATP Synthase—Using the Proton Motive Force to Synthesize ATP
  208. ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration in Prokaryotes
  209. 6.5 Fermentation
  210. 6.6 Catabolism of Organic Compounds Other Than Glucose
  211. Polysaccharides and Disaccharides
  212. Lipids
  213. Proteins
  214. 6.7 Chemolithotrophs
  215. 6.8 Photosynthesis
  216. Capturing Radiant Energy
  217. Converting Radiant Energy into Chemical Energy
  218. 6.9 Carbon Fixation
  219. Calvin Cycle
  220. 6.10 Anabolic Pathways—Synthesizing Subunits from Precursor Molecules
  221. Lipid Synthesis
  222. Amino Acid Synthesis
  223. Nucleotide Synthesis
  224. Focus on a Case 6.1
  225. Focus Your Perspective 6.1: Mining with Microbes
  226. Focus on the Future 6.1: Fueling the Future
  227. Summary
  228. Review Questions
  229. 7 The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein
  230. A Glimpse of History
  231. Key Terms
  232. 7.1 Overview
  233. Characteristics of DNA
  234. Characteristics of RNA
  235. Regulating Gene Expression
  236. 7.2 DNA Replication
  237. Initiation of DNA Replication
  238. The Process of DNA Replication
  239. 7.3 Gene Expression in Bacteria
  240. Transcription
  241. Translation
  242. 7.4 Differences Between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Gene Expression
