Test Bank Contemporary Behavior Therapy Michael D Spiegler 6th Edition Test Bank
Description
Chapter 3
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The Behavioral Model
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WE ARE WHAT WE DO: PREEMINENCE OF BEHAVIOR
Overt and Covert Behaviors
         Covert Behaviors: Special Considerations
Participation Exercise 3-1:Â Distinguishing Between Overt and Covert
Behaviors
Behavioral Versus Trait Descriptions
Participation Exercise 3-2:Â Distinguishing Between Traits and Behaviors
Participation Exercise 3-3:Â Translating Traits into Behaviors
WHY DO WE BEHAVE THE WAY WE DO?
The ABC Model
                    Maintaining Antecedents
In Theory 3-1: It’s Where You Are (Not Who You Are) That Counts:
Behavior is Situation Specific
Maintaining Consequences
Identifying Maintaining Antecedents and Consequences
In Theory 3-2:Â The Myth of Symptom Substitution
Participation Exercise 3-4:Â Identifying Antecedents and Consequences
Present Maintaining Conditions Versus Past Originating Conditions:
          A Critical Distinction
Environment and Learning Versus Biology and Heredity
In Theory 3-3: Don’t Look Back: The Role of Past Events on Current Behaviors
In Theory 3-4:Â Freedom in Reciprocal Determinism
SUMMARY
PARTICIPATION EXERCISE ANSWERS
REFERENCE NOTES
Guiding Questions
3-1. What is behavior, and what is the difference between overt behavior and covert behavior?
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3-2. What are the four modes of behavior that are assessed and treated by behavior therapy?
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3‑3. How are covert behaviors assessed, and what is the limitation associated with assessing them? How can the limitation be overcome?
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3‑4. What are traits, and how are they different from behaviors?
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3‑5. What are the problems associated with using trait descriptions?
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3-6. What are the advantages to using behavioral descriptions rather than trait descriptions?
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3-7. When do behavior therapists deal with traits?
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3-8. What is the specific question that behavior therapists ask clients when they use trait descriptions?
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3-9. What are antecedents, and what are consequences?
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3-10. What is the ABC model, and what are the three components that comprise it? How do each of the components influence one another?
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3-11. Why are not all antecedents and consequences of a behavior also maintaining antecedents and maintaining consequences?
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3-12. What are the two categories of maintaining antecedents?
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3-13. What is meant by the phrase “behavior is under stimulus control”?
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3-14. What are the two types of stimulus control?
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3-15. What is the difference between a prompt and a setting event?
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3-16. What does situation specific mean in terms of behavior?
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3-17. Why is the term probable maintaining conditions more accurate than just maintaining conditions?
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3-18. What is meant by symptom substitution, and what is the origin of the concept?
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3-19. What is the difference between present maintaining conditions and past originating conditions? Why is this distinction important?
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3-20. What is the meaning of environment in behavior therapy?
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3-21 What is the major role played by heredity and biology in determining behavior, according to the behavioral approach?
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3-22. What is the behavioral view of the role of past events on current behaviors, including the status of memories of past conditions?
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3-23. What does reciprocal determinism refer to in the context of the behavioral approach?
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Multiple Choice Questions
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3‑1 (p. 30, b)
According to the behavioral model, people are defined by what they
- experience.
- do.
- learn.
- perceive.
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3‑2 (p. 30, a)
Covert behaviors are
- not directly observed by others.
- those occurring outside of therapy.
- a common behavioral complaint.
- not included in the behavioral model.
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3-3 (p. 30, d)
One of the four modes of behavior treated in behavior therapy is
- covert.
- imaginal.
- depressive.
- physiological.
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3‑4 (p. 30, c)
Information about most covert behaviors must be assumed from
- personality traits.
- environmental conditions.
- overt behaviors.
- standard deviations.
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3‑5 (p. 30, c)
One common way to learn about another’s covert behaviors is to
- review behavioral records.
- observe across multiple settings.
- ask the person directly.
- It is impossible to learn about covert behaviors.
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3-6 (p. 31, b)
Concentrating is a(n)
- overt behavior.
- covert behavior.
- pseudo behavior.
- trait behavior.
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3-7 (p. 32, b)
One probable reason for the widespread use of trait descriptions is that they
- describe the person over time.
- are the briefest alternative.
- provide a lot of specific information.
- paint a more favorable picture.
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3‑8 (p. 32, a)
_____ descriptions generally are shorter than _____ descriptions.
- Trait; behavioral
- Behavioral; trait
- Personality; trait
- Covert; overt
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3-9 (p. 32, a)
Behavioral descriptions work well in therapy because they
- provide the specific details of a condition.
- reduce variability between clients.
- readily translate to diagnostic categories.
- allow for rapid empirical testing.
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3-10 (p. 33, c)
Traits are descriptions of what people
- do.
- believe.
- are.
- experience.
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3‑11 (p. 33, a)
Although behavior therapists deal with behaviors rather than traits, they must be able to “translate” traits into behaviors because
- clients often use trait descriptions.
