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Solution Manual for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology, 9th Edition, Eugene Silberstein, Jason Obrzut, John Tomczyk, Bill Whitman Bill Johnson

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Solution Manual for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology, 9th Edition, Eugene Silberstein, Jason Obrzut, John Tomczyk, Bill Whitman, Bill Johnson,

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ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 035747726X
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0357477267
Author: Eugene, Jason Obrzut, John Tomczyk, Bill Whitman, Bill Johnson

Develop the knowledge and skills you need to maintain and troubleshoot today’s complex heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems with REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY, Ninth Edition. This best-selling, easy-to-understand resource provides hands-on guidance, practical applications, and the solid foundation you need to understand modern HVAC service and repair, its environmental challenges, and their solutions. Focused on sustainable technology and emphasizing new technologies and green awareness, the Ninth Edition features the latest advances in the HVAC/R industry, including updated content throughout the text and more than 400 new and revised figures and images. Drawing on decades of industry experience, the authors also cover the all-important soft skills and customer relations issues that today’s professionals need to master for career success. Memorable real-world examples, hundreds of vibrant photos, and unique Service Call features bring key concepts to life and help you develop the knowledge and skills to succeed in today’s dynamic industry.

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Table Of Content:

Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Section 1: Theory of Heat
Introduction
History of Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning (Cooling)
Green Awareness
History of Home and Commercial Heating
Career Opportunities
Technician Certification Programs
Programmatic Accreditation
National Skill Standards
Customer Relations and Technician Soft Skills
Unit 1: Heat, Temperature, and Pressure
1.1 Heat, Temperature, and Pressure
1.2 Temperature
1.3 Introduction to Heat
1.4 Conduction
1.5 Convection
1.6 Radiation
1.7 Sensible Heat
1.8 Latent Heat
1.9 Specific Heat
1.10 Sizing Heating Equipment
1.11 Pressure
1.12 Atmospheric Pressure
1.13 Pressure Gauges
Review Questions
Unit 2: Matter and Energy
2.1 Matter
2.2 Mass and Weight
2.3 Density
2.4 Specific Gravity
2.5 Specific Volume
2.6 Gas Laws
2.7 Energy
2.8 Conservation of Energy
2.9 Thermal Energy
2.10 Energy in Magnetism
2.11 Purchase of Energy
2.12 Energy Used as Work
2.13 Power
2.14 Electrical Power-The Watt
Review Questions
Unit 3: Refrigeration and Refrigerants
3.1 Introduction to Refrigeration
3.2 Refrigeration
3.3 Rating Refrigeration Equipment
3.4 The Refrigeration Process
3.5 Temperature and Pressure Relationship
3.6 Basic Refrigeration System Components
3.7 The Evaporator
3.8 The Compressor
3.9 The Condenser
3.10 The Refrigerant Metering Device
3.11 A High-Temperature, Matched Refrigeration System by the Numbers
3.12 Refrigerants
3.13 Refrigerants Must Be Safe
3.14 Refrigerants Must Be Detectable
3.15 The Boiling Point of the Refrigerant
3.16 Pumping Characteristics
3.17 Popular Refrigerants and Their Important Characteristics
3.18 Refrigerant Cylinder Color Codes
3.19 Recovery, Recycling, and Reclaiming of Refrigerants
3.20 Plotting the Refrigeration Cycle
3.21 Plotting the Refrigeration Cycle for Blends with Noticeable Temperature Glide (Zeotropic Blends