  243. 7.5 Sensing and Responding to Environmental Fluctuations
  244. Signal Transduction
  245. Natural Selection
  246. 7.6 Bacterial Gene Regulation
  247. Mechanisms to Control Transcription
  248. The lac Operon as a Model
  249. 7.7 Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
  250. 7.8 Genomics
  251. Analyzing a Prokaryotic DNA Sequence
  252. Metagenomics
  253. Focus on a Case 7.1
  254. Focus Your Perspective 7.1: RNA: The First Macromolecule?
  255. Focus on the Future 7.1: Gems in the Genomes?
  256. Summary
  257. Review Questions
  258. 8 Bacterial Genetics
  259. A Glimpse of History
  260. Key Terms
  261. 8.1 Genetic Change in Bacteria
  262. Mutation as a Mechanism of Genetic Change
  263. 8.2 Spontaneous Mutations
  264. Base Substitution
  265. Deletion or Addition of Nucleotides
  266. Transposons (Jumping Genes)
  267. 8.3 Induced Mutations
  268. Chemical Mutagens
  269. Transposition
  270. Radiation
  271. 8.4 Repair of Damaged DNA
  272. Repair of Errors in Nucleotide Incorporation
  273. Repair of Modified Nucleobases in DNA
  274. Repair of Thymine Dimers
  275. SOS Repair
  276. 8.5 Mutant Selection
  277. Direct Selection
  278. Indirect Selection
  279. Screening for Possible Carcinogens
  280. Horizontal Gene Transfer as a Mechanism of Genetic Change
  281. 8.6 DNA-Mediated Transformation
  282. Competence
  283. The Process of Transformation
  284. 8.7 Transduction
  285. 8.8 Conjugation
  286. Plasmid Transfer
  287. Chromosome Transfer
  288. F′ Donors
  289. 8.9 The Mobile Gene Pool
  290. Plasmids
  291. Transposons
  292. Genomic Islands
  293. Phage DNA
  294. 8.10 Bacterial Defenses Against Invading DNA
  295. Restriction-Modification Systems
  296. CRISPR Systems
  297. Focus on a Case 8.1
  298. Focus Your Perspective 8.1: The Biological Function of DNA: A Discovery Ahead of Its Time
  299. Focus Your Perspective 8.2: Bacteria Can Conjugate with Plants: A Natural Case of Genetic Engineering
  300. Summary
  301. Review Questions
  302. 9 Biotechnology
  303. A Glimpse of History
  304. Key Terms
  305. 9.1 Fundamental Tools Used in Biotechnology
  306. Restriction Enzymes
  307. DNA Gel Electrophoresis
  308. CRISPR/Cas9
  309. 9.2 Genetic Engineering
  310. Genetically Engineered Bacteria
  311. Genetically Engineered Eukaryotes
  312. Techniques Used to Clone DNA
  313. Concerns Regarding Genetic Engineering
  314. 9.3 DNA Sequencing
  315. DNA Sequencing Methods
  316. 9.4 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
  317. Variations of Conventional PCR
  318. PCR Methods
  319. 9.5 Probe Technologies
  320. Colony Blotting
  321. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
  322. DNA Microarrays
  323. Focus on a Case 9.1
  324. Focus on the Future 9.1: Precision Medicine
  325. Summary
  326. Review Questions
  327. Part II The Microbial World
  328. 10 Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms
  329. A Glimpse of History
  330. Key Terms
  331. 10.1 Principles of Taxonomy
  332. Strategies Used to Identify Microorganisms
  333. Strategies Used to Classify Microorganisms
  334. Nomenclature
  335. 10.2 Identification Methods Based on Phenotype
  336. Microscopic Morphology
  337. Culture Characteristics
  338. Metabolic Capabilities
  339. Serological Testing
  340. Protein Profile
  341. 10.3 Identification Methods Based on Genotype
  342. Detecting Specific Nucleotide Sequences
  343. Sequencing Ribosomal RNA Genes
  344. 10.4 Characterizing Strain Differences
  345. Biochemical Typing
  346. Serological Typing
  347. Molecular Typing
  348. Phage Typing
  349. Antibiograms
  350. 10.5 Classifying Microorganisms
  351. Sequence Analysis of Ribosomal Components
  352. DNA Hybridization
  353. G + C Content
  354. Phenotypic Methods
  355. Focus on a Case 10.1
  356. Focus on the Future 10.1: Pushing the Limits of MALDI-TOF MS
  357. Summary
  358. Review Questions
  359. 11 The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea
  360. A Glimpse of History
  361. Key Terms
  362. Metabolic Diversity
  363. 11.1 Anaerobic Chemotrophs
  364. Anaerobic Chemolithotrophs
