This is completed downloadable of Test Bank for Basic Clinical Lab Competencies for Respiratory Care An Integrated Approach, 5th Edition : White
Product Details:
- ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1435453654
- ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1435453654
- Author:Â Gary White
A long time favorite, the fifth edition of BASIC CLINICAL LAB COMPETENCIES FOR RESPIRATORY CARE: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH continues to bring classroom theory to life at the bedside. Known for its integration of theoretical knowledge and practical skills, this book emphasizes the importance of assessment of need, contraindications, hazards/complications, monitoring, and outcomes assessment in respiratory care. Concise, direct, and easy to understand, this fifth edition has been updated to reflect recent advances in the field in order to ensure that readers have the knowledge and skills needed to practice the art and the science of respiratory care.
Table of Content:
- Section 1: Patient Assessment
- Ch 1: Basics of Asepsis
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Asepsis
- Sterility
- Hospital-Acquired Infections
- Cross-Contamination
- Pathogens
- Microorganism Transmission
- Contact Transmission
- Airborne Transmission
- Droplet Transmission
- Vehicle Transmission
- Vector Transmission
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines
- Standard Precautions
- Importance of Hand Hygiene
- Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette
- Personal Protective Equipment
- Handling of Patient Care Equipment
- Handling of Patient Linen
- Sharps Precautions
- Use of Mask to Mouth Ventilation Devices
- Specific TransmissionPrecautions
- Airborne Precautions
- Droplet Precautions
- Contact Precautions
- Hand Hygiene
- Remove Jewelry, Including Your Watch
- Never Contact the Sink with the Hands or Body
- Adjust the Water Flow and Temperature
- Wet Forearms, Wrists, and Hands
- Liberally Apply Soap
- Wash Palms with Strong Friction
- Wash between the Fingers
- Wash the Wrists with a Rotary Motion
- Scrub under the Nails and around the Cuticles
- Rinse Hands without Touching the Sink
- Obtain Towels Aseptically
- Dry Hands Using Separate Towels
- Turn Off the Water with a Clean, Dry Towel
- Aseptic Gowning
- Application of a Mask
- Application of the Gown
- Aseptic Application of Gloves
- Aseptic Removal of Isolation Attire
- Remove Gloves
- Remove Mask
- Remove the Gown
- Hand Hygiene
- Reference
- Practice Activities: Basics of Asepsis
- Check List: Basics of Asepsis
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Basics of Asepsis
- Performance Evaluation: Hand Washing
- Performance Evaluation: Isolation Procedures
- Ch 2: Basic Patient Assessment: Vital Signs and Breath Sounds
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Body Temperature
- Abnormal Body Temperature
- Pulse
- Abnormal Heart Rates
- Rhythm
- Respiratory Rate
- Tachypnea and Bradypnea
- Blood Pressure
- Systolic and Diastolic Pressures
- Normal Ranges
- Abnormal Blood Pressure
- Sound
- The Effects of Density on Sound Production and Conduction
- Stethoscopes
- Parts of the Stethoscope
- Single Tube Stethoscope
- Sprague-Rappaport Stethoscope
- Breath Sounds
- Normal Breath Sounds
- Vesicular Breath Sounds
- Bronchial Breath Sounds
- Bronchovesicular Breath Sounds
- Tracheal Breath Sounds
- Abnormal Breath Sounds
- Crackles
- Wheezes
- Rhonchi
- Pleural Rub
- Anatomical Positions for Auscultation
- Environmental Considerations
- The Case for a Systematic Method
- Measuring Body Temperature
- Measuring Oral Temperature
- Equipment
- Preparation for Use
- Checking the Patient
- Placement of the Thermometer
- Reading the Thermometer
- Measuring the Pulse
- Common Sites
- Assessment of the Pulse
- Measuring Respiratory Rate
- Assessing Blood Pressure
- Equipment
- Sphygmomanometer Placement
- Measuring Blood Pressure by Palpation
- Measuring the Blood Pressure by Auscultation
- Auscultation of Breath Sounds
- Preparation of the Stethoscope
- Preparation and Cleaning
- Testing
- Warming of the Diaphragm
- Patient Positioning
- Auscultation of the Chest
- General Notes
- Anterior Chest
- Posterior Chest
- Postauscultation
- References
- Additional Resources
- Practice Activities: Basic Patient Assessment
- Vital Signs
- Breath Sounds
- Check List: Vital Signs
- Check List: Breath Sounds
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Basic Patient Assessment
- Performance Evaluation: Vital Signs
- Performance Evaluation: Breath Sounds
- Ch 3: Advanced Patient Assessment: Inspection, Palpation, and Percussion
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Chest Landmarks for Assessment
- Bony Structures as Anatomical Landmarks
- Anterior Chest
- Posterior Chest
- Vertical Division Lines
- Anterior Chest
- Lateral Chest
- Posterior Chest
- Assessment Techniques and Abnormal Findings
- Significant Aspects of Inspection of the Chest
- Respiratory Rate, Rhythm, and Pattern
- Work of Breathing
- Abnormalities of the Skeleton
- Digital Clubbing
- Palpation of the Chest
- Areas of Tenderness
- Symmetry of Excursion
- Tactile Fremitus
- Subcutaneous Emphysema
- Tracheal Deviation
- Percussion of the Chest
- Hyperresonance
- Resonance
- Dullness
- Flatness
- Preexamination and Other Considerations
- Inspection of the Chest
- Palpation
- Percussion
- Recording Your Findings
- References
- Practice Activities: Advanced Patient Assessment
- Check List: Advanced Patient Assessment
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Physical Assessment of the Chest
- Performance Evaluation: Physical Assessment
- Ch 4: Radiologic Assessment
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Production of a Chest Radiograph
- Radiodensity of Common Materials
- X-Ray Views of the Chest
- The Normal Chest Radiograph
- Common Abnormalities on the Chest Radiograph
- Extrapulmonary Air
- Changes in Lung Volume
- Fluid Abnormalities
- Foreign Objects
- Ventilation-Perfusion Scanning
- Pulmonary Angiography
- Computed Tomography of the Chest
- Chest Film Orientation
- Rotation and Penetration
- Viewing the Chest Radiograph
- References
- Practice Activities: Radiographic Evaluation
- Check List: Chest X-Ray Evaluation
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Radiographic Imaging of the Chest
- Performance Evaluation: Chest X-Ray Interpretation
- Ch 5: Pulmonary Function Testing
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- American Thoracic Society Indications
- Rationale for Bedside Monitoring
- Equipment Used in Measuring Bedside Parameters Respirometers
- Respirometers
- Peak Flowmeters
- Types of Spirometers
- Bedside Measurements
- Minute Volume
- Tidal Volume
- Frequency
- Vital Capacity
- Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
- Maximal Inspiratory Pressure
- Basic Spirometry
- Volumes
- Tidal Volume
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume
- Expiratory Reserve Volume
- Residual Volume
- Capacities and Their Significance
- Inspiratory Capacity
- Vital Capacity
- Functional Residual Capacity
- Total Lung Capacity
- The Forced Vital Capacity Tracing
- Timed Forced Expired Volume
- Forced Expired Flow between 200 and 1200
- Midexpiratory Forced Expired Flow
- Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
- Maximum Voluntary Ventilation
- ATPS to BTPS Conversion
- Flow-Volume Loops
- Measurement of Functional Residual Capacity and Residual Volume
- Gas Dilution Techniques
- Body Plethysmography
- Diffusion: Single Breath Carbon Monoxide Test
- Hazards of Pulmonary Function Testing
- Hyperventilation
- Cardiac Stimulation from Bronchodilators
- Infection
- Bedside Monitoring: Equipment Assembly and Testing
- Respirometers
- Peak Flowmeters
- Preparation of the Collins Water Seal Spirometer
- Level the Spirometer and Fill with Water
- Check for Excessive Resistance
- Adjust the Bell and Pulley System
- Attach the Pens to the Recorder
- Attach the Paper to the Kymograph
- Flush the Spirometer
- Attach Clean Tubing, Valve, and Mouthpiece
- Patient Factors in Spirometry
- Patient Positioning
- The Importance of Coaching
- Why Multiple Tests or Tracings?
