Solutions Manual to accompany Introductory Chemistry Essentials 4th edition 9780321765802

Product details:

• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0321725999
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0321725998
• Author: Nivaldo Tro

To succeed in introductory chemistry, you need to develop your problem-solving skills—but you’ll also need to understand why these skills are important. Introductory Chemistry Essentials, Fourth Edition extends chemistry from the laboratory to your world, helping you learn chemistry by demonstrating how it is manifested in your daily life. Throughout, the Fourth Edition presents a new student-friendly, step-by-step problem-solving approach that adds four steps to worked examples (Sort, Strategize, Solve, and Check).

Table contents:

Chapter 1
The Chemical World
1.1	Soda Pop Fizz
1.2	Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things
1.3	All Things Are Made of Atoms and Molecules
1.4	The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY Combustion and the Scientific Method
1.5	A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed
Chapter 2
Measurement and Problem Solving
2.1	Measuring Global Temperatures
2.2	Scientific Notation: Writing Big and Small Numbers
2.3	Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision
Counting Significant Figures
Exact Numbers
CHEMISTRY IN THE MEDIA The COBE Satellite and Very Precise Measurements That Illuminate Our Cosmic Past
2.4	Significant Figures in Calculations
Multiplication and Division
Rounding
Addition and Subtraction
Calculations Involving Both
Multiplication/Division and 
Addition/Subtraction
2.5	The Basic Units of Measurement
The Standard units
Prefix Multipliers
Derived Units
2.6	Converting from One Unit to Another
Problem-Solving Procedure Solving Unit Conversion Problems
2.7	Solving Multistep Conversion Problems
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH Drug Dosage
2.8	Units Raised to a Power
2.9	Density
Calculating Density
Density as a Conversion Factor
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH Density, Cholesterol, and Heart Disease
2.10	Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map
Problem-Solving Procedure Solving Numerical problems
Chapter 3
Matter and Energy
3.1	In Your Room
3.2	What Is Matter?
3.3	Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas
3.4	Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
3.5	How We Tell Different Kinds of Matter Apart: Physical and Chemical Properties
3.6	How Matter Changes: Physical and Chemical Changes
3.7	Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter
3.8	Energy
Units of Energy
CHEMISTRY IN THE MEDIA Perpetual Motion
3.9 Energy and Chemical and PhysIcal Change
3.10	Temperature: Random Molecular and Atomic Motion
3.11	Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY Coolers, Camping, and the Heat Capacity of Water
3.12	Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations
Chapter 4
Atoms and Elements
4.1	Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon
4.2	Indivisible: The Atomic Theory
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY Atoms and Humans
4.3	The Nuclear Atom
4.4	The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY Solid Matters?
4.5	Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons
4.6	Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
4.7	Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons
Ions and the Periodic Table
4.8	Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies
4.9	Atomic Mass
CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Radioactive Isotopes at Hanford, Washington
Chapter 5
Molecules and Compounds
 
5.1	Sugar and Salt
5.2	Compounds Display Constant Composition
5.3	Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds
5.4	A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds
Atomic Elements
Molecular Elements
Molecular Compounds
Ionic Compounds
5.5	Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
Problem-Solving Procedure Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
5.6	Nomenclature: Naming Compounds
5.7	Naming Ionic Compounds
Naming Type I Binary Ionic Compounds
Naming Type II Binary Ionic Compounds
Naming Ionic Compounds Containing a Polyatomic Ion
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY Polyatomic Ions
5.8	Naming Molecular Compounds
5.9	Naming Acids
Naming Binary Acids
Naming Oxyacids
5.10	Nomenclature Summary
Ionic Compounds
Molecular Compounds
Acids
CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Acid Rain
5.11	Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit
Chapter 6
Chemical Composition
 