Review Questions
Section 2: Safety, Tools and Equipment, and Shop Practices
Unit 4: General Safety Practices
4.1 Workplace Surroundings and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
4.2 Pressurized Vessels, Piping, and Systems
4.3 Electrical Safety
4.4 First Aid
4.5 Ladder Safety
4.6 Heat
4.7 Cold
4.8 Mechanical Equipment
4.9 Moving Heavy Objects
4.10 Refrigerants in Your Breathing Space
4.11 Using Chemicals
Review Questions
Unit 5: Tools, Instrumentation, and Equipment
5.1 Introduction to Tools, Instrumentation, and Equipment
5.2 Hand Tools
5.3 Power Tools
5.4 Electrical Test Instruments
5.5 Refrigerant Leak Detectors
5.6 Tubing Tools
5.7 Piping Tools
5.8 Sheet Metal Tools
5.9 HVACR Installation and Service Tools and Equipment
5.10 Airside Instrumentation
5.11 Combustion Testing Equipment
5.12 Energy Auditing Instrumentation
Review Questions
Unit 6: Fasteners
6.1 Nails
6.2 Staples and Rivets
6.3 Screws
6.4 Hollow Wall Fasteners
6.5 Concrete Fasteners
6.6 Threaded Rod
6.7 Piping and Ductwork Fasteners
6.8 Pins, Clamps, and Rings
6.9 Electrical Fasteners
Review Questions
Unit 7: Tubing and Piping
7.1 Purpose of Tubing and Piping
7.2 Types and Sizes of Tubing
7.3 Tubing Insulation
7.4 Line Sets
7.5 Cutting Tubing
7.6 Bending Tubing
7.7 Soldering and Brazing Processes
7.8 Heat Sources for Soldering and Brazing
7.9 Fluxing
7.10 Soldering Techniques
7.11 Brazing Techniques
7.12 Practical Soldering and Brazing Tips
7.13 Making Flare Joints
7.14 Swaging Techniques
7.15 Compression Fittings
7.16 Steel and Wrought Iron Pipe
7.17 Installing Steel Pipe
7.18 Plastic Pipe
7.19 Alternative Mechanical Piping Connections
Review Questions
Unit 8: Leak Detection, System Evacuation, and System Cleanup
8.1 Leaks
8.2 Basic Refrigerant Leak Detection
8.3 Advanced Leak Detection
8.4 Standing Pressure Test
8.5 Leak Detection Tips
8.6 Repairing Leaks
8.7 System Evacuation
8.8 General Evacuation Procedures
8.9 Cleaning a Dirty System
Review Questions
Unit 9: Refrigerant and Oil Chemistry and Management-Recovery, Recycling, Reclaiming, and Retrofitti
9.1 Refrigerants and the Environment
9.2 Ozone Depletion
9.3 Global Warming
9.4 Refrigerants
9.5 CFC Refrigerants
9.6 HCFC Refrigerants
9.7 HFC Refrigerants
9.8 Hydrofluoro-Olefin (HFO) Refrigerants
9.9 Hydrocarbon (HC) Refrigerants
9.10 Refrigerant Numbering
9.11 Refrigerant Blends
9.12 Popular Refrigerants and Their Compatible Oils
9.13 Refrigerant Oils and Their Applications
9.14 Regulations
9.15 Recover, Recycle, or Reclaim
9.16 Methods of Recovery
9.17 Mechanical Recovery Systems
9.18 Recovering Refrigerant from Small Appliances
9.19 Reclaiming Refrigerant
9.20 Refrigerant Retrofitting
Review Questions
Unit 10: System Charging
10.1 Charging a Refrigeration System
10.2 Vapor Refrigerant Charging
10.3 Liquid Refrigerant Charging
10.4 Weighing Refrigerant
10.5 Graduated Charging Cylinders
10.6 Charging Charts
10.7 Subcooling Charging Method for TXV Systems
10.8 Charging Near-Azeotropic (Zeotropic) Refrigerant Blends
Review Questions
Unit 11: Calibrating Instruments
11.1 Calibration
11.2 Temperature-Measuring Instruments
11.3 Pressure Test Instruments
11.4 Electrical Test Instruments
11.5 Electronic Refrigerant Leak Detection Devices
11.6 Flue-Gas Analysis Instruments
11.7 General Maintenance
Review Questions
Section 3: Automatic Controls
Unit 12: Basic Electricity and Magnetism
12.1 Atomic Structure
12.2 The Law of Charges
12.3 Conductors
12.4 Insulators
12.5 Electricity Produced from Magnetism
12.6 Current
12.7 Units of Electrical Measurement
12.8 The Basic Electric Circuit
12.9 Making Electrical Measurements
12.10 Ohm’s Law
12.11 Characteristics of Series Circuits
12.12 Characteristics of Parallel Circuits
12.13 Electrical Power
12.14 Magnetism