- Measuring the Bedside Pulmonary Function Parameters Aseptic Technique
- Aseptic Technique
- Measurements
- Basic Spirometry: Using the Collins Water Seal Spirometer Kymograph Speeds
- Kymograph Speeds
- Alignment of the Pen Mechanism to the Paper
- Measuring Testing Conditions
- Bell Factor
- Pulmonary Function Tests
- Slow Vital Capacity
- Forced Vital Capacity
- Measuring Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) with a Spirometer and Accumulator Pen
- Measuring and Calculating Components of a Pulmonary Function Testing Tracing
- Tidal Volume
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume
- Expiratory Reserve Volume
- Residual Volume
- Measuring and Calculating the Forced Vital Capacity
- Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
- Forced Expired Volumein 1 Second (FEV1)
- Forced Expired Flow between 200 and 1200 mL
- Midexpiratory Forced Expired Flow
- Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
- Acceptability and Reproducibility Criteria
- Maximum Voluntary Ventilation
- Measurement Using an Accumulator Pen (Ventilometer)
- Calculating the MVV Manually
- Calculating the Respiratory Rate
- Conversion from Atps to Btps
- Calculating Predicted Values
- Interpretation of the Results
- Reference
- Additional Resource
- Practice Activities: Pulmonary Function Testing: Bedside Monitoring and Basic Spirometry
- Bedside Monitoring
- Basic Spirometry
- Check List: Pulmonary Function Testing: Bedside Monitoring and Basic Spirometry
- Bedside Monitoring
- Basic Spirometry
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Pulmonary Function Testing: Bedside Monitoring and Basic Spirometry
- Performance Evaluation: Bedside Pulmonary Function Testing
- Performance Evaluation: Basic Spirometry
- Ch 6: Electrocardiography
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Electrical Physiology of the Heart
- Production of Electrical Current in the Heart
- Cardiac Conduction System
- The Normal ECG and the Electrical Activity of the Heart
- The Twelve Leads of an ECG
- Einthoven’s Triangle
- Augmented Leads
- Precordial Leads
- Normal Sinus Rhythm
- Dangerous and Life-Threatening Arrhythmias
- Sinus Bradycardia
- Sinus Tachycardia
- Atrial Fibrillation
- Premature Ventricular Complexes
- Ventricular Tachycardia
- Ventricular Fibrillation
- Ventricular Asystole
- ECG Artifact
- Patient Motion
- Wandering Baseline
- 60 Hz Artifact
- Electrocardiograph Equipment
- Equipment Required for an Electrocardiogram
- Patient Positioning
- Lead Placement
- Arrhythmia Recognition
- Operating the Electrocardiograph Machine
- Artifact Recognition
- Proper Handling of an Electrocardiographic Tracing
- References
- Practice Activities: Electrocardiography
- Check List: Performing an ECG
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Electrocardiograms (ECGs)
- Performance Evaluation: Electrocardiograms (ECGS)
- Ch 7: Phlebotomy
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Obligations Related to Performance of Phlebotomy
- Maintaining a Safe Environment
- Equipment
- Venipuncture Technique
- Additional Resources
- Practice Activities: Phlebotomy
- Check List: Venipuncture
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Phlebotomy
- Performance Evaluation: Venipuncture
- Ch 8: Arterial Blood Gas Sampling
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Anatomical Locations for Arterial Puncture
- Radial Artery
- Brachial Artery
- Femoral Artery
- Complications of Arterial Puncture
- The Modified Allen’s Test for Collateral Circulation
- Use of Pulse Oximetry to Assess Collateral Circulation of the Hand
- Sampling Syringes
- Blood Gas Sampling Errors
- Bubbles
- Delay in Sample Analysis
- Use of the Proper Anticoagulant
- Venous Sampling
- Patient Anxiety
- Capillary Blood Gas Sampling
- Technique
- Capillary Sampling Errors
- Poor Blood Flow
- Introduction of Air into the Sample
- Inadequate Mixing of Heparin
- Supplies Needed for Arterial Puncture
- Puncture Techniques
- Standard Precautions
- Patient-Related Considerations
- Use of an Anesthetic
- Puncture Preparation
- Obtaining the Specimen
- Radial and Brachial Sites
- Femoral Site
- Postpuncture Care
- Indwelling Arterial Catheter Sampling
- Supplies for Capillary Sampling
- Capillary Sampling Techniques
- Standard Precautions
- Arterialization of the Puncture Site
- Site Preparation
- Obtaining the Sample
- Care of the Sample
- Care of the Puncture Site
- References
- Practice Activities: Arterial Blood Gas Sampling
- Check List: Arterial Blood Gas Sampling
- Check List: Arterial Line Sampling
- Check List: Capillary Sampling
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Arterial Blood Gas Sampling
- Performance Evaluation: Arterial Puncture
- Performance Evaluation: Arterial Line Sampling
- Performance Evaluation: Capillary Sampling
- Ch 9: Hemodynamic Monitoring
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Pascal’s Law
- Transducers
- Central Venous Pressure Catheters
- Preferred Routes of Access
- Central Venous Pressure Waveform and Pressures
- Clinical Applications of the Central Venous Pressure Catheter
- Pulmonary Artery Catheters or Swan-Ganz Catheters
- Parts of a Pulmonary Artery Catheter
- Preferred Routes of Access
- Pulmonary Artery Catheter Waveform Morphology
- Pulmonary Artery Pressure and Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure Waveform Morpholog
- Pulmonary Artery Pressure Morphology
- Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure Morphology
- Normal Pressure Ranges
- Clinical Applications of the Pulmonary Artery Catheter
- Fluid Volume and Venous Return
- Assessment of Right Ventricular Function
- Assessment of Left Ventricular Preload
- Assessment of Cardiac Output
- Determination of Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation
- Determination of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
- Determination of Systemic Vascular Resistance
- Case Studies Illustrating the Application of a Pulmonary Artery Catheter
- Determination of Hypovolemia
- Interpretation of the Data
- Determination of Hypervolemia
- Interpretation of the Data
- Assessment of Right Ventricular Failure
- Interpretation of the Data
- Determination of Left Ventricular Failure
- Interpretation of the Data
- Assessment of the Effects Caused by Positive-Pressure Ventilation
- Interpretation of the Data
- Arterial Lines
- Preferred Routes of Vessel Access
- Parts of an Arterial Pressure Waveform
- Hazards with Indwelling Vascular Catheters
- Equipment Required for Hemodynamic Monitoring
- Equipment Setup and Preparation
- Medication Preparation
- Spiking the Bag and Priming the Tubing
- Transducer Preparation
- Zeroing the Transducer
- Identification of the Phlebostatic Axis
- Waveform Damping
- Obtaining a Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure
- Overwedging of the Balloon
- Cardiac Output Determination
- Arterial Line Maintenance
- Zeroing an Arterial Line
- References
- Additional Resources
- Practice Activities: CVP and Pulmonary Artery Catheter Monitoring
- Practice Activities: Arterial Line Monitoring
- Check List: CVP and Pulmonary Artery Catheter Monitoring
- Check List: Arterial Line Monitoring
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Hemodynamic Monitoring
- Performance Evaluation: CVP and Pulmonary Artery Catheter Monitoring
- Performance Evaluation: Arterial Line Monitoring
- Ch 10: Noninvasive Monitoring
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Rationale for Noninvasive Monitoring
- Noninvasive Monitoring Equipment
- Pulse Oximeters
- Transcutaneous CO2 Monitor
- Transcutaneous O2 Monitor
- Combination PO2 and PCO2 Monitors
- End-Tidal CO2 Monitors
- Limitations of Noninvasive Monitoring
- Limitations of Pulse Oximetry
- Limitations of Transcutaneous Monitoring
