Solutions Manual to accompany Water Supply and Pollution Control 8th edition 9780132337175

Contents

Preface xvii

Chapter1   Introduction

1.1           A Historical Perspective

1.2           A Current Global Issue

1.3           A Look to the Future

References

Chapter 2   Water Resources Planning and Management

2.1           Environmental Regulation and Protection

2.2           Security of Water Resources Systems

2.3           Watershed Management

2.4           Integrated Watershed Management

2.5           Role of Geographic Information Systems

2.6           Conclusions

Problems

References

Chapter 3   The Hydrologic Cycle and Natural Water Sources

3.1           The Hydrologic Cycle

The Water Budget    

3.2           Mathematics of Hydrology

3.3           Water Quality

3.4           Soil Moisture

Groundwater    

3.5           An Introduction to Groundwater Quantity and Quality

3.6           The Subsurface Distribution of Water

3.7           Aquifers

3.8           Safe Yield of an Aquifer

3.9           Groundwater Flow

3.10         Hydraulics of Wells

3.11         Boundary Effects

3.12         Regional Groundwater Systems

3.13         Salt Water Intrusion

3.14         Groundwater Recharge

3.15         Concurrent Development of Groundwater and Surface Water Sources

Surface Water    

3.16         An Introduction to Surface Water Quantity and Quality

3.17         Surface Water Storage

3.18         Reservoirs

3.19         Losses from Storage

3.20         Impacts of Climate Change on Global Hydrology

Problems

References

Chapter 4   Alternative Sources of Water Supply

4.1           Water Conservation

4.2           Wastewater Reuse

4.3           Stormwater Reuse

4.4           Brackish and Saline Water Conversion

4.5           Interbasin Transfers

4.6           Other Relevant Technologies

Problems

References

Chapter 5   Water Use Trends and Forecasting

5.1           Water-Use Sectors

5.2           Factors Affecting Water Use

5.3           Water Use Trends

5.4           Population

5.5           Long-Term Water Use Forecasting

Problems

References

Chapter 6   Conveying and Distributing Water

Hydraulics    

6.1           Introduction to Hydraulics

6.2           Uniform Flow

6.3           Gradually Varied Flow and Surface Profiles

6.4           Velocity

Water Distribution Systems    

6.5           General Design Considerations

6.6           Types of Distribution Systems

6.7           Distribution System Components

6.8           Distribution System Configutations

Hydraulic Considerations    

6.8           Hydraulic Design

Pressure Considerations    

6.9           General Design Sequence

6.10         Distribution Reservoirs and Service Storage

Pumping    

6.11         Pumping Head

6.12         Power

6.13         Cavitation

6.14         System Head

6.15         Pump Characteristics

6.16         Pump Curves

Problems

References

Chapter 7   Wastewater Collection and Stormwater Engineering

Design of Sanitary Sewers    

7.1           House and Building Connections

7.2           Collection Systems

7.3           Intercepting Sewers

7.4           Materials

7.5           System Layout

7.6           Hydraulic Design

7.7           Protection Against Floodwaters

7.8           Wastewater Pump Stations

7.9           Inflow/Infiltration and Exfiltration

Stormwater Management    

7.10         Rainfall

7.11         Runoff

7.12         Collection and Conveyance

7.13         Storm Inlets

7.14         Stable Channel Design

7.15         Best Management Practices

7.16         Detention Pond Design

7.17         Retention Pond Design

7.18         Sustainability and Low Impact Development

7.19         Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modeling

Problems

References

Chapter 8   Water Quality

Microbiological Quality    

8.1           Waterborne Diseases

8.2           Coliform Bacteria as Indicator Organisms

8.3           Monitoring Drinking Water for Pathogens

                Chemical Quality of Drinking Water    

8.4           Assessment of Chemical Quality

8.5           Chemical Contaminants

Quality Criteria for Surface Waters    

8.6           Water Quality Standards

8.7           Pollution Effects on Aquatic Life

8.8           Conventional Water Pollutants

8.9           Toxic Water Pollutants

Selected Pollution Parameters    

8.10         Total and Suspended Solids

8.11         Biochemical and Chemical Oxygen Demands

8.12         Coliform Bacteria

Problems

References

Chapter 9   Systems for Treating Wastewater and Water