  365. Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs—Anaerobic Respiration
  366. Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs—Fermentation
  367. 11.2 Anoxygenic Phototrophs
  368. Purple Bacteria
  369. Green Bacteria
  370. Other Anoxygenic Phototrophs
  371. 11.3 Oxygenic Phototrophs
  372. Cyanobacteria
  373. 11.4 Aerobic Chemolithotrophs
  374. Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria
  375. Nitrifiers
  376. Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria
  377. 11.5 Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs
  378. Obligate Aerobes
  379. Facultative Anaerobes
  380. Ecophysiological Diversity
  381. 11.6 Thriving in Terrestrial Environments
  382. Bacteria That Form a Resting Stage
  383. Bacteria That Associate with Plants
  384. 11.7 Thriving in Aquatic Environments
  385. Sheathed Bacteria
  386. Prosthecate Bacteria
  387. Bacteria That Derive Nutrients from Other Organisms
  388. Bacteria That Move by Unusual Mechanisms
  389. Bacteria That Form Storage Granules
  390. 11.8 Animals as Habitats
  391. Bacteria That Inhabit the Skin
  392. Bacteria That Inhabit Mucous Membranes
  393. Obligate Intracellular Parasites
  394. 11.9 Archaea That Thrive in Extreme Conditions
  395. Extreme Halophiles
  396. Extreme Thermophiles
  397. Focus on a Case 11.1
  398. Focus on the Future 11.1: Astrobiology: Searching for Life Beyond Earth
  399. Summary
  400. Review Questions
  401. 12 The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World
  402. A Glimpse of History
  403. Key Terms
  404. 12.1 Fungi
  405. Types of Fungi
  406. Structure of Fungi
  407. Fungal Habitats
  408. Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
  409. Reproduction in Fungi
  410. Economic Importance of Fungi
  411. Medical Importance of Fungi
  412. 12.2 Algae
  413. Types of Algae
  414. Structure of Algae
  415. Algal Habitats
  416. Algal Reproduction
  417. Medical Importance of Algae
  418. 12.3 Protozoa
  419. Types of Protozoa
  420. Structure of Protozoa
  421. Protozoan Habitats
  422. Protozoan Reproduction
  423. Medical Importance of Protozoa
  424. 12.4 Slime Molds and Water Molds
  425. Slime Molds
  426. Water Molds
  427. 12.5 Multicellular Parasites: Helminths
  428. Life Cycles and Transmission of Helminths
  429. Roundworms (Nematodes)
  430. Tapeworms (Cestodes)
  431. Flukes (Trematodes)
  432. 12.6 Arthropods
  433. Focus on a Case 12.1
  434. Focus Your Perspective 12.1: What Causes River Blindness?
  435. Summary
  436. Review Questions
  437. 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
  438. A Glimpse of History
  439. Key Terms
  440. 13.1 General Characteristics of Viruses
  441. Viral Architecture
  442. Viral Taxonomy
  443. 13.2 Bacteriophages
  444. Lytic Phage Infections: T4 Phage as a Model
  445. Temperate Phage Infections: Lambda Phage as a Model
  446. Filamentous Phage Infections: M13 Phage as a Model
  447. 13.3 The Roles of Bacteriophages in Horizontal Gene Transfer
  448. Generalized Transduction
  449. Specialized Transduction
  450. 13.4 Methods Used to Study Bacteriophages
  451. 13.5 Animal Virus Replication
  452. Attachment
  453. Penetration and Uncoating
  454. Synthesis of Viral Proteins and Replication of the Genome
  455. Assembly and Maturation
  456. Release
  457. 13.6 Categories of Animal Virus Infections
  458. Acute Infections
  459. Persistent Infections
  460. 13.7 Viruses and Human Tumors
  461. 13.8 Cultivating and Quantitating Animal Viruses
  462. Cultivating Animal Viruses
  463. Quantitating Animal Viruses
  464. 13.9 Plant Viruses
  465. 13.10 Other Infectious Agents: Viroids and Prions
  466. Viroids
  467. Prions
  468. Focus on a Case 13.1
  469. Focus Your Perspective 13.1: Microbe Mimicker
  470. Summary
  471. Review Questions
  472. Part III Microorganisms and Humans
  473. 14 The Innate Immune Response
  474. A Glimpse of History
  475. Key Terms
  476. 14.1 Overview of the Innate Immune Defenses
  477. 14.2 First-Line Defenses
  478. Physical Barriers
  479. Antimicrobial Substances
  480. Normal Microbiota (Flora)
  481. 14.3 The Cells of the Immune System
  482. Granulocytes
