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Test Bank for Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology 12th Edition

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Test Bank for Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology 12th Edition

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With its strong readability and engaging, instructive illustrations, this trusted bestseller returns with a hybrid and streamlined focus on core principles. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geologymaintains a learning objective-driven approach throughout each chapter: The text provides students with a structured learning path, tied to learning objectives with opportunities for students to demonstrate their understanding at the end of each section. The authors’ emphasis on currency and relevance includes the latest thinking in the field, particularly in the dynamic area of plate tectonics.

The Twelfth Edition, Pearson Science’s first augmented reality, hybrid textbook, uses the BouncePages image recognition app (FREE on both iOS and Android stores) to connect students’ digital devices to the print textbook, enhancing their reading and learning experience. Tarbuck/Lutgens’s innovative SmartFigures feature has been expanded, adding new digital content via Project Condor, Mobile Field Trips by Michael Collier, Animated Figures, and additional tutorial videos from Callan Bentley.This edition also includes MasteringGeology, the most complete, easy-to-use, engaging tutorial and assessment tool available.

 

Table of Content:

  1. Chapter 1: An Introduction to Geology
  2. 1.1: Geology: The Science of Earth
  3. Physical and Historical Geology
  4. Geology, People, and the Environment
  5. Geo Graphics 1.1: World Population Passes 7 Billion
  6. 1.2: The Development of Geology
  7. Catastrophism
  8. The Birth of Modern Geology
  9. Geology Today
  10. The Magnitude of Geologic Time
  11. 1.3: The Nature of Scientific Inquiry
  12. Hypothesis
  13. Theory
  14. Scientific Methods
  15. Plate Tectonics and Scientific Inquiry
  16. 1.4: Earth as a System
  17. Earth’s Spheres
  18. Earth System Science
  19. The Earth System
  20. 1.5: Origin and Early Evolution of Earth
  21. Origin of Our Solar System
  22. Geo Graphics 1.2: Solar System: Size and Scale
  23. Formation of Earth’s Layered Structure
  24. 1.6: Earth’s Internal Structure
  25. Earth’s Crust
  26. Earth’s Mantle
  27. Earth’s Core
  28. 1.7: Rocks and the Rock Cycle
  29. The Basic Cycle
  30. Alternative Paths
  31. 1.8: The Face of Earth
  32. Major Features of the Ocean Floor
  33. Major Features of the Continents
  34. Concepts in Review
  35. Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds
  36. 2.1: From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics
  37. 2.2: Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time
  38. Evidence: The Continental Jigsaw Puzzle
  39. Evidence: Fossils Matching Across the Seas
  40. Evidence: Rock Types and Geologic Features
  41. Evidence: Ancient Climates
  42. 2.3: The Great Debate
  43. Rejection of the Drift Hypothesis
  44. 2.4: The Theory of Plate Tectonics
  45. Rigid Lithosphere Overlies Weak Asthenosphere
  46. Earth’s Major Plates
  47. Plate Movement
  48. 2.5: Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading
  49. Oceanic Ridges and Seafloor Spreading
  50. Continental Rifting
  51. 2.6: Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction
  52. Oceanic-Continental Convergence
  53. Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence
  54. Continental-Continental Convergence
  55. 2.7: Transform Plate Boundaries
  56. 2.8: How Do Plates and Plate Boundaries Change?
  57. The Breakup of Pangaea
  58. Plate Tectonics in the Future
  59. 2.9: Testing the Plate Tectonics Model
  60. Evidence: Ocean Drilling
  61. Evidence: Mantle Plumes and Hot Spots
  62. Evidence: Paleomagnetism
  63. 2.10 How Is Plate Motion Measured?
  64. Geologic Measurement of Plate Motion
  65. Measuring Plate Motion from Space
  66. 2.11 What Drives Plate Motions?