Wastewater Treatment Systems    

9.1           Purpose of Wastewater Treatment

9.2           Selection of Treatment Processes

Water Treatment Systems    

9.3           Water Sources

9.4           Selection of Water Treatment Processes

9.5           Types of Water Treatment Systems

9.6           Water-Processing Residuals

Chapter 10   Physical Treatment Processes

Flow-Measuring Devices    

10.1         Measurement of Water Flow

10.2         Measurement of Wastewater Flow

Screening Devices   

10.3         Water-Intake Screens

10.4         Screens in Wastewater Treatment

10.5         Shredding Devices

Mixing and Flocculation    

10.6         Rapid Mixing

10.7         Flocculation

Sedimentation    

10.8         Fundamentals of Sedimentation

10.9         Types of Clarifiers

10.10       Sedimentation in Water Treatment

10.11       Sedimentation in Wastewater Treatment

10.12       Grit Chambers in Wastewater Treatment

Filtration   

10.13       Gravity Granular-Media Filtration

10.14       Description of a Typical Gravity Filter System

10.15       Flow Control Through Gravity Filters

10.16       Head Losses Through Filter Media

10.17       Backwashing and Media Fluidization

10.18       Pressure Filters

10.19       Membrane Filtration

Problems

References

Chapter 11   Chemical Treatment Processes

Chemical Considerations    

11.1         Inorganic Chemicals and Compounds

11.2         Chemical Equilibria

11.3         Hydrogen Ion Concentration

11.4         Alkalinity and pH Relationships

11.5         Ways of Shifting Chemical Equilibria

11.6         Chemical Kinetics

Reactions in Continuous-Flow Systems — Real and Ideal Reactors   

11.7         Mass Balance Analysis

11.8         Residence Time Distribution

11.9         Ideal Reactors

11.10       Real Reactors

Coagulation    

11.11       Colloidal Dispersions

11.12       Natural Organic Matter

11.13       Coagulation Process

11.14       Coagulants

Water Softening    

11.15       Chemistry of Lime—Soda Ash Process

11.16       Process Variations in Lime—Soda Ash Softening

11.17       Other Methods of Water  Softening

Iron and Manganese Removal

11.18       Chemistry of Iron and Manganese

11.19       Preventive Treatment

11.20       Iron and Manganese Removal Processes

Disinfection and By-Product Formation    

11.21       Chlorine and Chloramines

11.22       Chlorine Dioxide

11.23       Ozone

11.24       Ultraviolet Radiation

11.25       Disinfection By-Products

11.26       Control of Disinfection By-Products

11.27       Disinfection/Disinfection By-Products Rule

Disinfection of Potable Water    

11.28       Concept of the  Product

11.29       Surface Water Disinfection

11.30       Groundwater Disinfection

Disinfection of Wastewater    

11.31       Conventional Effluent Disinfection

11.32       Tertiary Effluent Disinfection

Taste and Odor    

11.33       Control of Taste and Odor

Fluoridation    

11.34       Fluoridation

Corrosion and Corrosion Control    

11.35       Electrochemical Mechanism of Iron Corrosion

11.36       Corrosion of Lead Pipe and Solder

11.37       Corrosion of Sewer Pipes

               Membrane Processes  

11.38       Membrane Filtration

11.39       Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration

Volatile Organic Chemical Removal   

11.40       Design of Air-Stripping Towers

Synthetic Organic Chemical Removal    

11.41       Activated Carbon Adsorption

11.42       Granular Activated Carbon Systems

 Reduction of Dissolved Salts    

11.43       Distillation of Seawater

11.44       Ion Exchange

Problems

References

Chapter 12   Biological Treatment Processes

Biological Considerations    

12.1         Bacteria and Fungi

12.2         Algae

12.3         Protozoa and Higher Animals

12.4         Metabolism, Energy, and Synthesis

12.5         Enzyme Kinetics

12.6         Growth Kinetics of Pure Bacterial Cultures

12.7         Biological Growth in Wastewater Treatment

12.8         Factors Affecting Growth

12.9         Population Dynamics

Characteristics of Wastewater    

12.10       Flow and Strength Variations

12.11       Composition of Wastewater

Trickling (Biological) Filters    

12.12       Biological Process in Trickling Filtration

12.13       Trickling-Filter Operation and Filter Media Requirements

12.14       Trickling-Filter Secondary Systems

12.15       Efficiency Equations for Stone-Media Trickling Filters

12.16       Efficiency Equations for Plastic-Media Trickling Filters

12.17       Combined Trickling-Filter and Activated-Sludge Processes