- traits are useful at the beginning of therapy.
- traits can sometimes be more accurate.
- behaviors are inferred from traits.
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3-12 (p. 33, b)
The question, “What specific things do you do that lead you to describe yourself as…?” suggests the
- behavioral model’s focus on behavioral causes.
- language barrier between clients and therapists.
- importance of maintaining antecedents.
- need for introspective accounts of one’s behavior.
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3-13 (p. 34, b)
According to the behavioral model, behaviors are the direct result of
- uninfluenced decisions.
- present conditions.
- genetic factors.
- developmental experiences.
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3-14 (p. 34, d)
Antecedents and consequences designated maintaining differ from other antecedents and consequences in that they are
- greater in number.
- maintained by the behavior.
- constant over time.
- causal for the behavior.
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3‑15 (p. 34, c)
The specific antecedents and consequences that cause a person to perform a behavior are called its
- setting events.
- causal factors.
- maintaining conditions.
- stimulus controls.
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3‑16 (p. 34, a)
In the behavioral model, the term maintaining is synonymous with
- causal.
- fundamental.
- singular.
- potent.
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3-17 (p. 35, b)
Prerequisites are the more basic type of maintaining antecedents because they
- are environmental forces.
- make a behavior possible.
- do not require communication.
- originate within the person.
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3-18 (p. 35, c)
Environmental conditions that elicit behaviors are called
- originating conditions.
- prompts.
- setting events.
- situational markers.
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3-19 (p. 35, a)
The essential difference between prompts and setting events concerns
- breadth.
- frequency
- intensity.
- efficacy.
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3-20 (pp. 34-35, b)
The note which reminded Susan to take out the trash would be all of the following EXCEPT a(n)
- prompt.
- setting event.
- maintaining antecedent.
- antecedent.
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3‑21 (p. 36, d)
While in the Dean’s office, Ari spoke quietly and sat in a dignified fashion. Ari then went to a soccer game where he jumped up and down and yelled encouragement to the players. This contrast in Ari’s behaviors can best be explained by the concept of
- multidimensionality.
- past originating conditions.
- reciprocal determinism.
- situation specificity.
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3-22 (p. 36, d)
Unlike behavioral descriptions, traits misleadingly suggest that
- individuals are unique.
- people are behaviors.
- the past causes behavior.
- behaviors are consistent.
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3‑23 (p. 36, a)
_____ determine whether a behavior will occur in the first place.
- Antecedents
- Probability
- Consequences
- Expectations
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3-24 (p. 37, b)
Interestingly, maintaining consequences may affect behavior
- before their temporal occurrence.
- by establishing antecedents.
- even when no antecedent is apparent.
- negatively for some individuals.
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3-25 (p. 37, a)
In contrast to antecedents, the effectiveness of a consequence necessarily depends upon
- memory.
- attention.
- change agents.
- the behavior.
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3‑26 (p. 37, b)
_____ are directly changed in behavior therapy.
- Behavioral symptoms
- Maintaining conditions
- Target behaviors
- Unconscious conflicts
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3-27 (pp. 37, 39, d)
The term probable maintaining conditions is necessary because
- these are the ones involved in symptom substitution.
- a client’s introspection is rarely correct.
- behavioral causes are fundamentally probabilistic.
- these are the ones that are likely to be influencing the behavior.
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3-28 (p. 38, d)
The symptom substitution conflict highlights a disagreement between psychoanalytic and behavioral theories concerning the
- concept of free will.
- influence of the therapist.
- reification of mental activity.
- location of behavioral causes.
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3‑29 (p. 39, c)
In the behavioral model, past events have _____ influence on present behaviors.
- a direct
- no
- an indirect
- a significant
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3-30 (p. 40, c)
The role of past events in causing present behavior is best demonstrated by
- unconscious maintaining conditions.
- multiple consequences maintaining a behavior.
- maintaining antecedents changing over time.
- antecedents becoming consequences.
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3-31 (p. 41, a)
Therapists may occasionally inquire about the past origins of a behavior to
- elucidate probable maintaining conditions.
- challenge beliefs about the role of the past.
- satisfy expectations and build rapport.
- encourage the client to face buried causes.
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3-32 (pp. 40-42, a)
The behavioral model appreciates biological influences upon behavior but
- shows the influence of the environment upon biology.
- questions its practical importance to clientele.
- highlights its minimal impact within human samples.
- notes that biological descriptions are yet incomplete.
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3‑33 (p. 42, d)
Reciprocal determinism serves to elucidate the
- need for therapeutic intervention.
- limitations of environmental causation.
- existence of an unadulterated free will.
- true complexity of the ABC model.
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3‑34 (p. 42, d)
When loud music disrupts Michael’s focus, he considers how to alter his environment. This is an example of _____ influencing _____.
- overt behavior; environment
- covert behavior; environment
- overt behavior; covert behavior
- environment; covert behavior
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