  483. Mononuclear Phagocytes
  484. Dendritic Cells
  485. Lymphocytes
  486. 14.4 Cell Communication
  487. Surface Receptors
  488. Cytokines
  489. Adhesion Molecules
  490. 14.5 Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
  491. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) that Monitor a Cell’s Surroundings
  492. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) That Monitor Material Ingested by a Cell
  493. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) That Monitor a Cell’s Cytoplasm
  494. An Outcome of Cytoplasmic Pattern Recognition: The Interferon Response
  495. 14.6 The Complement System
  496. Complement System Activation
  497. Effector Functions of the Complement System
  498. Regulation of the Complement System
  499. 14.7 Phagocytosis
  500. The Process of Phagocytosis
  501. Characteristics of Macrophages
  502. Characteristics of Neutrophils
  503. 14.8 The Inflammatory Response
  504. Factors That Trigger an Inflammatory Response
  505. The Inflammatory Process
  506. Damaging Effects of Inflammation
  507. Cell Death and the Inflammatory Response
  508. 14.9 Fever
  509. Focus on a Case 14.1
  510. Focus Your Perspective 14.1: For Schistosoma, the Inflammatory Response Delivers
  511. Summary
  512. Review Questions
  513. 15 The Adaptive Immune Response
  514. A Glimpse of History
  515. Key Terms
  516. 15.1 Overview of the Adaptive Immune Response
  517. Humoral Immunity
  518. Cell-Mediated Immunity
  519. 15.2 Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
  520. Lymphatic Vessels
  521. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
  522. Primary Lymphoid Organs
  523. 15.3 The Nature of Antigens
  524. 15.4 The Nature of Antibodies
  525. Structure and Properties of Antibodies
  526. Protective Outcomes of Antibody-Antigen Binding
  527. Immunoglobulin Classes
  528. 15.5 Clonal Selection and Expansion of Lymphocytes
  529. 15.6 The B-Cell Response: Humoral Immunity
  530. B-Cell Activation
  531. Characteristics of the Primary Response
  532. Characteristics of the Secondary Response
  533. The Response to T-Independent Antigens
  534. 15.7 The T-Cell Response: Cell-Mediated Immunity
  535. General Characteristics of T Cells
  536. Activation of T Cells
  537. Effector Functions of TC (CD8) Cells
  538. Effector Functions of TH (CD4) Cells
  539. 15.8 Natural Killer (NK) Cells
  540. 15.9 Lymphocyte Development
  541. Generation of Diversity
  542. Negative Selection of Self-Reactive B Cells
  543. Positive and Negative Selection of Self-Reactive T Cells
  544. Focus on a Case 15.1
  545. Focus Your Perspective 15.1: What Flavors Are Your Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules?
  546. Summary
  547. Review Questions
  548. 16 Host-Microbe Interactions
  549. A Glimpse of History
  550. Key Terms
  551. Microbes, Health, and Disease
  552. 16.1 The Anatomical Barriers as Ecosystems
  553. 16.2 The Human Microbiome
  554. Composition of the Microbiome
  555. Beneficial Roles of the Human Microbiome
  556. 16.3 Principles of Infectious Disease
  557. Pathogenicity
  558. Characteristics of Infectious Disease
  559. 16.4 Determining the Cause of an Infectious Disease
  560. Koch’s Postulates
  561. Molecular Koch’s Postulates
  562. Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
  563. 16.5 Establishing Infection
  564. Adherence
  565. Colonization
  566. Delivering Effector Proteins to Host Cells
  567. 16.6 Invasion—Breaching the Anatomical Barriers
  568. Penetrating the Skin
  569. Penetrating Mucous Membranes
  570. 16.7 Avoiding the Host Defenses
  571. Hiding Within a Host Cell
  572. Avoiding Destruction by Phagocytes
  573. Avoiding Killing by Complement System Proteins
  574. Avoiding Recognition by Antibodies
  575. 16.8 Damage to the Host
  576. Exotoxins
  577. Endotoxin and Other Bacterial Cell Wall Components
  578. Damaging Effects of the Immune Response
  579. 16.9 Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis
  580. Binding to Host Cells and Invasion
  581. Avoiding Immune Responses
  582. Damage to the Host
  583. 16.10 Mechanisms of Eukaryotic Pathogenesis
  584. Fungi