- Limitations of End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring
- Hazards of Noninvasive Monitoring
- Assembly, Troubleshooting, and Calibration
- Pulse Oximeter
- Assembly
- Troubleshooting
- Transcutaneous O2 and CO2 Monitors
- Assembly
- Troubleshooting
- End-Tidal CO2 Monitors
- Assembly
- Troubleshooting
- References
- Practice Activities: Noninvasive Monitoring
- Check List: Pulse Oximeter Monitor
- Check List: Transcutaneous CO2 and O2 Monitoring
- Check List: End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Noninvasive Monitoring
- Performance Evaluation: Pulse Oximeter Monitoring
- Performance Evaluation: Transcutaneous Monitoring
- Performance Evaluation: End-Tidal Monitoring
- Section 2: Therapeutics
- Ch 11: Documentation and Goals Assessment
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- The Medical Record
- Components of the Medical Record
- Admission Record
- Physician’s Orders
- Progress Notes
- History and Physical Examination and Consultation Examinations
- Nursing Data
- Graphic Record
- Laboratory Reports
- Imaging Reports
- Operative Data
- Medication Administration Record
- Ancillary Services
- Discharge Plan
- The Medical Record: Legal and Reimbursement Issues
- Legal
- Reimbursement
- The Medical Record Entry
- Charting by Exception
- Goals Assessment and Documentation
- Oxygenation Goals
- Ventilation Goals
- Bronchial Hygiene
- Hyperinflation Goals
- Computer-Aided Documentation
- Documentation Guidelines and Abbreviations
- Identification of the Medical Record
- Documentation
- Date and Time
- What You Performed
- Length of Time
- Patient’s Response
- Unusual Circumstances
- Initials and Signature
- Charting by Exception
- Clinical Goals
- References
- Practice Activities: Documentation
- Check List: Documentation and Goals Assessment
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Documentation and Goals Assessment
- Performance Evaluation: Documentation and Goals Assessment
- Ch 12: Oxygen Supply Systems
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Medical Gas Cylinders
- Cylinder Markings
- Common Medical Gas Cylinder Sizes
- Color Coding
- Cylinder Valves and Cylinder Valve Safety Systems
- Safety Precautions with Use of Medical Gas Cylinders
- Calculation of Cylinder Contents
- Transfilling of Medical Gas Cylinders
- Medical Gas Piping Systems
- Reducing Valves
- Single-Stage Reducing Valve
- Modified Single-Stage Reducing Valve
- Multistage Reducing Valves
- Safety Features
- Flowmeters
- Bourdon Gauge Flowmeters
- Thorpe Tube Flowmeters
- Uncompensated Thorpe Tube Flowmeters
- Back Pressure–Compensated Flowmeter
- Liquid Oxygen Systems
- Oxygen Concentrators
- Air/Oxygen Blenders
- Using Medical Gas Cylinders
- Obtaining the Cylinder from Storage
- Maneuvering Large Medical Gas Cylinders
- Transporting the Cylinder and Cart
- Cracking the Cylinder
- Attaching a Reducing Valve
- Using an H/K Cylinder in a Patient Area
- Maneuvering an E Cylinder
- Cracking an E Cylinder
- Attaching a Reducing Valve to an E Cylinder
- Bleeding a Reducing Valve
- Use of Portable Liquid Oxygen Systems
- Transfilling the Ambulatory System
- Primary Liquid Reservoir Use
- Portable System Use
- Determining Liquid Oxygen Duration
- Use of an Oxygen Concentrator
- Use of Air/ Oxygen Blenders
- Reference
- Additional Resources
- Practice Activities: Oxygen Supply Systems
- Check List: Oxygen Supply Systems
- Check List: Portable Liquid Oxygen Systems
- Check List: Oxygen Concentrator
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Oxygen Supply Systems
- Performance Evaluation: Oxygen Supply Systems
- Performance Evaluation: Liquid Oxygen Systems
- Performance Evaluation: Oxygen Concentrators
- Ch 13: Oxygen Administration
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Indications for Oxygen Therapy
- Low-Flow Oxygen Delivery Systems
- Low-Flow Oxygen Devices
- Nasal Cannula
- Oxygen Concentration
- Transtracheal Catheter
- Simple Oxygen Mask
- Partial Rebreathing Mask
- Nonrebreathing Mask
- Hi-Ox80
- OxyMaskTM
- High-Flow Oxygen Delivery Systems
- Vapotherm Precision Flow High-Flow Cannula
- Air Entrainment Masks
- Effects of Back Pressure Distal to the Point of Entrainment
- Clinical Applications of Low-Flow and High-Flow Oxygen Systems
- Humidification
- Enclosures
- Isolette
- Head Box or Oxygen Hood
- Hazards Associated with Enclosures
- Types of Oxygen Analyzers
- Galvanic Oxygen Analyzer
- Polarographic Oxygen Analyzers
- Use of an Oxygen Analyzer
- Hazards of Oxygen Therapy
- Absorption Atelectasis
- Oxygen-Induced Hypoventilation
- Oxygen Toxicity
- Retinopathy of Prematurity
- Review the Patient’s Chart
- Gather the Appropriate Equipment
- Assemble Equipment
- Explain the Procedure to the Patient
- Nasal Cannula
- Oxygen Masks
- Entrainment Masks
- Head Box
- Use of an Oxygen Analyzer
- Testing and Calibration
- Analysis
- Dispose of Excess Equipment Properly
- Document the Procedure in the Patient Chart
- References
- Practice Activities: Oxygen Administration
- Check List: Oxygen Administration
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Oxygen Administration
- Performance Evaluation: Oxygen Administration
- Ch 14: Introduction to Respiratory Care Pharmacology
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Receptor Site Theory
- Adrenergic Receptor Sites
- Alpha Receptors
- Beta-1 Receptors
- Beta-2 Receptors
- Cholinergic Receptors
- Mechanisms of Bronchospasm
- Mast Cell Degranulation
- Leukotrienes
- Histamine
- Prostaglandins
- Acetylcholine
- Sympathomimetic Drugs
- Action of Sympathomimetic Drugs
- Indications for Sympathomimetic Agents
- Specific Sympathomimetic Drugs
- Salmeterol Xinafoate
- Formoterol Fumarate
- Pirbuterol Acetate
- Albuterol Sulfate
- Levalbuterol
- Isoproterenol
- Epinephrine
- Terbutaline Sulfate
- Racemic Epinephrine
- Arformoterol Tartrate (Brovana)
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
- Aminophylline
- Theophylline
- Anticholinergic Drugs
- Ipratropium Bromide
- Tiotropium Bromide
- Corticosteroids in Respiratory Care
- Prednisone
- Dexamethasone
- Budesonide
- Beclomethasone Dipropionate
- Triamcinolone Acetonide
- Flunisolide
- Fluticasone Propionate
- Mometasone Furoate
- Combination Therapy Drugs
- Fluticasone Propionate–Salmeterol (Advair)
- Albuterol Sulfate–Ipratropium Bromide
- Formoterol Fumarate–Budesonide
- Cromolyn Sodium and Asthma Management
- Nedocromil Sodium
- Montelukast (Singulair)
- Zarfirlukast
- Zileuton
- Mucoactive Agents
- Acetylcysteine
- Dornase Alfa (Pulmozyme)
- Use of Bland Aerosols in Respiratory Care
- Aerosolized Antimicrobial Agents
- Antibiotics
- Tobramycin (Tobi)
- Antiviral Agents
- Antiprotozoal Agents
- Metered Dose Inhalers
- MDI Spacer Devices
- Dry Powder Inhalers (DPI)
- Metered Dose Inhaler
- Position the Patient
- Monitor the Patient
- Instruct the Patient
- Assemble the Equipment
- Administer the Medication
- Monitor the Patient following Therapy
- Clean the Patient’s Room and Chart Procedure
- Use of a Spacer with a Metered Dose Inhaler
- Position the Patient
- Monitor the Patient
- Instruct the Patient
- Assemble the Equipment
- Administer the Medication
- Monitor the Patient following Therapy
- Clean the Patient’s Room and Chart Procedure
- DRY Powder Inhalers
- Diskhaler
- Diskus
- Turbuhaler
- HandiHaler
- Aerolizer
- Twisthaler
- References
- Practice Activities: Introduction to Respiratory Care Pharmacology
- Check List: Metered Dose Inhaler
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Introduction to Respiratory Care Pharmacology
- Performance Evaluation: MDI Administration
- Performance Evaluation: DPI Administration
- Ch 15: Humidity and Aerosol Therapy
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- What Is Humidity and What Is Aerosol?