  67. Forces That Drive Plate Motion
  68. Models of Plate-Mantle Convection
  69. Concepts in Review
  70. Chapter 3: Matter and Minerals
  71. 3.1: Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks
  72. Defining a Mineral
  73. What Is a Rock?
  74. 3.2: Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals
  75. Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
  76. Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons
  77. 3.3: Why Atoms Bond
  78. The Octet Rule and Chemical Bonds
  79. Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred
  80. Covalent Bonds: Electron Sharing
  81. Metallic Bonds: Electrons Free to Move
  82. Hybrid Bonds
  83. 3.4: How Do Minerals Form?
  84. Precipitation of Mineral Matter
  85. Crystallization of Molten Rock
  86. Geo Graphics 3.1: Gold
  87. Deposition as a Result of Biological Processes
  88. 3.5: Properties of Minerals
  89. Optical Properties
  90. Crystal Shape, or Habit
  91. Mineral Strength
  92. Density and Specific Gravity
  93. Other Properties of Minerals
  94. 3.6: Mineral Structures and Compositions
  95. Mineral Structures
  96. Compositional Variations in Minerals
  97. Structural Variations in Minerals
  98. 3.7: Mineral Groups
  99. Classifying Minerals
  100. Silicate Versus Nonsilicate Minerals
  101. 3.8: The Silicates
  102. Silicate Structures
  103. Joining Silicate Structures
  104. 3.9: Common Silicate Minerals
  105. The Light Silicates
  106. The Dark Silicates
  107. 3.10: Important Nonsilicate Minerals
  108. Geo Graphics 3.2: Gemstones
  109. Concepts in Review
  110. Chapter 4: Magma, Igneous Rocks, and Intrusive Activity
  111. 4.1: Magma: Parent Material of Igneous Rock
  112. The Nature of Magma
  113. From Magma to Crystalline Rock
  114. Igneous Processes
  115. 4.2: Igneous Compositions
  116. Granitic (Felsic) Versus Basaltic (Mafic) Compositions
  117. Other Compositional Groups
  118. Silica Content as an Indicator of Composition
  119. 4.3: Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us?
  120. Types of Igneous Textures
  121. 4.4: Naming Igneous Rocks
  122. Granitic (Felsic) Igneous Rocks
  123. Andesitic (Intermediate) Igneous Rocks
  124. Basaltic (Mafic) Igneous Rocks
  125. Pyroclastic Rocks
  126. Geo Graphics 4.1: Granite: An Intrusive Igneous Rock
  127. 4.5: Origin of Magma
  128. Generating Magma from Solid Rock
  129. 4.6: How Magmas Evolve
  130. Bowen’s Reaction Series and the Composition of Igneous Rocks
  131. Magmatic Differentiation and Crystal Settling
  132. Assimilation and Magma Mixing
  133. 4.7 Partial Melting and Magma Composition
  134. Formation of Basaltic Magma
  135. Formation of Andesitic and Granitic Magmas
  136. 4.8: Intrusive Igneous Activity
  137. Nature of Intrusive Bodies
  138. Tabular Intrusive Bodies: Dikes and Sills
  139. Massive Intrusive Bodies: Batholiths, Stocks, and Laccoliths
  140. Concepts in Review
  141. Chapter 5: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
  142. 5.1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions
  143. Factors Affecting Viscosity
  144. Quiescent Versus Explosive Eruptions
  145. 5.2: Materials Extruded During an Eruption
