1	Approaches to International Relations 
International Relations in Daily Life 000 
Thinking Theoretically 000 
Developing the Answers 000 
History 000 
Philosophy 000 
Behavioralism 000 
Approaches of Alternative Theories 000 
In Sum: Making Sense of International Relations 000 
Where Do We Go from Here? 000 
2	The Historical Context of Contemporary International 
Relations 
The Pre-Westphalian World 000 
Greece and the City-State System of Interactions 000 
Rome: The Governing of an Empire 000 
The Middle Ages: Centralization and Decentralization 000 
The Late Middle Ages: Developing Transnational Networks in Europe and 
Beyond 000 
The Emergence of the Westphalian System 000 
Europe in the Nineteenth Century 000 
The Aftermath of Revolution: Core Principles 000 
v Contents 
Peace at the Core of the European System 000 Balance of Power 000 The Breakdown: Solidification of Alliances 000 
The Interwar Years and World War II 000 
The Cold War 000 
Origins of the Cold War 000 
The Cold War as a Series of Confrontations 000 
 The Cold War as a Long Peace 000 
The Post?Cold War Era 000 
In Sum: Learning from History 000 
3	Contending Perspectives: How to Think about International Relations 
Theoretically 
Thinking Theoretically 000 Theory and the Levels of Analysis 000 Liberalism and Neoliberal Institutionalism 000 Realism 
and Neorealism 000 The Radical Perspective 000 Constructivism 000 Theory in Action: Analyzing the 2003 Iraq War 000 In 
Sum: Seeing the World through Theoretical Lenses 000 
4	The International System 
The Notion of a System 000 The International System according to Liberals 000 The International System according to 
Realists 000 
Polarity 000 
System Management and Stability 000 
How the International System Changes 000 
The International System according to Radicals 000 Stratification 000 The Implications of Stratification 000 
CONTENTS 
Constructivism and International System Change 000 Advantages and Disadvantages of the International System as a Level of 
Analysis 000 
In Sum: From the International System to the State 000 
5 The State 
The State and the Nation 000 
Contending Conceptualizations of the State 000 The Liberal View of the State 000 The Realist View of the State 000 The 
Radical View of the State 000 The Constructivist View of the State 000 Contrasting the Various Views of the State 000 
The Nature of State Power 000 
Natural Sources of Power 000 
Tangible Sources of Power 000 
Intangible Sources of Power 000 
The Exercise of State Power 000 
The Art of Diplomacy 000 
Economic Statecraft 000 
The Use of Force 000 
Thinking About Choices: Game Theory 000 
Democracy and Foreign Policy 000 
Models of Foreign-Policy Decisionmaking 000 
The Rational Model 000 
The Bureaucratic/Organizational Model 000 
The Pluralist Model 000 
Challenges to the State 000 
Globalization 000 
Transnational Crime 000 
Transnational Movements 000 
Ethnonational Movements 000 
In Sum: The State and Challenges Beyond 000 
viii	Contents 
6	The Individual 
Foreign-Policy Elites: Individuals Who Matter 000 
The Impact of Elites: External Conditions 000 
The Impact of Elites: The Personality Factor 000 
Individual Decisionmaking 000 
Information-Processing Mechanisms 000 
Private Individuals 000 
Mass Publics 000 
Elites and Masses: Common Traits 000 
The Impact of Public Opinion on Elites 000 
Mass Actions by a Leaderless Public 000 
In Sum: How Much Do Individuals Matter? 000 
7	Intergovernmental Organizations, Nongovernmental Organizations, and 
International Law 
Intergovernmental Organizations 000 
The Creation of IGOs 000 
The Roles of IGOs 000 
The United Nations 000 
The European Union?Organizing Regionally 000 
Nongovernmental Organizations 000 
The Growth of NGO Power and Influence 000 
Functions and Roles of NGOs 000 
The Power of NGOs 000 
The Limits of NGOs 000 
International Law 000 
International Law and Its Functions 000 
The Sources of International Law 000 
Enforcement of International Law 000 
Realist Views of International Organization and Law 000 The Radical View of International Organization and Law 000 The 
Constructivist View of International Organization and Law 000 In Sum: Do Intergovernmental Organizations, 
Nongovernmental 
Organizations, and International Law Make a Difference? 000