- Humidifiers and Nebulizers
- Humidity
- Factors Affecting Humidity Output
- Equipment for Humidity and Aerosol Therapy
- Bubble Humidifier
- Wick Humidifiers
- Heated Pass Over Humidifiers
- Heat and Moisture Exchanger
- Large-Volume Nebulizers
- MistyOx Nebulizers
- Ultrasonic Nebulizers
- Small-Volume Nebulizers
- Commonly Administered Medications
- Monitoring Therapy for Effectiveness
- Hazards and Complications
- Humidity and Aerosol Therapy
- Wick Humidifier
- Heated Pass Over Humidifier
- Large-Volume Nebulizers
- MistyOx Hi-Fi and GIN Nebulizers
- Ultrasonic Nebulizers
- Aerosol/Oxygen Delivery Devices
- Small-Volume Nebulizer Therapy
- References
- Additional Resources
- Practice Activities: Humidity and Aerosol Therapy
- Check List: Humidity and Aerosol Therapy
- Check List: Small-Volume Nebulizer Therapy
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Humidity and Aerosol Therapy
- Performance Evaluation: Humidity and Aerosol Therapy
- Performance Evaluation: Small-Volume Nebulizer Therapy
- Ch 16: Bronchial Hygiene Therapy
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Body Alignment and Stance
- General Guidelines for Moving Patients
- Safety Devices
- Bed Rails
- Restraints
- Nurse Call Button
- Code Switch
- Chest Percussion and Postural Drainage
- Postural Drainage
- Equipment Requirements
- Position Modifications
- Percussion
- Areas to Avoid
- Adjunctive Devices for Chest Percussion
- Mechanical Percussors
- Physician’s Order
- Contraindications and Hazards
- Other Therapies for Bronchial Hygiene
- Positive Expiratory Pressure Therapy
- Definition and Equipment
- Indications
- Hazards
- Oscillating PEP Therapy
- Indications
- Hazards
- Flutter Valve Therapy
- Definition and Equipment
- Indications
- Hazards
- High-Frequency Chest Wall Oscillation Therapy
- Indications
- Hazards
- Adjunctive Breathing Techniques
- Indications
- Hazards
- Respironics CoughassistTM MI-E
- Indications
- Hazards/Contraindications
- General Guidelines Bed Rails
- Bed Rails
- Positioning of the Practitioner
- Patient Positioning
- Fowler’s and Semi-Fowler’s Positions
- Supine Position
- Prone Position
- Side-Lying Position
- Sims’ Position
- Trendelenburg Position
- Reverse Trendelenburg Position
- Assisting a Patient into a Chair
- Use of Restraints
- Chest and Waist Restraints
- Wrist and Ankle Restraints
- Percussion Technique
- Positive Expiratory Pressure Therapy
- Verify the Physician’s Order
- Scan the Chart
- Administration of Therapy
- Patient Positioning
- Appropriate Monitoring before Therapy
- Ideal Breathing Pattern
- Monitoring the Patient during Therapy
- Flutter Valve Therapy
- Verify the Physician’s Order
- Scan the Chart
- Administration of Therapy
- Patient Positioning
- Appropriate Monitoring before Therapy
- Ideal Breathing Pattern
- Monitoring the Patient during Therapy
- Vibratory Pep (Acapella®) Therapy Administration
- Verify the Physician’s Order
- Scan the Chart
- Administration of Therapy
- Patient Positioning
- Appropriate Monitoring before Therapy
- Ideal Breathing Pattern
- Monitoring the Patient during Therapy
- High-Frequency Chest Wall Oscillation Therapy Administration
- The Vest® Airway Clearance System Assembly
- Verify the Physician’s Order
- Scan the Chart
- Administration of Therapy
- Patient Positioning
- Technique
- Monitoring the Patient during Therapy
- CoughassistTM MI-E Administration
- CoughassistTM Assembly
- Verify Physician’s Order
- Scan the Chart
- Administration of Therapy
- Patient Positioning
- Technique
- Monitoring the Patient during Therapy
- Adjunctive Breathing Techniques
- Diaphragmatic Breathing
- Unilateral Chest Expansion
- Pursed-Lip Breathing
- Controlled Coughing
- Acute Chest Compression
- References
- Additional Resources
- Practice Activities: Patient Positioning and Chest Physiotherapy
- Practice Activities: PEP Mask Therapy
- Circuit Assembly
- Pressure Adjustment
- Activities
- Practice Activities: Flutter Valve Therapy
- Practice Activities: Vibratory PEP Therapy (Acapella®)
- Practice Activities: The Vest® Airway Clearance System
- Practice Activities: CoughassistTM Mechanical In-Exsufflator
- Practice Activities: Adjunctive Breathing Techniques
- Check List: Patient Positioning
- Check List: Postural Drainage and Chest Percussion
- Check List: PEP Therapy
- Check List: Flutter Valve Therapy/Vibratory PEP (Acapella®) Therapy
- Check List: HFCWO Therapy—(The Vest® Airway Clearance System)
- Check List: CoughassistTM Mechanical In-Exsufflator
- Check List: Adjunctive Breathing Exercises
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Bronchial Hygiene Therapy
- Performance Evaluation: Patient Positioning
- Performance Evaluation: Chest Percussion and Postural Drainage
- Performance Evaluation: PEP Mask Therapy
- Performance Evaluation: Flutter Valve Therapy/ Vibratory PEP (Acapella®) Therapy
- Performance Evaluation: HFCWO (The Vest® Airway Clearance System)
- Performance Evaluation: CoughassistTM Mechanical In-Exsufflator
- Performance Evaluation: Adjunctive Breathing Techniques
- Ch 17: Hyperinflation Therapy
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Hyperventilation Modalities
- Incentive Spirometry
- Intermittent Positive-Pressure Breathing
- Intrapulmonary Percussive Ventilation
- Goals of and Indications for Hyperinflation Therapy
- Reversal of Atelectasis
- Improvement of the Cough or Cough Mechanism
- Medication Delivery
- Hazards and Complications of Hyperventilation Therapy
- Hypocapnea Induced by Hyperventilation
- Interruption of Hypoxic Drive
- Decreased Cardiac Output
- Increased Intracranial Pressure
- Pneumothorax
- Untreated Pneumothorax
- Incentive Spirometers
- Voldyne Volumetric Exerciser
- Triflow Incentive Spirometer
- The Bird Mark 7A Ventilator
- Control Function
- Pressure
- Time/Pressure Trigger Control
- Expiratory Timer
- Sensitivity
- Flow Rate
- Apneustic Time Control
- Gas Flow through the Breathing Circuit
- Inspiration
- Expiration
- Percussionaire IPV-1
- Controls
- Operational Pressure
- Percussion Control
- Manual Inspiration
- Phasitron
- Changing Tidal Volume Delivery and Ventilatory Frequency
- Incentive Spirometry
- Patient Instruction
- Incentive Spirometry Equipment
- IPPB Therapy
- Verify the Physician’s Order
- Scan the Chart
- Administration of Therapy
- Patient Positioning
- Appropriate Monitoring before Therapy
- Ideal Breathing Pattern
- Monitoring the Patient during IPPB Therapy
- Monitoring the Patient during Bronchodilator Administration
- Recognition of Adverse Effects of IPPB Therapy
- Hyperventilation
- Interruption of the Hypoxic Drive
- Decreased Cardiac Output
- Increased Intracranial Pressure
- Pneumothorax
- Post–IPPB Therapy Monitoring
- Charting the Procedure
- Intrapulmonary Percussive Ventilation Therapy
- Verify the Physician’s Order
- Scan the Chart