  146. Lava Flows
  147. Geo Graphics 5.1: Eruption of Mount St. Helens
  148. Gases
  149. Pyroclastic Materials
  150. 5.3: Anatomy of a Volcano
  151. 5.4: Shield Volcanoes
  152. Shield Volcanoes of Hawaii
  153. Evolution of Volcanic Islands
  154. 5.5: Cinder Cones
  155. Geo Graphics 5.2: Kilauea’s East Rift Zone Eruption
  156. Parícutin: Life of a Garden-Variety Cinder Cone
  157. 5.6: Composite Volcanoes
  158. 5.7: Volcanic Hazards
  159. Pyroclastic Flow: A Deadly Force of Nature
  160. Lahars: Mudflows on Active and Inactive Cones
  161. Other Volcanic Hazards
  162. 5.8: Other Volcanic Landforms
  163. Calderas
  164. Fissure Eruptions and Basalt Plateaus
  165. Lava Domes
  166. Volcanic Necks and Pipes
  167. 5.9: Plate Tectonics and Volcanic Activity
  168. Volcanism at Convergent Plate Boundaries
  169. Volcanism at Divergent Plate Boundaries
  170. Intraplate Volcanism
  171. 5.10: Monitoring Volcanic Activity
  172. Concepts in Review
  173. Chapter 6: Weathering and Soils
  174. 6.1: Weathering
  175. 6.2: Mechanical Weathering
  176. Frost Wedging
  177. Salt Crystal Growth
  178. Sheeting
  179. Geo Graphics 6.1: Some Everyday Examples of Weathering
  180. Geo Graphics 6.2: The Old Man of the Mountain
  181. Biological Activity
  182. 6.3: Chemical Weathering
  183. Dissolution
  184. Oxidation
  185. Hydrolysis
  186. Spheroidal Weathering
  187. 6.4: Rates of Weathering
  188. Rock Characteristics
  189. Climate
  190. Differential Weathering
  191. 6.5: Soil
  192. An Interface in the Earth System
  193. What Is Soil?
  194. Soil Texture and Structure
  195. 6.6: Controls of Soil Formation
  196. Parent Material
  197. Climate
  198. Plants and Animals
  199. Time
  200. Topography
  201. 6.7: Describing and Classifying Soils
  202. The Soil Profile
  203. Classifying Soils
  204. 6.8: The Impact of Human Activities on Soil
  205. Clearing the Tropical Rain Forest: A Case Study of Human Impact on Soil
  206. Soil Erosion: Losing a Vital Resource
  207. Geo Graphics 6.3: The 1930s Dust Bowl: An Environmental Disaster
  208. Concepts in Review
  209. Chapter 7: Sedimentary Rocks
  210. 7.1: An Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks
  211. Importance
  212. Origins
  213. 7.2: Detrital Sedimentary Rocks
  214. Shale
  215. Sandstone
  216. Conglomerate and Breccia
  217. 7.3: Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
  218. Limestone
  219. Geo Graphics 7.1: Limestone: An Important and Versatile Commodity
  220. Dolostone
  221. Chert
  222. Evaporites
  223. 7.4: Coal: An Organic Sedimentary Rock
  224. 7.5: Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock: Diagenesis and Lithification
  225. Diagenesis
  226. Lithification
  227. 7.6: Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
  228. 7.7: Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments
  229. Types of Sedimentary Environments
  230. Sedimentary Facies
  231. Sedimentary Structures
  232. 7.8: The Carbon Cycle and Sedimentary Rocks
  233. Concepts in Review
  234. Chapter 8: Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks
  235. 8.1: What Is Metamorphism?
  236. 8.2: What Drives Metamorphism?