  585. Protozoa and Helminths
  586. Focus on a Case 16.1
  587. Focus on the Future 16.1: The Potential of Probiotics
  588. Summary
  589. Review Questions
  590. 17 Immunological Disorders
  591. A Glimpse of History
  592. Key Terms
  593. 17.1 Hypersensitivities
  594. Type I Hypersensitivities: Immediate IgE-Mediated
  595. Type II Hypersensitivities: Cytotoxic
  596. Type III Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex–Mediated
  597. Type IV Hypersensitivities: Delayed-Type Cell-Mediated
  598. 17.2 Autoimmune Disease
  599. The Range of Autoimmune Diseases
  600. Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
  601. 17.3 Immunodeficiency Disorders
  602. Primary Immunodeficiencies
  603. Secondary Immunodeficiencies
  604. Focus on a Case 17.1
  605. Focus Your Perspective 17.1: The Fetus as an Allograft
  606. Summary
  607. Review Questions
  608. 18 Applications of Immune Responses
  609. A Glimpse of History
  610. Key Terms
  611. Immunization
  612. 18.1 Principles of Immunization
  613. Active Immunity
  614. Passive Immunity
  615. 18.2 Vaccines and Immunization Procedures
  616. Attenuated Vaccines
  617. Inactivated Vaccines
  618. The Importance of Vaccines
  619. An Example of Vaccination Strategy—The Campaign to Eliminate Poliomyelitis
  620. Immunological Testing
  621. 18.3 Principles of Immunoassays
  622. Quantifying Antigen-Antibody Reactions
  623. Obtaining Known Antibodies
  624. 18.4 Common Types of Immunoassays
  625. Immunoassays That Use Labeled Antibodies
  626. Immunoassays That Involve Visible Antigen-Antibody Aggregates
  627. Focus on a Case 18.1
  628. Focus Your Perspective 18.1:
  629. Focus on the Future 18.1: Conquering Cancer
  630. Summary
  631. Review Questions
  632. 19 Epidemiology
  633. A Glimpse of History
  634. Key Terms
  635. 19.1 Basic Concepts of Epidemiology
  636. 19.2 Chain of Infection
  637. Reservoirs of Infection
  638. Portals of Exit
  639. Disease Transmission
  640. Portals of Entry
  641. 19.3 Factors That Influence the Epidemiology of Disease
  642. Characteristics of the Pathogen
  643. Characteristics of the Host
  644. Characteristics of the Environment
  645. 19.4 Epidemiological Studies
  646. Descriptive Studies
  647. Analytical Studies
  648. Experimental Studies
  649. 19.5 Infectious Disease Surveillance
  650. National Disease Surveillance Network
  651. Worldwide Disease Surveillance
  652. Reduction and Eradication of Disease
  653. 19.6 Emerging Infectious Diseases
  654. 19.7 Healthcare-Associated Infections
  655. Reservoirs of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings
  656. Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings
  657. Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections
  658. Focus on a Case 19.1
  659. Focus Your Perspective 19.1: Standard Precautions—Protecting Patients and Healthcare Personnel
  660. Focus on the Future 19.1: Maintaining Vigilance Against Bioterrorism
  661. Summary
  662. Review Questions
  663. 20 Antimicrobial Medications
  664. A Glimpse of History
  665. Key Terms
  666. 20.1 History and Development of Antimicrobial Medications
  667. Discovery of Antimicrobial Medications
  668. Discovery of Antibiotics
  669. Development of New Antimicrobial Medications
  670. 20.2 Characteristics of Antimicrobial Medications
  671. Selective Toxicity
  672. Antimicrobial Action
  673. Spectrum of Activity
  674. Effects of Antimicrobial Combinations
  675. Tissue Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of the Medication
  676. Adverse Effects
  677. Resistance to Antimicrobials
  678. 20.3 Mechanisms of Action of Antibacterial Medications
  679. Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis
  680. Inhibit Protein Synthesis
  681. Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis
  682. Interfere with Metabolic Pathways
  683. Interfere with Cell Membrane Integrity
  684. Effective Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  685. 20.4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
  686. Conventional Disc Diffusion Method
  687. Minimum Inhibitory and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MIC and MBC)