- Administration of Therapy
- Patient Positioning
- Appropriate Monitoring before Therapy
- Ideal Breathing Pattern
- Monitoring during Therapy
- Monitoring following Therapy
- Charting the Procedure
- References
- Additional Resources
- Practice Activities: Bird Mark 7A
- Circuit Assembly
- Operation of the Ventilator
- Activity 1: Pressure Control (1)
- Activity 2: Expiratory Timer Control (2)
- Activity 3: Sensitivity Control (3)
- Activity 4: Flow Rate Control (4)
- Tidal Volume Delivery with IPPB Therapy
- Activity 1
- Activity 2
- Oxygen Delivery with IPPB Therapy
- Practice Activities: Percussionaire IPV-1 Ventilator
- Circuit Assembly
- Operation of the Ventilator
- Percussion Control
- Operational Pressure Control
- Practice Activities: Hyperinflation Therapy
- Safety Precautions
- Check List: Incentive Spirometry
- Check List: IPPB Therapy
- Check List: Intrapulmonary Percussive Ventilation Therapy
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Hyperinflation Therapy
- Performance Evaluation: Incentive Spirometry
- Performance Evaluation: IPPB Therapy
- Performance Evaluation: Intrapulmonary Percussive Ventilation (IPV)
- Ch 18: Bronchoscopy Assisting
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Therapeutic and Diagnostic Bronchoscopy
- Therapeutic Bronchoscopy
- Diagnostic Bronchoscopy
- Indications for Bronchoscopy
- Rigid and Flexible Bronchoscopes
- Construction of a Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscope
- Types of Instruments
- Types of Sample Testing and Analysis
- Solutions Used to Fix or Prepare Samples for Testing
- Personal Protective Equipment
- Bronchoscopy Room or Suite
- Medications Employed for Anesthesia and Analgesia
- Hazards and Complications of the Medications Used for Bronchoscopy
- Patient Monitoring
- Hazards and Complications of Bronchoscopy
- Equipment Preparation
- Bronchoscope Preparation
- Medication Preparation
- Sample Solution Preparation
- Emergency Equipment
- Personal Protective Equipment
- Equipment for the Patient
- Documentation Preparation
- Patient Preparation
- Monitoring
- Anesthesia and Analgesia
- Supplemental Oxygen
- Bronchoscopy Assisting
- Medication Administration
- Tissue Sampling
- Forceps
- Brushes
- Wang Needle
- Bleeding Control
- Specimen Preparation
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage
- Patient Monitoring
- Bronchoscopy During Mechanical Ventilation
- Documentation
- Cleaning the Bronchoscope
- Sample Delivery
- References
- Practice Activities: Bronchoscopy Assisting
- Check List: Bronchoscopy Assisting
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Bronchoscopy Assisting
- Performance Evaluation: Bronchoscopy Assisting
- Ch 19: Equipment Processing and Surveillance
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Related Microbiology
- Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell Types
- Bacterial Shapes
- Gram Stain
- Capsules and Endospores
- Common Causative Organisms
- Equipment Processing Terms
- Sterilization
- Disinfection
- Antisepsis
- Equipment Processing Methods
- Steam Autoclaving
- Pasteurization
- Ethylene Oxide Processing
- Glutaraldehyde Processing
- Processing with Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
- Gamma Irradiation
- Facility Design for Equipment Processing
- Bacteriologic Surveillance Programs
- Aliquot Culturing
- Rinse Sampling
- Rodac Plate Sampling
- Swab Sampling
- Data Utilization
- Swab Sampling
- Obtain the Required Supplies
- Hand Hygiene
- Aseptically Withdraw the Swab and Sample the Area
- Surveillance Records
- Transport the Plate to the Laboratory Facility
- Processing Respiratory Care Equipment
- Washing
- Rinsing
- Packaging
- Processing the Equipment
- Package Equipment Following Disinfection
- Label and Store the Equipment
- References
- Additional Resource
- Practice Activities: Equipment Processing and Surveillance
- In Your Practice
- Check List: Bacteriologic Surveillance
- Check List: Equipment Processing
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Equipment Processing and Surveillance
- Performance Evaluation: Bacteriologic Surveillance
- Performance Evaluation: Equipment Processing
- Section 3: Emergency Management
- Ch 20: Emergency Airway Management
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Anatomy of the Upper Airway
- Tongue
- Vallecula
- Epiglottis
- Arytenoid Cartilages
- Vocal Cords
- Reflexes of the Upper Airway
- Swallow
- Gag
- Laryngeal
- Tracheal
- Carinal
- Reflexes and Loss of Consciousness
- Upper Airway Obstruction
- Causes
- Clinical Findings
- Positional Maneuvers to Open the Airway
- Head Tilt
- Anterior Mandibular Displacement
- Triple Airway Maneuver
- Resuscitators
- Gas-Powered Resuscitators
- Valve Types Used in Self-Inflating Manual Resuscitators
- Importance of Inspiratory-Expiratory Ratio During Resuscitation
- Hazards of Manual Resuscitation
- Pharyngeal Airways in Manual Resuscitation
- Nasopharyngeal Airway
- Oropharyngeal Airway
- Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA)
- Combitube Airway
- Intubation: What Is It?
- Oral Route
- Nasal Route
- Equipment for Endotracheal Intubation
- Laryngoscopes
- Blades
- Characteristics of Endotracheal Tubes
- Murphy Eye Endotracheal Tube
- Endotracheal Tube Cuff
- Pilot Tube and Balloon
- Markings
- Complications of Intubation
- Early Complications
- Late Complications
- Extubation
- Patient Positioning to Relieve Upper Airway Obstruction
- Airway Insertion
- Insertion of the Nasopharyngeal Airway
- Insertion of the Oropharyngeal Airway
- Preparation of Manual Resuscitators
- Ventilation with a Manual Resuscitator
- Patient Positioning
- Mask Placement
- Ventilation
- Patient Assessment during the Procedure
- Equipment Preparation and Assembly for Intubation
- Preparation of the Laryngoscope
- Oropharyngeal Airways
- Yankauer Suction
- 10 mL (or Larger) Syringe
- Commercial Endotracheal Tube Holder
- Water-Soluble Lubricant
- Magill Forceps
- Endotracheal Tubes
- Stylet
- General Notes
- Patient Positioning
- Hyperinflation and Oxygenation
- Intubation Techniques
- Oral Intubation
- Miller Blade (Straight Blade)
- Macintosh Blade (Curved Blade)
- Evaluation
- Use of End-Tidal CO2 Detectors or Esophageal Detectors
- Nasal Intubation
- Extubation
- Extubation Technique
- Monitoring after Extubation
- References
- Additional Resource
- Practice Activities: Manual Resuscitation
- Intubation Practice Activities
- Check List: Manual Resuscitation
- Check List: Intubation
- Check List: Extubation
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Emergency Airway Management
- Performance Evaluation: Manual Resuscitation
- Performance Evaluation: Intubation
- Performance Evaluation: Extubation
- Ch 21: Artificial Airway Care
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Suctioning
- Rationale for Suctioning
- What Is Suctioning?