  237. Heat as a Metamorphic Agent
  238. Confining Pressure
  239. Differential Stress
  240. Chemically Active Fluids
  241. The Importance of Parent Rock
  242. 8.3: Metamorphic Textures
  243. Foliation
  244. Foliated Textures
  245. Other Metamorphic Textures
  246. 8.4: Common Metamorphic Rocks
  247. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
  248. Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks
  249. 8.5: Metamorphic Environments
  250. Geo Graphics 8.1: Marble
  251. Contact, or Thermal, Metamorphism
  252. Hydrothermal Metamorphism
  253. Burial and Subduction Zone Metamorphism
  254. Regional Metamorphism
  255. Other Metamorphic Environments
  256. Geo Graphics 8.2: Impact Metamorphism
  257. 8.6: Metamorphic Zones
  258. Textural Variations
  259. Index Minerals and Metamorphic Grade
  260. 8.7: Interpreting Metamorphic Environments
  261. Common Metamorphic Facies
  262. Metamorphic Facies and Plate Tectonics
  263. Mineral Stability and Metamorphic Environments
  264. Concepts in Review
  265. Chapter 9: Geologic Time
  266. 9.1: Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles
  267. The Importance of a Time Scale
  268. Numerical and Relative Dates
  269. Principle of Superposition
  270. Principle of Original Horizontality
  271. Principle of Lateral Continuity
  272. Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships
  273. Principle of Inclusions
  274. Unconformities
  275. Applying Relative Dating Principles
  276. Geo Graphics 9.1: Dating the Lunar Surface
  277. 9.2: Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
  278. Types of Fossils
  279. Conditions Favoring Preservation
  280. Geo Graphics 9.2: How is paleontology different from archaeology?
  281. 9.3: Correlation of Rock Layers
  282. Correlation Within Limited Areas
  283. Fossils and Correlation
  284. 9.4: Numerical Dating with Radioactivity
  285. Reviewing Basic Atomic Structure
  286. Radioactivity
  287. Radiometric Dating
  288. Using Radioactive Isotopes
  289. Dating with Carbon-14
  290. 9.5: The Geologic Time Scale
  291. Structure of the Time Scale
  292. Precambrian Time
  293. Terminology and the Geologic Time Scale
  294. 9.6: Determining Numerical Dates for Sedimentary Strata
  295. Concepts in Review
  296. Chapter 10: Crustal Deformation
  297. 10.1: What Causes Rock to Deform?
  298. Stress: The Force That Deforms Rocks
  299. Strain: A Change in Shape Caused by Stress
  300. 10.2: How Do Rocks Deform?
  301. Types of Deformation
  302. Factors That Affect Rock Strength
  303. Ductile Versus Brittle Deformation and the Resulting Rock Structures
  304. 10.3: Folds: Rock Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation
  305. Anticlines and Synclines
  306. Domes and Basins
  307. Monoclines
  308. 10.4: Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation
  309. Dip-Slip Faults
  310. Strike-Slip Faults
  311. Oblique-Slip Faults
  312. What Do Faults Have in Common?
  313. Geo Graphics 10.1: The San Andreas Fault System
  314. Joints
  315. 10.5: Mapping Geologic Structures
  316. Strike and Dip
  317. Concepts in Review
  318. Chapter 11: Earthquakes and Earthquake Hazards
  319. 11.1: What Is an Earthquake?
  320. Discovering the Causes of Earthquakes
  321. Aftershocks and Foreshocks
  322. 11.2: Faults and Earthquakes
  323. Normal Faults and Divergent Plate Boundaries
  324. Thrust Faults and Convergent Plate Boundaries
  325. Strike-slip Faults and Transform Plate Boundaries
  326. Fault Rupture and Propagation
  327. 11.3: Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves
  328. Instruments That Record Earthquakes
  329. Seismic Waves
  330. 11.4: Locating the Source of an Earthquake
  331. 11.5: Determining the Size of an Earthquake
  332. Intensity Scales
  333. Magnitude Scales
  334. 11.6: Earthquake Destruction
  335. Destruction from Seismic Vibrations
  336. Landslides and Ground Subsidence
  337. Fire
  338. What Is a Tsunami?
  339. 11.7: Where Do Most Earthquakes Occur?
  340. Earthquakes Associated with Plate Boundaries
  341. Damaging Earthquakes East of the Rockies
  342. 11.8: Can Earthquakes Be Predicted?