  688. Commercial Modifications of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
  689. 20.5 Resistance to Antimicrobial Medications
  690. Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance
  691. Acquisition of Resistance
  692. Examples of Emerging Resistance
  693. Preventing Resistance
  694. 20.6 Mechanisms of Action of Antiviral Medications
  695. Prevent Viral Entry
  696. Interfere with Viral Uncoating
  697. Interfere with Nucleic Acid Synthesis
  698. Prevent Genome Integration
  699. Prevent Assembly and Release of Viral Particles
  700. 20.7 Mechanisms of Action of Antifungal Medications
  701. Interfere with Cytoplasmic Membrane Synthesis and Function
  702. Interfere with Cell Wall Synthesis
  703. Interfere with Cell Division
  704. Interfere with Nucleic Acid Synthesis
  705. Interfere with Protein Synthesis
  706. 20.8 Mechanisms of Action of Antiprotozoan and Antihelminthic Medications
  707. Focus on a Case 20.1
  708. Focus Your Perspective 20.1:
  709. Focus on the Future 20.1: Combating Antibiotic Resistance
  710. Summary
  711. Review Questions
  712. Part IV Infectious Diseases
  713. 21 Respiratory System Infections
  714. A Glimpse of History
  715. Key Terms
  716. 21.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Respiratory System
  717. The Upper Respiratory Tract
  718. The Lower Respiratory Tract
  719. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
  720. 21.2 Bacterial Infections of the Upper Respiratory System
  721. Pink Eye, Earache, and Sinus Infections
  722. Streptococcal Pharyngitis (“Strep Throat”)
  723. Post-Streptococcal Sequelae
  724. Diphtheria
  725. 21.3 Viral Infections of the Upper Respiratory System
  726. The Common Cold
  727. Adenovirus Respiratory Tract Infections
  728. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
  729. Focus on Pneumonia
  730. 21.4 Bacterial Infections of the Lower Respiratory System
  731. Pneumococcal Pneumonia
  732. Klebsiella Pneumonia
  733. Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (“Walking Pneumonia”)
  734. Pertussis (“Whooping Cough”)
  735. Tuberculosis (“TB”)
  736. Legionellosis (“Legionnaires’ Disease”)
  737. Inhalation Anthrax
  738. 21.5 Viral Infections of the Lower Respiratory System
  739. Influenza (“Flu”)
  740. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infections
  741. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
  742. SARS and MERS
  743. 21.6 Fungal Infections of the Lung
  744. Coccidioidomycosis (“Valley Fever”)
  745. Histoplasmosis (“Spelunker’s Disease”)
  746. Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)
  747. Focus on a Case 21.1
  748. Summary
  749. Review Questions
  750. 22 Skin Infections
  751. A Glimpse of History
  752. Key Terms
  753. 22.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Skin
  754. 22.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Skin
  755. Acne Vulgaris
  756. Hair Follicle Infections
  757. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
  758. Impetigo
  759. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
  760. Cutaneous Anthrax
  761. 22.3 Viral Diseases of the Skin
  762. Varicella (Chickenpox)
  763. Rubeola (Measles)
  764. Rubella (German Measles)
  765. Other Viral Rashes of Childhood
  766. Warts
  767. 22.4 Fungal Diseases of the Skin
  768. Superficial Cutaneous Mycoses
  769. Other Fungal Diseases
  770. Focus on a Case 22.1
  771. Focus Your Perspective 22.1: The Ghost of Smallpox: An Evil Shade
  772. Summary
  773. Review Questions
  774. 23 Wound Infections
  775. A Glimpse of History
  776. Key Terms
  777. 23.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of Wounds
  778. Wound Abscesses
  779. Anaerobic Wounds
  780. 23.2 Common Bacterial Infections of Wounds
  781. Staphylococcal Wound Infections
  782. Group A Streptococcal “Flesh-Eating Disease”
  783. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
  784. 23.3 Diseases Due to Anaerobic Bacterial Wound Infections
  785. Tetanus (“Lockjaw”)
  786. Clostridial Myonecrosis (“Gas Gangrene”)
  787. 23.4 Bacterial Infections of Bite Wounds
  788. Human Bites