- Suction Catheter Designs
- Whistle Tip
- Coudé Tip
- Closed Suction Systems
- Complications and Hazards of Suctioning
- Tissue Trauma
- Hypoxemia
- Cardiac Arrhythmias
- Pneumonia
- Oxygenation and Hyperinflation Using Mechanical Ventilation
- Positive End-Expiratory Pressure
- Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
- Elevation of the Head of the Bed
- Subglottic Secretion Drainage
- Maintenance of Cuff Pressures
- Humidification of Inspired Gases
- Cuff Pressure Monitoring
- Indications for a Tracheostomy
- Tracheostomy and Stoma Care
- Purpose of Tracheostomy and Stoma Care
- Hazards and Complications of Tracheostomy Care
- Displacement and Decannulation of the Tracheostomy Tube
- Infection
- Types of Tubes
- Single Cannula Tracheostomy Tube
- Single Cannula Tracheostomy Tube with a Disposable or Removable Inner Cannula
- Single Cannula Fenestrated Tracheostomy Tube
- Silver Holinger Tracheostomy Tube
- Bivona Foam Cuff
- Specialized Tracheostomy Tubes and Appliances
- Communi-Trach
- Tracheostomy Button
- Kistner Button
- Olympic Trach-Talk
- Passy-Muir Valve
- Suctioning Procedure
- Equipment Needed for Suctioning
- Equipment Preparation
- Positioning for Artificial Airway Aspiration
- Preaspiration Patient Assessment
- Oxygenation of the Patient
- Nasotracheal Suctioning Procedure
- Use of a Nasopharyngeal Airway
- Artificial Airway Aspiration
- Use of a Closed Suction System
- Cuff Pressure Measurement
- Pressure Manometer and Three-Way Stopcock
- Posey Cufflator
- Tracheostomy Care Procedure
- Equipment Required for Tracheostomy Care
- Cuff Deflation and Inflation
- Components of Tracheostomy Care Procedure
- Physician’s Order for Care
- Auscultate the Chest
- Prepare a Sterile Field and Apply Sterile Gloves
- Remove and Clean the Inner Cannula
- Reinsert the Inner Cannula
- Stoma Care Procedure
- Assess the Tracheostomy Tube Position
- Remove the Old Dressing and Ties
- Clean the Stoma Site
- Apply a Clean Dressing and New Ties
- Reassess the Tracheostomy Tube Position
- References
- Additional Resource
- Practice Activities: Suctioning
- Practice Activities: Tracheostomy and Stoma Care
- Check List: Nasotracheal Suctioning
- Check List: Artificial Airway Aspiration
- Check List: Cuff Pressure Monitoring
- Check List: Tracheostomy and Stoma Care
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Artificial Airway Care
- Performance Evaluation: Nasotracheal Suctioning
- Performance Evaluation: Endotracheal Suctioning
- Performance Evaluation: Monitoring Cuff Pressures
- Performance Evaluation: Tracheostomy and Stoma Care
- Ch 22: Chest Tubes
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Chest Tubes: Basic Principles
- Indications for Chest Tube Placement
- Chest Drains versus Chest Tubes
- Rationale for Placement
- Chest Drainage System
- Components of a Chest Drainage System
- Important Principles of Operation
- Effects of Water Level in the Water Seal Chamber
- Effects of Water Level in the Suction Control Chamber
- Vacuum Regulation
- Assessment for Leaks
- Emergency Management of the Chest Drainage System
- Heimlich Valve
- Assisting with Chest Tube Placement
- Equipment Required for Chest Tube Placement
- Assisting the Physician with the Procedure
- Assessment of Chest Tube Placement
- Setup and Maintenance of the Chest Drainage System
- Setting up the Drainage System
- Monitoring and Troubleshooting the Drainage System
- Identifying and Correcting Leaks
- References
- Practice Activities: Chest Tubes
- Check List: Chest Tubes
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Chest Tubes
- Performance Evaluation: Chest Tubes
- Ch 23: Insertion and Maintenance of Intravenous Lines
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- The Principles of Intravenous Therapy
- Intravenous Fluid Properties
- Locating Acceptable Sites for Intravenous Needle Placement
- Complications of Intravenous Therapy
- Infiltration
- Thrombosis
- Phlebitis and Cellulitis
- Air Embolism
- Catheter Shear or Catheter Fragment Embolism
- Maintenance of Intravenous Infusions
- Drip Rate Calculations
- Supplies Needed for Intravenous Cannulation
- Needle Selection
- Other Supplies
- Venipuncture Procedure
- Standard Precautions
- General Considerations
- Local Anesthetic Use
- Site Preparation
- Technique
- Maintenance of Intravenous Infusions
- Discontinuing Intravenous Therapy
- References
- Additional Resources
- Practice Activities: Intravenous Line Insertion and Maintenance
- Check List: Peripheral IV Insertion
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Intravenous Line Insertion and Maintenance
- Performance Evaluation: Intravenous Line Insertion and Maintenance
- Section 4: Ventilation
- Ch 24: Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Definition of Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation
- Indications for Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation
- Assessment of the Patient for Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation
- Patient–Ventilator Interface in Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation
- Hazards and Complications of Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation
- How Resistance and Compliance Affect Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation
- Modes of Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation
- Bilevel Ventilators
- Supplemental Oxygen Delivery
- Acute Care Ventilators
- Mode
- Ventilator Circuit
- Patient Monitoring
- Patient Assessment for NPPV
- Assembly and Testing of the Ventilator
- Mask Selection
- Ventilator Settings
- Patient Monitoring
- Patient Charting
- References
- Practice Activities: Respironics BiPAP® Vision
- Circuit Assembly
- Ventilator Preparation
- Ventilator Operation Verification
- Activities
- Practice Activities: Respironics V60 Ventilator
- Circuit Assembly
- Using The Graphical User Interface
- Ventilator Preparation
- Activities
- Check List: Initiation of NPPV
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation (NPPV)
- Performance Evaluation: Initiation of Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation (NPPV)
- Ch 25: Continuous Mechanical Ventilation
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- What Is Continuous Mechanical Ventilation?