12.15 Inductance
12.16 Transformers
12.17 Capacitance
12.18 Impedance
12.19 Electrical Measuring Instruments
12.20 Sine Waves
12.21 Wire Sizes
12.22 Circuit Protection Devices
12.23 Semiconductors
Review Questions
Unit 13: Introduction to Automatic Controls
13.1 Types of Automatic Controls
13.2 Devices That Respond to Thermal Change
13.3 The Bimetal Device
13.4 Control by Fluid Expansion
13.5 The Thermocouple
13.6 Electronic Temperature-Sensing Devices
13.7 Electronic Pressure-Sensing Devices
Review Questions
Unit 14: Automatic Control Components and Applications
14.1 Temperature Controls
14.2 Low-Voltage Space Temperature Controls
14.3 Line-Voltage Space Temperature Controls
14.4 Sensing the Temperature of Solids
14.5 Measuring the Temperature of Fluids
14.6 Pressure-Sensing Devices
14.7 Pressure Transducers
14.8 High-Pressure Controls
14.9 Low-Pressure Controls
14.10 Oil Pressure Safety Controls
14.11 Air Pressure Controls
14.12 Gas Pressure Switches
14.13 Switchless Control Devices
14.14 Water Pressure Regulators
14.15 Gas Pressure Regulators
14.16 Mechanical and Electromechanical Controls
14.17 Maintenance of Mechanical Controls
14.18 Maintenance of Electromechanical Controls
14.19 Service Technician Calls
Review Questions
Unit 15: Troubleshooting Basic Controls
15.1 Introduction to Troubleshooting
15.2 Troubleshooting a Simple Circuit
15.3 Troubleshooting a Complex Circuit
15.4 Troubleshooting the Thermostat
15.5 Troubleshooting Amperage in the Low-Voltage Circuit
15.6 Troubleshooting Voltage in the Low-Voltage Circuit
15.7 Troubleshooting Switches and Loads
15.8 Pictorial and Ladder Diagrams
15.9 Service Technician Calls
Review Questions
Unit 16: Advanced Automatic Controls-Direct Digital Controls (DDCs) and Pneumatics
16.1 Control Applications
16.2 Types of Control Systems
16.3 Pneumatic Controls
16.4 Cleaning and Drying Control Air
16.5 Control Components
16.6 Direct Digital Controls (DDCs)
16.7 Residential Electronic Controls
Review Questions
Section 4: Electric Motors
Unit 17: Types of Electric Motors
17.1 Uses of Electric Motors
17.2 Parts of an Electric Motor
17.3 Electric Motors and Magnetism
17.4 Determining a Motor’s Speed
17.5 Start Windings
17.6 Starting and Running Characteristics
17.7 Electrical Power Supplies
17.8 Single-Phase Open Motors
17.9 Split-Phase Motors
17.10 The Centrifugal Switch
17.11 The Electronic Relay
17.12 Capacitor-Start Motors
17.13 Capacitor-Start, Capacitor-Run Motors
17.14 Permanent Split-Capacitor (PSC) Motors
17.15 Shaded-Pole Motors
17.16 Three-Phase Motors
17.17 Hermetically Sealed Motors
17.18 The Potential Relay
17.19 Troubleshooting
17.20 The Current Relay
17.21 Positive Temperature Coefficient Resistor (PTCR)
17.22 Troubleshooting the PTCR
17.23 Two-Speed Compressor Motors
17.24 Special Application Motors
17.25 Three-Phase Compressor Motors
17.26 Variable-Speed Motors
17.27 DC Converters (Rectifiers)
17.28 Inverters and Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs)
17.29 Electronically Commutated Motors (ECMs)
17.30 Cooling Electric Motors
Review Questions
Unit 18: Application of Motors
18.1 Motor Applications
18.2 The Power Supply
18.3 Electric-Motor Working Conditions
18.4 Insulation Type or Class
18.5 Types of Bearings
18.6 Motor Mounting Characteristics
18.7 Motor Drives
Review Questions
Unit 19: Motor Controls
19.1 Introduction to Motor Control Devices
19.2 Full-Load and Locked-Rotor Amperage
19.3 The Relay
19.4 The Contactor
19.5 Motor Starters
19.6 Motor Protection
19.7 Inherent Motor Protection
19.8 External Motor Protection
19.9 National Electrical Code Standards
19.10 Temperature-Sensing Devices
19.11 Magnetic Overload Devices
19.12 Restarting the Motor
Review Questions
Unit 20: Troubleshooting Electric Motors