  343. Short-Range Predictions
  344. Geo Graphics 11.1: Seismic Risks on the San Andreas Fault System
  345. Long-Range Forecasts
  346. Concepts in Review
  347. Chapter 12: Earth’s Interior
  348. 12.1: Earth’s Internal Structure
  349. Gravity and Earth’s Layers
  350. How Does Gravity Affect Density?
  351. 12.2: Probing Earth’s Interior
  352. “Seeing” Seismic Waves
  353. Seismic Velocities
  354. Interactions Between Seismic Waves and Earth’s Layers
  355. 12.3: Earth’s Layers
  356. Crust
  357. Geo Graphics 12.1: Recreating the Deep Earth
  358. Mantle
  359. Core
  360. 12.4: Earth’s Temperature
  361. Heat Flow
  362. Earth’s Temperature Profile
  363. 12.5: Earth’s Three-Dimensional Structure
  364. Earth’s Gravity
  365. Seismic Tomography
  366. Earth’s Magnetic Field
  367. Concepts in Review
  368. Chapter 13: Origin and Evolution of the Ocean Floor
  369. 13.1: An Emerging Picture of the Ocean Floor
  370. Mapping the Seafloor
  371. Provinces of the Ocean Floor
  372. 13.2: Continental Margins
  373. Passive Continental Margins
  374. Active Continental Margins
  375. 13.3: Features of Deep-Ocean Basins
  376. Deep-Ocean Trenches
  377. Abyssal Plains
  378. Volcanic Structures on the Ocean Floor
  379. Geo Graphics 13.1: Explaining Coral Atolls: Darwin’s Hypothesis
  380. 13.4: Anatomy of the Oceanic Ridge
  381. 13.5: Oceanic Ridges and Seafloor Spreading
  382. Seafloor Spreading
  383. Why Are Oceanic Ridges Elevated?
  384. Spreading Rates and Ridge Topography
  385. 13.6: The Nature of Oceanic Crust
  386. How Does Oceanic Crust Form?
  387. Interactions Between Seawater and Oceanic Crust
  388. 13.7: Continental Rifting: The Birth of a New Ocean Basin
  389. Evolution of an Ocean Basin
  390. Geo Graphics 13.2: Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents
  391. Mechanisms for Continental Rifting
  392. 13.8: Destruction of Oceanic Lithosphere
  393. Why Oceanic Lithosphere Subducts
  394. Subducting Plates: The Demise of Ocean Basins
  395. Concepts in Review
  396. Chapter 14: Mountain Building
  397. 14.1: Mountain Building
  398. 14.2: Subduction Zones
  399. Features of Subduction Zones
  400. Extension and Back-Arc Spreading
  401. 14.3: Subduction and Mountain Building
  402. Island Arc-Type Mountain Building
  403. Andean-Type Mountain Building
  404. Sierra Nevada, Coast Ranges, and Great Valley
  405. 14.4: Collisional Mountain Belts
  406. Cordilleran-Type Mountain Building
  407. Alpine-Type Mountain Building: Continental Collisions
  408. The Himalayas
  409. The Appalachians
  410. 14.5: Fault-Block Mountains
  411. The Basin and Range Province
  412. 14.6: What Causes Earth’s Varied Topography?