- Volume Control and Pressure Control Ventilation
- Respiratory Failure
- Indications for Mechanical Ventilation
- Apnea and Impending Respiratory Failure
- Acute Exacerbation of COPD
- Acute Asthma
- Neuromuscular Disease
- Acute Hypoxemic Failure
- Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock
- Noninvasive Positivepressure Ventilation and Invasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation
- Noninvasive Ventilation
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Noninvasive Ventilation
- Applications of Noninvasive Ventilation
- Invasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation
- Advantages of Invasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation
- Disadvantages of Invasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation
- Control Variable and Mode of Ventilation
- Control Variable
- Mode of Ventilation
- Ventilator Settings
- Volume Control Ventilation
- Volume Control/Assist-Control Ventilation
- Pressure Control Ventilation
- Pressure Control/Assist Control
- Alarm Settings for Volume and Pressure Control Ventilation
- Volume Control and Volume Control/Assist-Control Ventilation
- Pressure Limit/Alarm
- Low Minute Volume/Low Tidal Volume
- Low Peak Pressure/Low PEEP Pressure
- High Rate/Low Rate
- Pressure Control and Pressure Control/Assist Control
- High and Low Tidal Volume
- High and Low Minute Volume
- Spontaneous Ventilation Modes
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
- Pressure Support
- Patient Ventilator System Checks
- Equipment Requirements
- Equipment Preparation
- Ventilator Operational Verification Procedure
- Establishing Ordered Ventilator Settings
- Type of Ventilation or Control Variable
- Volume Control Ventilation
- Pressure Control Ventilation
- Monitoring the Patientventilator System
- The Patient
- Pulmonary
- Cardiac
- Neurologic
- The Ventilator
- Documentation of Ventilator Settings
- Control Variable
- Tidal Volume or Inspiratory Pressure
- Frequency
- FIO2
- PEEP
- Flow Rate
- I:E Ratio
- Temperature
- Alarms
- Documentation of Patient Values
- Peak Pressure
- End-Expiratory Pressure
- Plateau Pressure
- Measured Tidal Volume
- Dynamic Compliance
- Static Compliance
- Airway Resistance
- Frequency
- Arterial Blood Gases and SpO2
- Ventilator Disinfection and Preparation for Use
- References
- Additional Resources
- Practice Activities: BEAR 1000
- Circuit Assembly
- Testing the Ventilator before Use (Quick Checkout)
- System Leak Test
- Tubing Compliance
- Activities
- Initial Settings
- Peak Flow Control
- Tidal Volume Control
- Rate Control
- Triggering
- Pressure Control Ventilation
- Inspiratory Pressure Control
- Inspiratory Time Control
- Alarm Systems
- Total Breath Rate
- Peak Inspiratory Pressure
- Baseline Pressure
- Practice Activities: Bird 8400ST
- Circuit Assembly
- Preoperational Performance Check
- Practice Activities:
- Initial Settings
- Peak Flow Control
- Tidal Volume Control
- Rate Control
- Triggering
- Pressure Control Ventilation
- Inspiratory Pressure Control
- Inspiratory Time Control
- Alarm Systems
- Practice Activities: Nellcor Puritan Bennett 840
- Circuit Assembly
- Testing the Ventilator before Use
- Using the Keyboard Entry System
- Activities
- Lung Simulator Setup
- Volume Control Exercises
- Patient Monitoring
- Peak Flow Control
- Tidal Volume Control
- Normal Rate Control (Cycles or Breathsper Minute)
- Changes in Resistance and Compliance
- Triggering Adjustment
- Pressure Control Ventilation
- Initial Ventilator Settings
- Inspiratory Pressure Control
- Inspiratory Time Control
- Rate Control
- Spontaneous Ventilation
- PEEP (CPAP Level)
- Pressure Support
- Alarm Functions
- Apnea Ventilation
- Practice Activities: Maquet SERVO-i Ventilator
- Circuit Assembly
- Testing the Ventilator before Use
- Using the Maquet SERVO-i User Interface
- Activities
- Lung Simulator Setup
- Volume Control Exercises
- Patient Monitoring
- Tidal Volume Control
- Respiratory Rate Control
- Inspiratory Time Control
- Inspiratory Pause Control
- Inspiratory Rise Time
- Trigger Sensitivity
- Changes in Resistance and Compliance
- Pressure Control Ventilation
- Initial Ventilator Settings
- PC above PEEP (Pressure)
- Inspiratory Time Control
- Rate Control
- Inspiratory Rise Time Control
- Trigger Sensitivity
- Spontaneous Ventilation
- Initial Ventilator Settings
- CPAP Mode
- Pressure Support
- Backup Ventilation
- Alarm Functions
- Practice Activities: Viasys Avea Ventilator
- Circuit Assembly
- Testing the Ventilator before Use
- Activities
- Lung Simulator Setup
- Volume Control Exercises
- Patient Monitoring
- Peak Flow Control
- Tidal Volume Control
- Rate Control
- Changes in Resistance and Compliance
- Triggering Adjustment
- Pressure Control Ventilation
- Initial Ventilator Settings
- Inspiratory Time Control
- Rate Control
- Spontaneous Ventilation
- PEEP (CPAP Level)
- Pressure Support
- Alarm Functions
- Apnea Backup
- Check List: Initiation of Volume Control Ventilation
- Check List: Initiation of Pressure Control Ventilation
- Check List: Initiation of CPAP or Pressure Support Ventilation
- Check List: Monitoring Ventilation
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Continuous Mechanical Ventilation
- Performance Evaluation: Initiation of Volume Control Ventilation
- Performance Evaluation: Initiation of Pressure Control Ventilation
- Performance Evaluation: Initiation of CPAP or Pressure Support Ventilation
- Performance Evaluation: Monitoring Mechanical Ventilation
- Ch 26: Advanced Modes of Mechanical Ventilation
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- The Control Variable
- Dual Control Within a Breath
- Application
- Dual Control Breath to Breath
- Pressure Limited, Time Cycled
- Application
- Pressure Limited, Flow Cycled
- Application
- Inverse Ratio Ventilation
- Pressure Control Inverse Ratio Ventilation
- Volume Control Inverse Ratio Ventilation
- Application
- Airway Pressure Release Ventilation
- Application
- Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV)
- Application
- Additional Mechanical Ventilation Modes
- Mandatory Minute Volume
- Application
- Automatic Tube Compensation
- Application
- Proportional Assist Ventilation
- Application
- Automode
- Application
- Patient Assessment and Monitoring
- Ventilation
- Oxygenation
- Cardiovascular
- Work of Breathing
- Setting Ventilator Modes
- Airway Pressure Release Ventilation
- Automatic Tube Compensation
- Tube Compensation Setup
- Automode
- Automode Setup
- Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation
- Inverse Ratio Ventilation
- Pressure Regulated Volume Control
- Proportional Assist Ventilation
- Volume Support Ventilation
- Hazards and Precautions
- References
- Practice Activities: Nellor Puritan Bennett 840
- Circuit Assembly
- Testing the Ventilator before Use
- Using The Keyboard Entry System
- Activities
- Lung Simulator Setup
- Volume Control Plus (VC+)
- Bilevel Ventilation
- Rate Control
- High PEEP (PEEPH) Control
- Time PEEPH Control
- Low PEEP (PEEPL) Control
- Pressure Support
- Practice Activities: SIMV
- Pressure Control with SIMV
- Tube Compensation
- Proportional Assist Ventilation (PAV) Practice Activities
- Volume Support Practice Activities
- Practice Activities: Maquet SERVO-i Ventilator
- Circuit Assembly
- Testing the Ventilator before Use
- Using the Maquet SERVO-i User Interface
- Pressure Regulated Volume Control
- Patient Monitoring
- Volume Support Ventilation (VSV)
- Pressure Control Inverse RatioVentilation (PCIRV)
- Bi-Vent
- Volume SIMV Practice Activities
- Pressure SIMV Practice Activities
- Automode
- Practice Activities: Viasys Avea Ventilator
- Circuit Assembly
- Testing the Ventilator before Use
- Extended Systems Test (EST)
- Activities
- Lung Simulator Setup
- Pressure Regulated Volume Control A/c (Prvc A/c)
- Pressure Regulated Volume Control SIMV (PRVC SIMV)
- Volume SIMV Practice Activities
- Pressure SIMV Practice Activities
- Airway Pressure Release Ventilation Biphasic
- Check List: Advanced Ventilation Modes
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Advanced Ventilator Modes
- Performance Evaluation: Advanced Ventilation Modes
- Ch 27: Waveform Analysis
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Common Waveforms
- Waveform Morphologies
- Analysis of Specific Waveforms