  789. Pasteurella multocida Bite Wound Infections
  790. Bartonellosis (“Cat Scratch Disease”)
  791. Streptobacillary Rat Bite Fever
  792. 23.5 Fungal Wound Infections
  793. Sporotrichosis (“Rose Gardener’s Disease”)
  794. Focus on a Case 23.1
  795. Focus Your Perspective 23.1: Infection Caused by a Human “Bite”
  796. Summary
  797. Review Questions
  798. 24 Digestive System Infections
  799. A Glimpse of History
  800. Key Terms
  801. 24.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Digestive System
  802. The Upper Digestive System
  803. The Lower Digestive System
  804. Upper Digestive System Infections
  805. 24.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Digestive System
  806. Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)
  807. Periodontal Disease
  808. Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
  809. Helicobacter pylori Gastritis
  810. 24.3 Viral Diseases of the Upper Digestive System
  811. Oral Herpes Simplex (Cold Sores)
  812. Mumps
  813. Lower Digestive System Infections
  814. Focus on Diarrheal Diseases
  815. 24.4 Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
  816. Cholera
  817. Shigellosis
  818. Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis
  819. Salmonella Gastroenteritis
  820. Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers
  821. Campylobacteriosis
  822. Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI)
  823. 24.5 Viral Diseases of the Lower Digestive System— Intestinal Tract
  824. Rotavirus Gastroenteritis
  825. Norovirus Gastroenteritis
  826. 24.6 Viral Diseases of the Lower Digestive System— Liver
  827. Hepatitis A
  828. Hepatitis B
  829. Hepatitis C
  830. 24.7 Protozoan Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
  831. Giardiasis
  832. Cryptosporidiosis (“Crypto”)
  833. Cyclosporiasis
  834. Amebiasis
  835. Focus on a Case 24.1
  836. Summary
  837. Review Questions
  838. 25 Blood and Lymphatic Infections
  839. 25.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems
  840. The Heart
  841. Blood Vessels
  842. Lymphatics (Lymphatic Vessels)
  843. Spleen
  844. 25.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems
  845. Infective Endocarditis
  846. Sepsis and Septic Shock
  847. Plague (“Black Death”)
  848. Lyme Disease
  849. Vibrio vulnificus Infection
  850. Tularemia (“Rabbit Fever” or “Deer Fly Fever”)
  851. Brucellosis (“Undulant Fever” or “Bang’s Disease”)
  852. 25.3 Viral Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems
  853. Infectious Mononucleosis (“Mono” or “Kissing Disease”)
  854. Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) and Marburg Virus Disease (MVD)
  855. Yellow Fever
  856. Dengue Fever
  857. Chikungunya
  858. Zika Virus Disease
  859. 25.4 Protozoan Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems
  860. Malaria
  861. Focus on a Case 25.1
  862. Summary
  863. Review Questions
  864. 26 Nervous System Infections
  865. A Glimpse of History
  866. Key Terms
  867. 26.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Nervous System
  868. Central Nervous System Infections
  869. Focus on Meningitis
  870. 26.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Central Nervous System
  871. Pneumococcal Meningitis
  872. Meningococcal Meningitis
  873. Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis
  874. Neonatal Meningitis
  875. Listeriosis
  876. 26.3 Viral Diseases of the Central Nervous System
  877. Viral Meningitis
  878. Viral Encephalitis
  879. Poliomyelitis
  880. Rabies
  881. 26.4 Fungal Diseases of the Central Nervous System
  882. Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis
  883. 26.5 Protozoan Diseases of the Central Nervous System
  884. African Trypanosomiasis (“African Sleeping Sickness”)
  885. Toxoplasmosis
  886. Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
  887. 26.6 Diseases Caused by Prions
  888. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in Humans
  889. Peripheral Nervous System Infections
  890. 26.7 Bacterial Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous System
  891. Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)