20.1 Motor Troubleshooting
20.2 Mechanical Motor Problems
20.3 Removing Drive Assemblies
20.4 Belt Tension
20.5 Pulley Alignment
20.6 Electrical Problems
20.7 Open Windings
20.8 Shorted Motor Windings
20.9 Short Circuit to Ground (Frame)
20.10 Single-Phase Motor Starting Problems
20.11 Checking Capacitors
20.12 Capacitor Identification
20.13 Wiring and Connectors
20.14 Troubleshooting Hermetic Motors
20.15 Service Technician Calls
Review Questions
Section 5: Commercial Refrigeration
Unit 21: Evaporators and the Refrigeration System
21.1 Refrigeration
21.2 Temperature Ranges of Refrigeration
21.3 The Evaporator
21.4 Boiling and Condensing
21.5 The Evaporator and Boiling Temperature
21.6 Removing Moisture
21.7 Heat Exchange Characteristics of the Evaporator
21.8 Types of Evaporators
21.9 Evaporator Evaluation
21.10 Latent Heat in the Evaporator
21.11 The Flooded Evaporator
21.12 Dry-Type Evaporator Performance
21.13 Evaporator Superheat
21.14 Hot Pulldown (Excessively Loaded Evaporator)
21.15 Pressure Drop in Evaporators
21.16 Liquid Cooling Evaporators (Chillers)
21.17 Evaporators for Low-Temperature Applications
21.18 Defrost Methods
21.19 Evaporator and Defrost Efficiency Controller
Review Questions
Unit 22: Condensers
22.1 The Condenser
22.2 Water-Cooled Condensers
22.3 Tube-within-a-Tube Condensers
22.4 Mineral Deposits
22.5 Cleanable Tube-within-a-Tube Condensers
22.6 Shell-and-Coil Condensers
22.7 Shell-and-Tube Condensers
22.8 Wastewater Systems
22.9 Refrigerant-to-Water Temperature Relationship for Wastewater Systems
22.10 Recirculating Water Systems
22.11 Cooling Towers
22.12 Natural-Draft Towers
22.13 Forced- or Induced-Draft Towers
22.14 Evaporative Condensers
22.15 Air-Cooled Condensers
22.16 High-Efficiency Condensers
22.17 The Condenser and Low Ambient Conditions
22.18 Head Pressure Controls
22.19 Using the Condenser Superheat
22.20 Heat Reclaim
22.21 Floating Head Pressures
Review Questions
Unit 23: Compressors
23.1 The Function of the Compressor
23.2 Types of Compressors
23.3 Reciprocating Compressor Components
23.4 Belt-Drive Mechanism Characteristics
23.5 Direct-Drive Compressor Characteristics
23.6 Reciprocating Compressor Efficiency
23.7 Discus Valve Design
23.8 New Technology in Compressors
23.9 Liquid in the Compressor Cylinder
23.10 System Maintenance and Compressor Efficiency
Review Questions
Unit 24: Expansion Devices
24.1 Expansion Devices
24.2 Thermostatic Expansion Valve
24.3 TXV Components
24.4 The Valve Body
24.5 The Diaphragm
24.6 Needle and Seat
24.7 The Spring
24.8 The Sensing Bulb and Transmission Tube
24.9 Types of Bulb Charge
24.10 The Liquid Charge Bulb
24.11 The Cross Liquid Charge Bulb
24.12 The Vapor (Gas) Charge Bulb
24.13 The Cross Vapor Charge Bulb
24.14 Example of a TXV Functioning with an Internal Equalizer
24.15 TXV Functioning with External Equalizers
24.16 TXV Response to Load Changes
24.17 TXV Selection
24.18 Balanced-Port TXV
24.19 The Pressure-Limiting TXV
24.20 Servicing the TXV
24.21 Installing the Sensing Element
24.22 Stepper Motor Expansion Valves
24.23 Algorithms and PID Controllers
24.24 The Automatic Expansion Valve
24.25 Automatic Expansion Valve Response to Load Changes
24.26 Special Considerations for the TXV and AXV
24.27 The Capillary Tube Metering Device
24.28 The Piston Metering Device
24.29 Operating Charge for the Fixed-Bore System
Review Questions
Unit 25: Special Refrigeration System Components
25.1 Introduction to Special Refrigeration System Components
25.2 Evaporator Controls
25.3 Compressor Controls and Oil-Related Components
25.4 Low-Ambient Controls
25.5 Pressure Switches and Controls
25.6 Solenoid Valves and the Automatic Pumpdown Cycle
25.7 Defrost Controls
25.8 Refrigeration Accessories