  413. The Principle of Isostasy
  414. How Is Isostasy Related to Changes in Elevation?
  415. Geo Graphics 14.1: The Laramide Rockies
  416. How High Is Too High?
  417. Mantle Convection: A Cause of Vertical Crustal Movement
  418. Concepts in Review
  419. Chapter 15: Mass Wasting: The Work of Gravity
  420. 15.1: The Importance of Mass Wasting
  421. Landslides as Geologic Hazards
  422. The Role of Mass Wasting in Landform Development
  423. Slopes Change Through Time
  424. Geo Graphics 15.1: Landslides as Natural Disasters
  425. 15.2: Controls and Triggers of Mass Wasting
  426. The Role of Water
  427. Oversteepened Slopes
  428. Removal of Vegetation
  429. Earthquakes as Triggers
  430. Landslides Without Triggers?
  431. 15.3: Classification of Mass-Wasting Processes
  432. Type of Material
  433. Type of Motion
  434. Geo Graphics 15.2: Landslide Risks: United States and Worldwide
  435. Rate of Movement
  436. 15.4: Rapid Forms of Mass Wasting
  437. Slump
  438. Rockslide
  439. Debris Flow
  440. Earthflow
  441. 15.5: Slow Movements
  442. Creep
  443. Solifluction
  444. The Sensitive Permafrost Landscape
  445. Concepts in Review
  446. Chapter 16: Running Water
  447. 16.1: Earth as a System: The Hydrologic Cycle
  448. 16.2: Running Water
  449. Drainage Basins
  450. River Systems
  451. Drainage Patterns
  452. 16.3: Streamflow Characteristics
  453. Factors Affecting Flow Velocity
  454. Geo Graphics 16.1: What Are the Largest Rivers?
  455. Changes Downstream
  456. 16.4: The Work of Running Water
  457. Stream Erosion
  458. Transport of Sediment by Streams
  459. Deposition of Sediment by Streams
  460. 16.5: Stream Channels
  461. Bedrock Channels
  462. Alluvial Channels
  463. 16.6: Shaping Stream Valleys
  464. Base Level and Graded Streams
  465. Valley Deepening
  466. Valley Widening
  467. Incised Meanders and Stream Terraces
  468. 16.7: Depositional Landforms
  469. Deltas
  470. The Mississippi River Delta
  471. Natural Levees
  472. Alluvial Fans
  473. 16.8: Floods and Flood Control
  474. Types of Floods
  475. Geo Graphics 16.2: Flash Floods
  476. Flood Recurrence Intervals
  477. Flood Control
  478. Concepts in Review
  479. Chapter 17: Groundwater
  480. 17.1: The Importance of Groundwater
  481. Groundwater and the Hydrosphere
  482. Geologic Importance of Groundwater
  483. Groundwater: A Basic Resource
  484. 17.2: Groundwater and the Water Table
  485. Distribution of Groundwater
  486. Variations in the Water Table
  487. 17.3: Factors Influencing the Storage and Movement of Groundwater
  488. Porosity
  489. Permeability, Aquitards, and Aquifers
  490. 17.4: How Groundwater Moves
  491. A Simple Groundwater Flow System
  492. Measuring Groundwater Movement
  493. Different Scales of Movement
  494. 17.5: Wells and Artesian Systems
  495. Wells
  496. Artesian Systems
  497. 17.6: Springs, Hot Springs, and Geysers
  498. Springs
  499. Hot Springs
  500. Geysers
  501. 17.7: Environmental Problems
  502. Mining Groundwater
  503. Subsidence
  504. Geo Graphics 17.1: Drought Impacts the Hydrologic System
  505. Saltwater Intrusion
  506. Groundwater Contamination
  507. 17.8: The Geologic Work of Groundwater
  508. Caverns
  509. Karst Topography
  510. Concepts in Review
  511. Chapter 18: Glaciers and Glaciation
  512. 18.1: Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles
  513. Valley (Alpine) Glaciers
  514. Ice Sheets
  515. Other Types of Glaciers
  516. Geo Graphics 18.1: Antarctica Fact File
  517. 18.2: Formation and Movement of Glacial Ice
  518. Glacial Ice Formation
  519. How Glaciers Move
  520. Observing and Measuring Movement
  521. Budget of a Glacier: Accumulation Versus Wastage
  522. 18.3: Glacial Erosion
  523. How Glaciers Erode