  892. Botulism
  893. Focus on a Case 26.1
  894. Focus Your Perspective 26.1: Rabies Survivors!
  895. Summary
  896. Review Questions
  897. 27 Genitourinary Tract Infections
  898. A Glimpse of History
  899. Key Terms
  900. 27.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Genitourinary System
  901. The Urinary System
  902. The Genital System
  903. 27.2 Urinary Tract Infections
  904. Bacterial Cystitis (“Bladder Infection”)
  905. Leptospirosis
  906. 27.3 Genital System Diseases
  907. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
  908. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC)
  909. Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
  910. Sexually Transmitted Infections
  911. Focus on Sexually Transmitted Infections
  912. 27.4 Bacterial STIs
  913. Chlamydial Infections
  914. Gonorrhea
  915. Mycoplasma genitalium Infections
  916. Syphilis
  917. Chancroid
  918. 27.5 Viral STIs
  919. Genital Herpes
  920. Human Papillomavirus STIs: Genital Warts and Cervical Cancer
  921. HIV/AIDS
  922. 27.6 Protozoan STIs
  923. Trichomoniasis (“Trich”)
  924. Focus on a Case 27.1
  925. Focus Your Perspective 27.1: The Death of Syphilis?
  926. Focus on the Future 27.1: Getting Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections
  927. Summary
  928. Review Questions
  929. Part V Applied Microbiology
  930. 28 Microbial Ecology
  931. A Glimpse of History
  932. Key Terms
  933. 28.1 Principles of Microbial Ecology
  934. Nutrient Acquisition
  935. Microbes in Low-Nutrient Environments
  936. Microbial Competition
  937. Microorganisms and Environmental Changes
  938. Microbial Communities
  939. 28.2 Studying Microbial Ecology
  940. 28.3 Aquatic Habitats
  941. Marine Environments
  942. Freshwater Environments
  943. Specialized Aquatic Environments
  944. 28.4 Terrestrial Habitats
  945. Characteristics of Soil
  946. Microorganisms in Soil
  947. 28.5 Biogeochemical Cycling and Energy Flow
  948. Carbon Cycle
  949. Nitrogen Cycle
  950. Sulfur Cycle
  951. Phosphorus Cycle and Other Cycles
  952. Energy Sources for Ecosystems
  953. 28.6 Mutualistic Relationships Between Microorganisms and Eukaryotes
  954. Mycorrhizas
  955. Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixers and Plants
  956. Microorganisms and Herbivores
  957. Focus on a Case 28.1
  958. Summary
  959. Review Questions
  960. 29 Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats
  961. A Glimpse of History
  962. Key Terms
  963. 29.1 Microbiology of Wastewater Treatment
  964. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
  965. Municipal Wastewater Treatment Methods
  966. Individual Wastewater Treatment Systems
  967. 29.2 Drinking Water Treatment and Testing
  968. Water Treatment Processes
  969. Water Testing
  970. 29.3 Microbiology of Solid Waste Treatment
  971. Sanitary Landfills for Solid Waste Disposal
  972. Municipal and Backyard Composting—Alternative to Landfills
  973. 29.4 Microbiology of Bioremediation
  974. Pollutants
  975. Strategies of Bioremediation
  976. Focus on a Case 29.1
  977. Summary
  978. Review Questions
  979. 30 Food Microbiology
  980. A Glimpse of History
  981. Key Terms
  982. 30.1 Factors Influencing the Growth of Microorganisms in Foods
  983. Intrinsic Factors
  984. Extrinsic Factors
  985. 30.2 Microorganisms in Food and Beverage Production
  986. Lactic Acid Fermentations by the Lactic Acid Bacteria
  987. Alcoholic Fermentations by Yeast
  988. Changes Due to Mold Growth
  989. 30.3 Food Spoilage
  990. Common Spoilage Bacteria
  991. Common Spoilage Fungi
  992. 30.4 Foodborne Illness
  993. Foodborne Intoxication
  994. Foodborne Infection
  995. 30.5 Food Preservation
  996. Focus on a Case 30.1
  997. Focus Your Perspective 30.1: Botox for Beauty and Pain Relief
  998. Summary
  999. Review Questions
  1000. Appendix I Microbial Mathematics
  1001. Appendix II Pronunciation Key for Bacterial, Fungal, Protozoan, and Viral Names
  1002. Appendix III Metabolic Pathways
  1003. Appendix IV Answers to Multiple Choice Questions
  1004. Appendix V Microbial Terminology
  1005. Glossary/Index

 

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