25.9 System Valves and Service Access Devices
Review Questions
Unit 26: Applications of Refrigeration Systems
26.1 Application Decisions
26.2 Reach-in Refrigeration
26.3 Single-Compressor Applications and Multiple Evaporators
26.4 Parallel Compressor Systems
26.5 Secondary-Fluid Refrigeration Systems
26.6 Carbon Dioxide (R-744) Refrigeration Systems
26.7 Pressurized Liquid Systems
26.8 Distributed Refrigeration Systems
26.9 Evaporator Temperature Control
26.10 Interconnecting Piping in Multiple-Evaporator Installations
26.11 Fixture Temperature Control
26.12 The Evaporator and Merchandising
26.13 Chest-Type Refrigeration Fixtures
26.14 Controlling Sweating on Fixture Cabinets
26.15 Maintaining Store Ambient Conditions
26.16 Walk-in Refrigeration
26.17 Condensate Removal
26.18 Refrigeration Piping
26.19 Refrigerated Air Driers
Review Questions
Unit 27: Commercial Ice Machines
27.1 Packaged-Type Ice-Making Equipment
27.2 Making Flake Ice
27.3 Making Cube Ice
27.4 Microprocessors
27.5 Water and Ice Quality
27.6 Package Ice Machine Location
27.7 Troubleshooting Ice Makers
27.8 Service Technician Calls
Review Questions
Unit 28: Special Refrigeration Applications
28.1 Transport Refrigeration
28.2 Truck Refrigeration Systems
28.3 Railway Refrigeration
28.4 Extra-Low-Temperature Refrigeration
28.5 Cascade Systems
28.6 Quick-Freezing Methods
28.7 Marine Refrigeration
28.8 Air Cargo Hauling
Review Questions
Unit 29: Troubleshooting and Typical Operating Conditions for Commercial Refrigeration
29.1 Organized Troubleshooting
29.2 Troubleshooting High-Temperature Applications
29.3 Troubleshooting Medium-Temperature Applications
29.4 Troubleshooting Low-Temperature Applications
29.5 Typical Air-Cooled Condenser Operating Conditions
29.6 Calculating the Correct Head Pressure for Air-Cooled Equipment
29.7 Typical Operating Conditions for Water-Cooled Equipment
29.8 Refrigerant Undercharge
29.9 Refrigerant Overcharge
29.10 Inefficient Evaporator
29.11 Inefficient Condenser
29.12 Refrigerant Flow Restrictions
29.13 Inefficient Compressor
29.14 Compressor Vacuum Test
29.15 Closed-Loop Compessor Running Bench Test
29.16 Closed-Loop Compressor Running Field Test
29.17 Compressor Running Test in the System
29.18 Diagnostic Chart for Commercial Refrigeration
29.19 Service Technician Calls
Review Questions
Section 6: Air-Conditioning (Heating and Humidification)
Unit 30: Electric Heat
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Portable Electric Heating Devices
30.3 Radiant Heating Panels
30.4 Electric Baseboard, Unit and Wall Heaters
30.5 Electric Hydronic Boilers
30.6 Central Forced-Air Electric Furnaces
30.7 Automatic Controls for Forced-Air Electric Furnaces
30.8 Wiring Diagrams
30.9 Control Circuits for Forced-Air Electric Furnaces
30.10 Blower Motor Circuits
30.11 Airflow in Electric Furnaces
30.12 Diagnostic Chart for Electric Heat
30.13 Service Technician Calls
Review Questions
Unit 31: Gas Heat
31.1 Introduction to Gas-Fired, Forced-Hot-Air Furnaces
31.2 Types of Furnaces
31.3 Gas Fuels
31.4 Gas Combustion
31.5 Gas Regulators
31.6 Gas Valve
31.7 Fuel Delivery Components
31.8 Heat Exchangers
31.9 Fan and Limit Controls
31.10 Pilots
31.11 Ignition Systems
31.12 Flame Rectification
31.13 High-Efficiency Gas Furnaces
31.14 Electronic Ignition Modules and Integrated Furnace Controllers
31.15 Two-Stage and Modulating Gas Furnaces
31.16 Venting
31.17 Gas Piping
31.18 Gas Furnace Wiring Diagrams and Troubleshooting Flowcharts
31.19 Troubleshooting the Safety Pilot-Proving Device-The Thermocouple
31.20 Troubleshooting Spark Ignition and Intermittent Pilot Systems
31.21 Combustion Efficiency
31.22 Preventative Maintenance
31.23 Service Technician Calls
Review Questions
Unit 32: Oil Heat