6.1	How Much Sodium?
6.2	Counting Nails by the Pound
6.3	Counting Atoms by the Gram
Converting between Moles and Number of Atoms
Converting between Grams and Moles of an Element
Converting Between Grams of an Element and Number of Atoms
6.4	Counting Molecules by the Gram
Converting between Grams and Moles of a Compound
Converting between Grams of a Compound and Number of Molecules
6.5	Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors
Converting between Moles of a compound and Moles of a Constituent Element
Converting between Grams of a Compound and Grams of a Constituent Element
6.6	Mass Percent Composition of Compounds
CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Chlorine in Chlorofluorocarbons
6.7	Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH
Fluoridation of Drinking Water
6.8	Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds
Calculating an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data
6.9	Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds
CHAPTER 7
Chemical Reactions
7.1	Kindergarten Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents
7.2	Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
7.3	The Chemical Equation
7.4	How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
Problem-Solving Procedure Writing Balanced Chemical Equations
7.5	Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water
Solubility
7.6	Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid
Predicting Precipitation Reactions
Problem-Solving Procedure Writing Equations for Precipitation Reactions
7.7	Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations
7.8	Acid¿Base and Gas Evolution Reactions
Acid-Base (Neutralization) Reactions 
Gas Evolution Reactions 
7.9	Oxidation¿Reduction Reactions
Combustion Reactions
7.10	Classifying Chemical Reactions
Classifying Chemical Reactions by What Atoms Do
Classification Flow Chart
CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT
The Reactions involved in Ozone Depletion
Chapter 8
Quantities in Chemical Reactions
 