- Pressure versus Time
- Flow versus Time
- Volume versus Time
- Combined Waveforms
- Pressure versus Volume
- Flow versus Volume
- Waveform Interpretation
- Clinical Criteria for Appropriate Waveform Selection
- References
- Practice Activities: Waveform Analysis
- Check List: Waveform Analysis
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Waveform Analysis
- Performance Evaluation: Waveform Analysis
- Ch 28: Weaning and Discontinuation of Mechanical Ventilation
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Reasons for Ventilator Dependence
- Neurologic Causes for Ventilator Dependence
- Respiratory Causes for Ventilator Dependence
- Cardiovascular Causes for Ventilator Dependence
- Psychological Causes for Ventilator Dependence
- Determining Readiness for Weaning
- Evidence of Reversal of Underlying Cause for Respiratory Failure
- Evidence of Adequate Oxygenation
- Evidence of Hemodynamic Stability
- Evidence of Ability to Generate an Inspiratory Effort
- The Spontaneous Breathing Trial (SBT)
- Duration of the Spontaneous Breathing Trial
- Determination of Tolerance in a Spontaneous Breathing Trial
- Failure of a Spontaneous Breathing Trial
- Extubation and Ventilator Liberation
- Protocols and the Weaning and Discontinuation of the Mechanically Ventilated Patient
- Closed-Loop, Knowledge-Based Weaning
- Determining Readiness to Wean
- Placing the Patient into a Spontaneous Breathing Trial
- Concluding the Spontaneous Breathing Trial
- Planning for Extubation
- References
- Additional Resources
- Practice Activities: Weaning and Discontinuation of Mechanical Ventilation
- Determining Readiness for Entry into a Spontaneous Breathing Trial
- Scenario 1
- Scenario 2
- Placing a Patient into a Spontaneous Breathing Trial
- Scenario 3
- Scenario 4
- Check List: Spontaneous Breathing Trial
- Self Evaluation Post Test: Weaning and Discontinuation of Mechanical Ventilation
- Performance Evaluation: Spontaneous Breathing Trial
- Ch 29: Neonatal Mechanical Ventilation
- Introduction
- Key Terms
- Theory Objectives
- Basics of Neonatal Mechanical Ventilation
- Modes of Ventilation
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
- Synchronized Intermittent MandatoryVentilation (SIMV)
- Pressure SIMV
- Volume SIMV
- Assist Control (AC)
- Pressure Assist Control
- Volume Assist Control
- Time-Cycled, Pressure-Limited (TCPL) Ventilation
- Pressure Support (PS)
- Volume Support (VS)
- Volume Guarantee (VG)
- Pressure Regulated Volume Control (PRVC)
- Indications for Mechanical Ventilation in the Neonate
- Apnea
- Refractory Hypoxemia
- Hypercapnia (Elevated PaCO2)
- Underlying Conditions That May Contribute to Respiratory Failure
- Newborn Ventilatory Support Concepts
- Time Constants
- Time Cycling
- I:E Ratio and Inspiratory Time
- Pressure Limiting
- Flow Rate
- Proximal Sensing
- Hazards and Complications of Newborn Mechanical Ventilation
- Assessing the Need for Mechanical Ventilation
- Equipment Requirements
- Ventilator Preparation
- Establishing Ordered Ventilator Settings
- Mode
- Rate
- Flow Rate
- Inspiratory Time
- I:E Ratio
- Peak Inspiratory Pressure
- Tidal Volume
- Oxygen Percent
- PEEP/CPAP Level
- Alarms
- High and Low Inspiratory Pressure Alarms
- High and Low Minute Volume Alarms
- High and Low Tidal Volume Alarms
- High and Low PEEP/CPAP Alarms
- High and Low Respiratory Rate Alarms
- Gas Pressure Failure
- Ventilator Inoperative Alarms
- Patient Monitoring and Assessment
- Pulmonary
- Cardiac
- Renal
- Ventilator Monitoring
- Mode
- FIO2
- Airway Pressures
- Respiratory Rate
- Flow Rate
- Inspiratory Time and I:E Ratio
- Temperature
- Alarm Settings
- Noninvasive Neonatal Mechanical Ventilation
- Indications for Nasal CPAP
- Oxygenation Failure
- Increased Work of Breathing
- Disease Processes that Respond to Nasal CPAP
- Contraindications for Nasal CPAP
- Hazards and Complications of Nasal CPAP
- Limitations of Nasal CPAP
- Outcomes of Nasal CPAP
- Necessary Equipment
- Commercially Available CPAP Systems
- Monitoring
- High-Frequency Ventilation (HFV)
- High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (HFOV)
- Gas Exchange Mechanisms
- Ventilator Controls
- Indications
- Management Strategies
- References
- Practice Activities: Viasys AVEA
- Circuit Assembly
- Testing the Ventilator Before Use
- Power-On Self Test (POST)
- Extended Systems Test (EST)
- Using the Keyboard Entry System
- Activities
- Lung Simulator Setup
- Mode Selection
- Alarm Setting
- Patient Monitoring
- Inspiratory Time Control
- Inspiratory Pressure Control
- Flow Rate
- Changes in Resistance and Compliance
- Volume Control Ventilation
- Test Lung Setup
- Initial Ventilator Settings
- Tidal Volume Control
- Respiratory Rate Control
- Neonatal Practice Activities: Nellcor Puritan Bennett 840
- Circuit Assembly
- Testing the Ventilator Before Use
- Power-On Self Test (POST)
- Short Self Test (SST)
- Using the Keyboard Entry System
- Activities
- Lung Simulator Setup
- Patient Setup
- Alarm Setting
- Patient Monitoring
- Inspiratory Time Control
- Peak Pressure Control
- Changes in Resistance and Compliance
- Volume Control Ventilation
- Test Lung Setup
- Initial Ventilatory Settings
- Alarm Setting
- Tidal Volume Control
- Respiratory Rate Control
- Changes in Resistance and Compliance
- Noninvasive Ventilation (NASAL CPAP)
- Alarm Setting
- Adjusting Settings Based On Clinical Data
- Alarm Setting
- Neonatal Practice Activities: Maquet SERVO-i
- Circuit Assembly
- Pre-use Check
- Activities
- Lung Simulator Setup
- Patient Setup
- Alarm Setting
- Patient Monitoring
- Inspiratory Time Control
- Peak Pressure Control
- Changes in Resistance and Compliance
- Test Lung Setup
- Initial Ventilator Settings
- Alarm Setting
- Tidal Volume Control
- Respiratory Rate Control
- Changes in Resistance and Compliance
- Pressure Regulated Volume Control
- Test Lung Setup
- Initial Ventilator Settings
- Alarm Setting
- Changes in Compliance
- Adjusting Settings Based on Clinical Data
- Alarm Setting
- Neonatal Practice Activities: Dräger Babylog 8000 plus
- Circuit Assembly
- Using the Controls on the Dräger Babylog 8000 Plus
- Testing the Ventilator Before Use
- Flow Sensor Configuration/Calibration
- Leak Test
- Airway Pressure
- Apnea Monitoring
- Minute Volume Monitoring
- Airway Pressure Monitoring
- Activities
- Lung Simulator Setup
- Mode Selection
- Alarm Setting
- Patient Monitoring
- Inspiratory Time Control
- Inspiratory Pressure Control
- Flow Rate
- Changes in Compliance
- Volume Guarantee
- Changes in Compliance with Volume Guarantee
- Neonatal Practice Activities: Arabella Nasal CPAP System
- Circuit Assembly
- Using the Controls on the Arabella Nasal CPAP System
- Testing the Arabella Nasal CPAP System before Use
- Oxygen Analyzer Functional Test
- Blender Alarm Functional Test
- Pressure Functional Test
- Alarms
- Patient Interface
- Activities
- Circuit Assembly and Pre-Use Check
- Device Operation
- Alarms
- Practice Activities: Viasys Sensor Medics 3100A High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilator
- Circuit Assembly
- Operational Verification Testing before Use
- Control Operation
- Delta P (ΔP) and Frequency
- Piston Centering
- % Inspiratory Time Control
- Mean Airway Pressure
- Check List: Initiation of Neonatal Mechanical Ventilation
- Check List: Monitoring Neonatal Mechanical Ventilation
- Check List: Initiation of Neonatal Nasal CPAP
- Check List: Monitoring of Neonatal Nasal CPAP
- Self-Evaluation Post Test: Neonatal Mechanical Ventilation
- Performance Evaluation: Initiation of Neonatal Mechanical Ventilation
- Performance Evaluation: Monitoring Neonatal Mechanical Ventilation
- Performance Evaluation: Initiation of Neonatal Nasal CPAP
- Performance Evaluation: Monitoring of Neonatal Nasal CPAP
- Performance Evaluation: High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation
- Appendix: Answers to Self-Evaluation Post Tests
- Chapter 1
- Chapter 2
- Chapter 3
- Chapter 4
- Chapter 5
- Chapter 6
- Chapter 7
- Chapter 8
- Chapter 9
- Chapter 10
- Chapter 11
- Chapter 12
- Chapter 13
- Chapter 14
- Chapter 15
- Chapter 16
- Chapter 17
- Chapter 18
- Chapter 19
- Chapter 20
- Chapter 21
- Chapter 22
- Chapter 23
- Chapter 24
- Chapter 25
- Chapter 26
- Chapter 27
- Chapter 28
- Chapter 29
- Glossary
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- Z
- Index