32.1 Introduction to Oil-Fired, Forced-Warm-Air Furnaces
32.2 Physical Characteristics
32.3 Fuel Oils
32.4 Oil Storage
32.5 Fuel Oil Supply Systems
32.6 Combustion
32.7 Preparation of Fuel Oil for Combustion
32.8 By-Products of Combustion
32.9 Gun-Type Oil Burners
32.10 Oil Furnace Wiring Diagrams
32.11 Wiring Diagram for the Stack Switch Safety Control
32.12 Wiring Diagram for Cad Cell Primary Control with Intermittent Ignition
32.13 Wiring Diagram for Cad Cell Primary Control with Interrupted Ignition
32.14 Combustion Chamber
32.15 Heat Exchanger
32.16 Condensing Oil Furnace
32.17 Service Procedures
32.18 Combustion Efficiency
32.19 Preventive Maintenance
32.20 Diagnostic Chart for Oil Heat
32.21 Service Technician Calls
Review Questions
Unit 33: Hydronic Heat
33.1 Introduction to Hydronic Heating
33.2 The Heat Source
33.3 The Basic Hydronic System
33.4 The Point of No Pressure Change
33.5 Other Hydronic System Components
33.6 High-Temperature Hydronic Piping Systems
33.7 Radiant, Low-Temperature Hydronic Piping Systems
33.8 Combination (High- and Low-Temperature) Piping Systems
33.9 Tankless Domestic Hot Water Heaters
33.10 Solar Heating as a Supplemental Heat Source
33.11 Preventive Maintenance
33.12 Service Technician Calls
Review Questions
Unit 34: Indoor Air Quality
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
34.3 Common Pollutants
34.4 Sick Building Syndrome
34.5 Mold Remediation
34.6 Ventilation
34.7 Air Cleaning
34.8 Duct Cleaning
34.9 Air Humidification
34.10 Diagnostic Chart for Filtration and Humidification Systems
Review Questions
Section 7: Air-Conditioning (Cooling)
Unit 35: Comfort and Psychrometrics
35.1 Comfort
35.2 Food Energy and the Body
35.3 Heat Transfer to and from the Body
35.4 The Comfort Chart
35.5 Psychrometrics
35.6 Absolute and Relative Humidity
35.7 Superheated Gases in Air
35.8 Dry-Bulb and Wet-Bulb Temperatures
35.9 Dew Point Temperature
35.10 Enthalpy
35.11 The Psychrometric Chart
35.12 Plotting on the Psychrometric Chart
35.13 Fresh Air, Infiltration, and Ventilation
Review Questions
Unit 36: Refrigeration Applied to Air-Conditioning
36.1 Air-Conditioning
36.2 Structural Heat Gain
36.3 Evaporative Cooling
36.4 Package-Type and Split-Type Air-Conditioning Systems
36.5 The Evaporator
36.6 Evaporator Coil Configurations
36.7 Design Conditions
36.8 The Compressor
36.9 The Reciprocating Compressor
36.10 Cooling the Compressor and Motor
36.11 The Rotary Compressor
36.12 The Scroll Compressor
36.13 The Condenser
36.14 Expansion Devices
36.15 Air-Side Components
36.16 Installation Procedures
Review Questions
Unit 37: Air Distribution and Balance
37.1 Conditioning Equipment
37.2 Correct Air Quantity
37.3 The Forced-Air System
37.4 The Blower
37.5 System Pressures
37.6 Air-Measuring Instruments for Duct Systems
37.7 Types of Fans and Blowers
37.8 Types of Drive Assemblies
37.9 The Supply Duct System
37.10 Duct Materials
37.11 Duct Air Movement
37.12 Balancing Dampers
37.13 Zoning
37.14 Duct Insulation
37.15 Blending the Conditioned Air with Room Air
37.16 The Return-Air Duct System
37.17 Sizing Duct for Moving Air
37.18 Measuring Air Movement for Balancing
37.19 The Air Friction Chart
37.20 Practical Troubleshooting Techniques
Review Questions
Unit 38: Installation
38.1 Introduction to Equipment Installation
38.2 Installing Square and Rectangular Duct
38.3 Installing Round Metal Duct Systems
38.4 Insulation and Acoustical Lining for Metal Duct
38.5 Installing Ductboard Systems
38.6 Installing Flexible Duct
38.7 Electrical Installation
38.8 Installing Package Systems
38.9 Installing Split-System Air Conditioners
38.10 The Split-System Condensing Unit
38.11 Installing Refrigerant Piping on Split-Systems
38.12 Equipment Start-Up
Review Questions
Unit 39: Residential Energy Auditing