12.18       Description of Rotating Biological Contactor Media and Process

Activated Sludge    

12.19       BOD Loadings and Aeration Periods

12.20       Operation of Activated-Sludge Processes

12.21       Activated-Sludge Treatment Systems

12.22       Kinetics Model of the Activated-Sludge Process

12.23       Laboratory Determination of Kinetic Constants

12.24       Application of the Kinetics Model in Process Design

12.25       Oxygen Transfer and Oxygenation Requirements

12.26       Determination of Oxygen Transfer Coefficients

Stabilization Ponds    

12.27       Description of a Facultative Pond

12.28       BOD Loadings of Facultative Ponds

12.29       Advantages and Disadvantages of Stabilization Ponds

12.30       Completely Mixed Aerated Lagoons

Odor Control    

12.31       Sources of Odors in Wastewater Treatment

12.32       Methods of Odor Control

Individual On-Site Wastewater Disposal    

12.33       Septic Tank-Absorption Field System

Marine Wastewater Disposal    

12.34       Ocean Outfalls

Problems

References

Chapter 13   Processing of Sludges

Sources, Characteristics, and Quantities of Waste Sludges    

13.1         Weight and Volume Relationships

13.2         Characteristics and Quantities of Wastewater Sludges

13.3         Characteristics and Quantities of Water-Processing Sludges

Arrangement of Unit Processes in Sludge Disposal    

13.4         Selection of Processes for Wastewater Sludges

13.5         Selection of Processes for Water Treatment Sludges

Gravity Thickening    

13.6         Gravity Sludge Thickeners in Wastewater Treatment

13.7         Gravity Sludge Thickeners in Water Treatment

Gravity Belt Thickening   

13.8         Description of a Gravity Belt Thickener

13.9         Layout of a Gravity Belt Thickener System

13.10       Sizing of Gravity Belt Thickeners

Flotation Thickening   

13.11       Description of Dissolved-Air Flotation

13.12       Design of Dissolved-Air Flotation Units

Biological Sludge Digestion    

13.13       Anaerobic Sludge Digestion

13.14       Single-Stage Floating-Cover Digesters

13.15       High-Rate (Completely Mixed) Digesters

13.16       Volatile Solids Loadings and Digester Capacity

13.17       Aerobic Sludge Digestion

13.18       Open-Air Drying Beds

13.19       Composting

Pressure Filtration   

13.20       Description of Belt Filter Press Dewatering

13.21       Application of Belt Filter Dewatering

13.22       Sizing of Belt Filter Presses

13.23       Description of Filter Press Dewatering

13.24       Application of Pressure Filtration

Centrifugation   

13.25       Description of Centrifugation

13.26       Applications of Centrifugation

Cycling of Waste Solids in Treatment Plants    

13.27       Suspended-Solids Removal Efficiency

Final Disposal or Use    

13.28       Land Application

13.29       Codisposal in a Municipal Solid-Waste Landfill

13.30       Surface Land Disposal

Problems

References

Chapter 14   Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes and Water Reuse

Limitations of Secondary Treatment    

14.1         Effluent Standards

14.2         Flow Equalization

Selection of Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes    

14.3         Selecting and Combining Unit Processes

Suspended-Solids Removal   

14.4         Granular-Media Filtration

14.5         Direct Filtration with Chemical Coagulation

Carbon Adsorption    

14.6         Granular-Carbon Columns

14.7         Activated-Sludge Treatment with Powdered Activated Carbon

Phosphorus Removal    

14.8         Biological Phosphorus Removal

14.9         Biological—Chemical Phosphorus Removal

14.10       Tracing Phosphorus Through Treatment Processes

Nitrogen Removal    

14.11       Tracing Nitrogen Through Treatment Processes

14.12       Biological Nitrification

14.13       Biological Denitrification

14.14       Single-Sludge Biological Nitrification-Denitrification

Water Reuse    

14.15       Water Quality and Reuse Applications

14.16       Agricultural Irrigation

14.17       Agricultural Irrigation Reuse, Tallahassee, Florida

14.18       Citrus Irrigation and Groundwater Recharge, Orange County and City of Orlando, Florida

14.19       Urban Reuse

14.20       Urban Reuse, St. Petersburg, Florida

14.21       Indirect Reuse to Augment Drinking Water Supply

14.22       Fred Hervey Water Reclamation Plant, El Paso, Texas

14.23       Direct Injection for Potable Supply, El Paso, Texas

14.24       Water Factory 21 and Groundwater Replenishment System, Orange County, California

Problems

References

Appendix

Index