  524. Landforms Created by Glacial Erosion
  525. 18.4: Glacial Deposits
  526. Glacial Drift
  527. Landforms Made of Till
  528. Landforms Made of Stratified Drift
  529. 18.5: Other Effects of Ice Age Glaciers
  530. Crustal Subsidence and Rebound
  531. Sea-Level Changes
  532. Changes to Rivers and Valleys
  533. Ice Dams Create Proglacial Lakes
  534. Pluvial Lakes
  535. 18.6: The Ice Age
  536. Historical Development of the Glacial Theory
  537. Causes of Ice Ages
  538. Concepts in Review
  539. Chapter 19: Deserts and Wind
  540. 19.1: Distribution and Causes of Dry Lands
  541. What Is Meant by Dry
  542. Subtropical Deserts and Steppes
  543. Middle-Latitude Deserts and Steppes
  544. 19.2: Geologic Processes in Arid Climates
  545. Dry-Region Weathering
  546. The Role of Water
  547. 19.3: Basin and Range: The Evolution of a Desert Landscape
  548. Geo Graphics 19.1: Common Misconceptions About Deserts
  549. 19.4: Transportation of Sediment by Wind
  550. Bed Load
  551. Suspended Load
  552. 19.5: Wind Erosion
  553. Deflation and Blowouts
  554. Desert Pavement
  555. Ventifacts and Yardangs
  556. 19.6: Wind Deposits
  557. Sand Deposits
  558. Types of Sand Dunes
  559. Loess (Silt) Deposits
  560. Concepts in Review
  561. Chapter 20: Shorelines
  562. 20.1: The Shoreline: A Dynamic Interface
  563. The Coastal Zone
  564. Basic Features of the Coastal Zone
  565. 20.2: Ocean Waves
  566. Wave Characteristics
  567. Circular Orbital Motion
  568. Waves in the Surf Zone
  569. 20.3: Shoreline Processes
  570. Wave Erosion
  571. Sand Movement on the Beach
  572. 20.4: Shoreline Features
  573. Erosional Features
  574. Depositional Features
  575. The Evolving Shore
  576. 20.5: Contrasting America’s Coasts
  577. Coastal Classification
  578. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts
  579. Pacific Coast
  580. Geo Graphics 20.1: A Brief Tour of America’s Coasts
  581. 20.6: Hurricanes: The Ultimate Coastal Hazard
  582. Profile of a Hurricane
  583. Hurricane Destruction
  584. Detecting and Tracking Hurricanes
  585. 20.7: Stabilizing the Shore
  586. Hard Stabilization
  587. Alternatives to Hard Stabilization
  588. 20.8: Tides
  589. Causes of Tides
  590. Monthly Tidal Cycle
  591. Tidal Patterns
  592. Tidal Currents
  593. Concepts in Review
  594. Chapter 21: Global Climate Change
  595. 21.1: Climate and Geology
  596. The Climate System
  597. Climate-Geology Connections
  598. 21.2: Detecting Climate Change
  599. Climates Change
  600. Proxy Data
  601. Seafloor Sediment: A Storehouse of Climate Data
  602. Oxygen Isotope Analysis
  603. Climate Change Recorded in Glacial Ice
  604. Tree Rings: Archives of Environmental History
  605. Other Types of Proxy Data
  606. 21.3: Some Atmospheric Basics
  607. Composition of the Atmosphere
  608. Extent and Structure of the Atmosphere
  609. 21.4: Heating the Atmosphere
  610. Energy from the Sun
  611. The Paths of Incoming Solar Energy
  612. Heating the Atmosphere: The Greenhouse Effect
  613. 21.5: Natural Causes of Climate Change
  614. Plate Movements and Orbital Variations
  615. Volcanic Activity and Climate Change
  616. Solar Variability and Climate
  617. 21.6: Human Impact on Global Climate
  618. Rising CO2 Levels
  619. The Atmosphere’s Response
  620. The Role of Trace Gases
  621. How Aerosols Influence Climate
  622. 21.7: Climate-Feedback Mechanisms
  623. Types of Feedback Mechanisms
  624. Computer Models of Climate: Important yet Imperfect Tools
  625. 21.8: Some Consequences of Global Warming
  626. Sea-Level Rise
  627. The Changing Arctic
  628. Increasing Ocean Acidity
  629. The Potential for “Surprises”
  630. Concepts in Review
  631. Chapter 22: Earth’s Evolution Through Geologic Time
  632. 22.1: Is Earth Unique?