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Residential (Home) Energy Auditing
39.3 Performing a Home Energy Audit
39.4 Diagnostic Testing
39.5 Blower Door Testing
39.6 Infrared Scanning Using a Thermal Imaging Camera
39.7 Sealing Air Leaks
39.8 Duct Leakage Testing
39.9 Duct Pressurization Test for Total Air Leakage
39.10 Duct Leakage to the Outdoors
39.11 Combustion Efficiency and Safety Testing
39.12 Combustion Analysis
39.13 Furnace Efficiency Ratings
39.14 Flame Color
39.15 Spillage and Backdrafting
39.16 Flame Safeguard Controls
39.17 Excess Air
39.18 Venting
39.19 Draft
39.20 High-Efficiency Gas Furnace Design
39.21 HVACR System Testing
39.22 Numerical Analysis and Reporting
Review Questions
Unit 40: Typical Operating Conditions
40.1 Mechanical Operating Conditions
40.2 Relationships of System Components under Load Changes
40.3 Evaporator Operating Conditions
40.4 High Evaporator Load and a Cool Condenser
40.5 Grades of Equipment
40.6 Documentation with the Unit
40.7 Establishing a Reference Point on Unknown Equipment
40.8 System Pressures and Temperatures for Different Operating Conditions
40.9 Equipment Efficiency Ratings
40.10 Typical Electrical Operating Conditions
40.11 Matching the Unit to the Correct Power Supply
40.12 Starting the Equipment with the Correct Data
40.13 Finding a Point of Reference for an Unknown Motor Rating
40.14 Determining the Compressor Running Amperage
40.15 Compressors Operating at Full-Load Current
40.16 Two-Speed and Variable Speed Compressors
Review Questions
Unit 41: Troubleshooting
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Mechanical Troubleshooting
41.3 Temperature Difference, Temperature Split, and Approach Temperature
41.4 Gauge Manifold Usage
41.5 When to Connect the Gauges
41.6 Low-Side Gauge Readings
41.7 High-Side Gauge Readings
41.8 Temperature Readings
41.9 Charging Procedures in the Field
41.10 Electrical Troubleshooting
41.11 Compressor Overload Problems
41.12 Compressor Electrical Checkup
41.13 Troubleshooting the Circuit Electrical Protectors-Fuses and Breakers
41.14 Diagnostic Chart for Air-Conditioning (Cooling) Systems
41.15 Service Technician Calls
Review Questions
Section 8: All-Weather Systems
Unit 42: Heat Gains and Heat Losses in Structures
42.1 Introduction to Heat Gain and Heat Loss
42.2 Methods to Determine the Heat Gain and Heat Loss of a Structure
42.3 Indoor and Outdoor Design Conditions for Heating and Cooling
42.4 U-Values and R-Values
42.5 Introduction to Heat Gain and Heat Loss Calculations
42.6 Elements of Structural Heat Loss (Heating Mode)
42.7 Elements of Structural Heat Gain (Cooling Mode)
Review Questions
Unit 43: Air Source Heat Pumps
43.1 Reverse-Cycle Refrigeration
43.2 Heat Sources for Winter
43.3 The Four-Way Reversing Valve
43.4 The Air-to-Air Heat Pump
43.5 Refrigerant Line Identification
43.6 Metering Devices
43.7 Liquid-Line Accessories
43.8 Application of the Air-to-Air Heat Pump
43.9 Coefficient of Performance
43.10 The Split-Type, Air-to-Air Heat Pump
43.11 Package Air-to-Air Heat Pumps
43.12 Controls for the Air-to-Air Heat Pump
43.13 The Defrost Cycle
43.14 Second-Stage Electric Heat
43.15 Servicing the Air-to-Air Heat Pump
43.16 Troubleshooting the Electrical System
43.17 Troubleshooting Mechanical Problems
43.18 Troubleshooting the Four-Way Reversing Valve
43.19 Troubleshooting the Compressor
43.20 Checking the Charge
43.21 Special Applications for Heat Pumps
43.22 Heat Pumps Using Scroll Compressors
43.23 Heat Pump Systems with Variable-Speed Motors
43.24 Preventive Maintenance
43.25 Diagnostic Chart for Heat Pumps in the Heating Mode
43.26 Service Technician Calls
Review Questions
Unit 44: Geothermal Heat Pumps
44.1 Reverse-Cycle Refrigeration