8.1	Global Warming: Too Much Carbon Dioxide
8.2	Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients
8.3	Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions
CHEMISTRY IN THE MEDIA
The Controversy over Oxygenated Fuels
8.4	Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions
8.5	More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield
8.6	Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants
	EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY Bunsen Burners
8.7	Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction
Chapter 9
Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table
9.1	Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom
9.2	Light: Electromagnetic Radiation
9.3	The Electromagnetic Spectrum
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH Radiation Treatment for Cancer
9.4	The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits
9.5	The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals
Baseball Paths and Electron Probability Maps From Orbits to Orbitals
9.6	Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Electron Configurations: how Electrons Occupy Orbitals
9.7	Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
Valence Electrons
9.8	The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model
9.9	Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character Atomic Size
 CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH Pumping Ions: Atomic Size and Nerve Impulses Ionization Energy
Metallic Character
Chapter 10
Chemical Bonding
10.1	Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs
10.2	Representing Valence Electrons with Dots
10.3	Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred
10.4	Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared
Double and Triple Bonds
10.5	Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds
Problem-Solving Procedure Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds
Writing Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
10.6	Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule
CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT
The Lewis Structure of Ozone
10.7	Predicting the Shapes of Molecules
Problem-Solving Procedure Predicting Geometry using VSEPR
10.8	Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don¿t Mix Electronnegativity 
Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY How Soap Works
Chapter 11	
Gases
11.1	Extra-long Straws
11.2	Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases
11.3	Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions
Pressure Units
Pressure Unit Conversion
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY Airplane Cabin Pressurization
11.4	Boyle¿s Law: Pressure and Volume
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY
Extralong Snorkels
11.5	Charles¿s Law: Volume and Temperature
11.6	The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature
11.7	Avogadro¿s Law: Volume and Moles
11.8	The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles
Molar Mass of a Gas from the Ideal Gas Law
11.9	Mixtures of Gases: Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen
Deep-Sea Diving and Partial Pressure
Collecting Gases over Water
11.10	Gases in Chemical Reactions 
Molar Volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure
CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Air Pollution
Chapter 12
Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
12.1	Interactions between Molecules
12.2	Properties of Liquids and Solids
Properties of Liquids
Properties of Solids
12.3	Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity
Surface Tension
Viscosity
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY Why Are Water Drops Spherical?
12.4	Evaporation and Condensation
Boiling
Energetics of Evaporation and Condensation
Heat of Vaporization
12.5	Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation
Energetics of Melting and Freezing
Heat of Fusion
Sublimation
12.6	Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole¿Dipole, and Hydrogen Bonding
Dispersion Force
Dipole-Dipole Force
Hydrogen Bonding
12.7	Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH Hydrogen Bonding in DNA
Molecular Solids
Ionic Solids
Atomic Solids
12.8	Water: A Remarkable Molecule 
CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT 
Water Pollution
`Chapter 13
Solutions
13.1	Tragedy in Cameroon
13.2	Solutions: Homogenous Mixtures
13.3	Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy
Solubility and Saturation
Electrolyte Solutions: Dissolved Ionic Solids
How Solubility Varies with Temperature
Rock Candy
13.4	Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz
13.5	Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent
Mass percent
Using Mass Percent in Calculations
CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT
The Dirty Dozen
13.6	Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity
Using Molarity in Calculations
Ion Concentrations
13.7	Solution Dilution
13.8	Solution Stoichiometry
13.9	Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter
Freezing Point Depression
Boiling Point Elevation
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY Antifreeze in Frogs
13.10	Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 
Solutions in Medicine
CHAPTER 14
Acids and Bases
14.1	Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies
14.2	Acids: Properties and Examples
14.3	Bases: Properties and Examples
14.4	Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases
The Arrhenius Definition
The Bronsted-Lowry Definition
14.5	Reactions of Acids and Bases
Neutralization Reactions
Acid Reactions
Base Reactions
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY What is in My Antacid?
14.6	Acid¿Base Titrations: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution
14.7	Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
Strong Acids
Weak Acids
Strong Bases
Weak Bases
14.8	Water: Acid and Base in One
14.9	The pH and pOH Scale: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity
Calculating pH from [H3O+]
Calculating [H3O+] from pH
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH Ulcers
14.10	Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH
The Danger of Antifreeze
14.11	Acid Rain: An Environmental Problem Related to Fossil Fuel Acid Rain Damage
Acid Rain Legislation
 Chapter 15
Chemical Equilibrium
15.1	Life: Controlled Disequilibrium
15.2	The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Collision Theory
How Concentration Affects the Rate of a Reaction
How Temperature Affects the Rate of a Reaction
15.3	The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium
15.4	The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes
Writing Equilibrium Expressions for Chemical Reactions
The Significance of the Equilibrium Constant
15.5	Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid
15.6	Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants
Calculating Equilibrium Constants
Using Equilibrium Constants in Calculations
15.7	Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Châtelier¿s Principle
15.8	The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH How a Developing Fetus Gets Oxygen from Its Mother
15.9	The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium
15.10	The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium
15.11	The Solubility-Product Constant
Using Ksp to Determine Molar Solubility
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY Hard Water
15.12	The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst
Combustion
How Activation Energies Affect Reaction Rates
Catalysts Lower the Activation Energy
Enzymes: Biological Catalysts
Chapter 16
Oxidation and Reduction
16.1	The End of the Internal Combustion Engine?
16.2	Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions
16.3	Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY
The Bleaching of Hair
16.4	Balancing Redox Equations
Problem-Solving Procedure Balancing Redox Equations Using the Half-Reaction Method
CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Photosynthesis and Respiration: Energy for Life
16.5	The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
Predicting Whether a Metal Will Dissolve in Acid
16.6	Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity
Dry-Cell Batteries
Lead-Acid Storage Batteries
Fuel Cells
16.7	Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry
16.8	Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions 
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY 
The Fuel-Cell Breathalyzer
Chapter 17
Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
17.1	Diagnosing Appendicitis
17.2	The Discovery of Radioactivity
17.3	Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
Alpha (a) Radiation
Beta (B) Radiation
Gamma (y) Radiation
Positron Emission
17.4	Detecting Radioactivity
17.5	Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life
A Natural Radioactive Decay Series
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH
Environmental Radon
17.6	Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts
CHEMISTRY IN THE MEDIA
The Shroud of Turin
17.7	The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb
17.8	Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity
17.9	Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun
17.10	The Effects of Radiation on Life
Acute Radiation Damage
Increased Cancer Risk
Genetic Defects
Measuring Radiation Exposure
17.11	Radioactivity in Medicine 
Isotope Scanning
Radiotherapy
Problem-Solving Procedures
Solving Unit Conversion Problems
Solving Numerical Problems
Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
Obtaining an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data
Writing Balanced Chemical Equations
Writing Equations for Precipitation Reactions
Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds
Predicting Geometry Using VSEPR
Balancing Redox Equations Using the Half-Reaction Method
Naming Alkanes
PHOTO CREDITS	PC-1
Index	I-1

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