  633. The Right Planet
  634. The Right Location
  635. The Right Time
  636. Viewing Earth’s History
  637. 22.2: Birth of a Planet
  638. From the Big Bang to Heavy Elements
  639. From Planetesimals to Protoplanets
  640. Earth’s Early Evolution
  641. 22.3: Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans
  642. Earth’s Primitive Atmosphere
  643. Oxygen in the Atmosphere
  644. Evolution of the Oceans
  645. 22.4: Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth’s Continents
  646. Earth’s First Continents
  647. The Making of North America
  648. Supercontinents of the Precambrian
  649. 22.5: Geologic History of the Phanerozoic: The Formation of Earth’s Modern Continents
  650. Paleozoic History
  651. Mesozoic History
  652. Cenozoic History
  653. 22.6: Earth’s First Life
  654. Origin of Life
  655. Earth’s First Life: Prokaryotes
  656. 22.7: Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes
  657. Early Paleozoic Life-Forms
  658. Vertebrates Move to Land
  659. Reptiles: The First True Terrestrial Vertebrates
  660. The Great Permian Extinction
  661. 22.8: Mesozoic Era: Age of the Dinosaurs
  662. Gymnosperms: The Dominant Mesozoic Trees
  663. Reptiles Take Over the Land, Sea, and Sky
  664. Demise of the Dinosaurs
  665. 22.9: Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals
  666. From Reptiles to Mammals
  667. Marsupial and Placental Mammals
  668. Humans: Mammals with Large Brains and Bipedal Locomotion
  669. Large Mammals and Extinction
  670. Concepts in Review
  671. Chapter 23: Energy and Mineral Resources
  672. 23.1: Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
  673. 23.2: Energy Resources: Fossil Fuels
  674. Coal
  675. Geo Graphics 23.1: Coal: A Major Energy Source
  676. Oil and Natural Gas
  677. 23.3: Nuclear Energy
  678. Uranium
  679. Concerns Regarding Nuclear Development
  680. 23.4: Renewable Energy
  681. Solar Energy
  682. Wind Energy
  683. Hydroelectric Power
  684. Geothermal Energy
  685. Biomass: Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals
  686. Tidal Power
  687. 23.5: Mineral Resources
  688. 23.6: Igneous and Metamorphic Processes
  689. Magmatic Differentiation and Ore Deposits
  690. Hydrothermal Deposits
  691. Origin of Diamonds
  692. Metamorphic Processes
  693. 23.7: Mineral Resources Related to Surface Processes
  694. Weathering and Ore Deposits
  695. Placer Deposits
  696. 23.8: Nonmetallic Mineral Resources
  697. Building Materials
  698. Industrial Minerals
  699. Concepts in Review
  700. Chapter 24: Touring Our Solar System
  701. 24.1: Our Solar System: An Overview
  702. Nebular Theory: Formation of the Solar System
  703. The Planets: Internal Structures and Atmospheres
  704. Planetary Impacts
  705. 24.2: Earth’s Moon: A Chip off the Old Block
  706. How Did the Moon Form?
  707. 24.3: Terrestrial Planets
  708. Mercury: The Innermost Planet
  709. Venus: The Veiled Planet
  710. Mars: The Red Planet
  711. Geo Graphics 24.1: Mars Exploration
  712. 24.4: Jovian Planets
  713. Jupiter: Lord of the Heavens
  714. Saturn: The Elegant Planet
  715. Uranus and Neptune: Twins
  716. 24.5: Small Solar System Bodies
  717. Asteroids: Leftover Planetesimals
  718. Geo Graphics 24.2: Is Earth on a Collision Course?
  719. Comets: Dirty Snowballs
  720. Meteoroids: Visitors to Earth
  721. Dwarf Planets
  722. Concepts in Review
  723. Appendix A: Metric and English Units Compared
  724. Glossary
  725. Index

 

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