44.2 Geothermal Heat Pump Classifications
44.3 Open-Loop Systems
44.4 Water Quality
44.5 Closed-Loop Systems
44.6 Ground-Loop Configurations and Flows
44.7 System Materials and Heat Exchange Fluids
44.8 Geothermal Wells and Water Sources for Open-Loop Systems
44.9 Water-to-Water Heat Pumps
44.10 Troubleshooting
44.11 Direct Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
44.12 Service Technician Calls
Review Questions
Section 9: Domestic Appliances
Unit 45: Domestic Refrigerators and Freezers
45.1 Refrigeration
45.2 Capacity of Domestic Systems
45.3 The Evaporator
45.4 The Compressor
45.5 The Condenser
45.6 Metering Device
45.7 Typical Operating Conditions
45.8 Ice-Maker Operation
45.9 Wiring and Controls
45.10 Servicing the Appliance
45.11 Service Technician Calls
Review Questions
Unit 46: Room Air Conditioners
46.1 Air-Conditioning and Heating with Room Units
46.2 Room Air-Conditioning-Cooling
46.3 The Refrigeration Cycle-Cooling
46.4 Heat-Pump-Style Room Units
46.5 Installation
46.6 Controls for Cooling-Only Room Units
46.7 Controls in Cooling and Heating Units
46.8 Maintaining and Servicing Room Units
46.9 Service Technician Calls
Review Questions
Section 10: Commercial Air-Conditioning and Chilled-Water Systems
Unit 47: High-Pressure, Low-Pressure, and Absorption Chilled-Water Systems
47.1 Introduction to Chilled-Water Systems
47.2 Compression Cycle in High-Pressure Chillers
47.3 Reciprocating Compressors in High-Pressure Chillers
47.4 Scroll Compressors in High-Pressure Chillers
47.5 Rotary Screw Compressors in High-Pressure Chillers
47.6 Centrifugal Compressors in High-Pressure Chillers
47.7 Evaporators for High-Pressure Chillers
47.8 Condensers for High-Pressure Chillers
47.9 Metering Devices for High-Pressure Chillers
47.10 Low-Pressure Chillers
47.11 Absorption Air-Conditioning Chillers
47.12 Motors and Drives for Chillers
Review Questions
Unit 48: Cooling Towers and Pumps
48.1 Cooling Tower Function
48.2 Types of Cooling Towers
48.3 Fire Protection
48.4 Fill Material
48.5 Flow Patterns
48.6 Tower Materials
48.7 Fan Section
48.8 Tower Access
48.9 Tower Sump
48.10 Makeup Water
48.11 Blowdown
48.12 Balancing the Water Flow in a Cooling Tower
48.13 Water Pumps
48.14 Chemical-Free Treatment of Cooling Tower Water
Review Questions
Unit 49: Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting of Chilled-Water Air-Conditioning Systems
49.1 Chiller Start-Up
49.2 Valves for Large Systems
49.3 Scroll and Reciprocating Chiller Operation
49.4 Large Positive-Displacement Chiller Operation
49.5 Centrifugal Chiller Operation
49.6 Air-Cooled Chiller Maintenance
49.7 Water-Cooled Chiller Maintenance
49.8 Absorption Chilled-Water System Start-Up
49.9 Absorption Chiller Operation and Maintenance
49.10 General Maintenance for All Chillers
49.11 Low-Pressure Chillers
49.12 High-Pressure Chillers
49.13 Refrigerant Safety
49.14 Service Technician Calls
Review Questions
Unit 50: Commercial, Packaged Rooftop, Variable Refrigerant Flow, and Variable Air Volume Systems
50.1 Rooftop Package Units
50.2 Installation of Packaged Rooftop Units
50.3 Economizers
50.4 Economizer Modes of Operation
50.5 ASHRAE Standard 62
50.6 Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)
50.7 Traditional Constant-Volume Air Distribution Methods
50.8 Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems
50.9 VAV Boxes and Terminal Units
50.10 Hot Water in the Reheat Coils
50.11 Chilled-Water VAV Systems
50.12 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems
50.13 Dry Coolers
50.14 Chilled Beam Systems
Review Questions
Appendix A: Alternative Heating (Stoves and Fireplace Inserts)
Appendix B: Temperature Conversion Chart
Glossary/Glosario
Index

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