This is completed downloadable of Test Bank for General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 3rd Edition: Karen C. Timberlake
Product Details:
- ISBN-10 : 0321668057
- ISBN-13 : 978-0321668059
- Author: Karen C. Timberlake
For courses in General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Make connections between chemistry and future health-related careers General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life engages students by helping them see the connections between chemistry, the world around them, and future health-related careers. Known for its friendly writing style, student focus, robust problem-solving pedagogy, and engaging health-related applications, the text prepares students for their careers. The text breaks chemical concepts and problem solving into clear, manageable pieces to ensure students stay on track and motivated throughout their first, and often only, chemistry course. With the newly revised 6th Edition, best-selling author Karen Timberlake and new contributing author MaryKay Orgill connect chemistry to real-world and career applications. Their goal is to help students become critical thinkers by understanding scientific concepts that will form a basis for making important decisions about issues concerning health and the environment and their intended careers. The new edition introduces more problem-solving strategies, more problem-solving guides, new Analyze the Problem with Connect features, new Try It First and Engage features, conceptual and challenge problems, and new sets of combined problems—all to help students develop the problem-solving skills they’ll need beyond the classroom. Also available with Mastering Chemistry or as an easy-to-use, standalone Pearson eText Mastering™ is the teaching and learning platform that empowers you to reach every student. By combining trusted author content with digital tools developed to engage students and emulate the office-hour experience, Mastering personalizes learning and often improves results for each student. Students can further master concepts after class through traditional and adaptive homework assignments that provide hints and answer-specific feedback. Pearson eText allows educators to easily share their own notes with students so they see the connection between their reading and what they learn in class—motivating them to keep reading, and keep learning. Portable access lets students study on the go, even offline. And, reading analytics offer insight into how students use the eText, helping educators tailor their instruction. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; Mastering Chemistry and Pearson eText do not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with Mastering Chemistry or Pearson eText, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and Mastering Chemistry, search for: 0134804678 / 9780134804675 General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life Plus Mastering Chemistry with Pearson eText — Access Card Package Package consists of: 0134730682 / 9780134730684 General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life 0134747151 / 9780134747156 Mastering Chemistry with Pearson eText — ValuePack Access Card — for General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life If you would like to purchase the standalone Pearson eText, search for: 0135214130 / 9780135214138 Pearson eText General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life — Access Card OR 0135214122 / 9780135214121 Pearson eText General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life — Instant Access
Table of Content:
- 1 Chemistry in Our Lives
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals
- Chemistry
- Chemicals
- 1.2 Scientific Method: Thinking Like a Scientist
- The Scientific Method
- Using the Scientific Method in Everyday Life
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 1.1
- ANSWER
- 1.3 Studying and Learning Chemistry
- Strategies to Improve Learning and Understanding
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 1.2
- ANSWER
- Features in This Text That Help You Study and Learn Chemistry
- Making a Study Plan
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 1.3
- ANSWER
- 1.4 Key Math Skills for Chemistry
- Identifying Place Values
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 1.4
- ANSWER
- Using Positive and Negative Numbers in Calculations
- Multiplication and Division of Positive and Negative Numbers
- Addition of Positive and Negative Numbers
- Subtraction of Positive and Negative Numbers
- Calculator Operations
- Calculating Percentages
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 1.5
- ANSWER
- Solving Equations
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 1.6
- ANSWER
- Interpreting Graphs
- Example
- Title
- Vertical Axis
- Horizontal Axis
- Points on the Graph
- Interpreting the Graph
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 1.7
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 1.4 Key Math Skills for Chemistry
- Clinical Applications
- 1.5 Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 1.8
- ANSWER
- Scientific Notation and Calculators
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals
- 1.2 Scientific Method: Thinking Like a Scientist
- 1.3 Studying and Learning Chemistry
- 1.4 Key Math Skills for Chemistry
- 1.5 Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation
- KEY TERMS
- KEY MATH SKILLS
- Identifying Place Values (1.4)
- Using Positive and Negative Numbers in Calculations (1.4)
- Calculating Percentages (1.4)
- Solving Equations (1.4)
- Interpreting Graphs (1.4)
- Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation (1.5)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- Clinical Applications
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- ANSWERS
- 2 Chemistry and Measurements
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 2.1 Units of Measurement
- Volume
- Length
- Mass
- Temperature
- Time
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 2.1
- ANSWER
- 2.2 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures
- Measured Numbers
- Significant Figures
- Significant Zeros and Scientific Notation
- Exact Numbers
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 2.2
- ANSWER
- 2.3 Significant Figures in Calculations
- Rounding Off
- Rules for Rounding Off
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 2.3
- ANSWER
- Multiplication and Division with Measured Numbers
- Adding Significant Zeros
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 2.4
- ANSWER
- Addition and Subtraction with Measured Numbers
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 2.5
- ANSWER
- 2.4 Prefixes and Equalities
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 2.6
- ANSWER
- Measuring Length
- Measuring Volume
- Measuring Mass
- 2.5 Writing Conversion Factors
- Metric Conversion Factors
- Metric–U.S. System Conversion Factors
- Equalities and Conversion Factors Stated Within a Problem
- Conversion Factors from Dosage Problems
- Conversion Factors from a Percentage, ppm, and ppb
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 2.7
- ANSWER
- 2.6 Problem Solving Using Unit Conversion
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 2.8
- ANSWER
- Using Two or More Conversion Factors
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 2.9
- ANSWER
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 2.10
- ANSWER
- 2.7 Density
- Calculating Density
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 2.11
- ANSWER
- Density of Solids Using Volume Displacement
- Problem Solving Using Density
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 2.12
- ANSWER
- Specific Gravity
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 2.1 Units of Measurement
- 2.2 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures
- 2.3 Significant Figures in Calculations
- 2.4 Prefixes and Equalities
- 2.5 Writing Conversion Factors
- 2.6 Problem Solving Using Unit Conversion
- 2.7 Density
- KEY TERMS
- KEY MATH SKILL
- Rounding Off (2.3)
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Counting Significant Figures (2.2)
- Using Significant Figures in Calculations (2.3)
- Using Prefixes (2.4)
- Writing Conversion Factors from Equalities (2.5)
- Using Conversion Factors (2.6)
- Using Density as a Conversion Factor (2.7)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- ANSWERS
- 3 Matter and Energy
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 3.1 Classification of Matter
- Pure Substances: Elements and Compounds
- Mixtures
- Types of Mixtures
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 3.1
- ANSWER
- 3.2 States and Properties of Matter
- Physical Properties and Physical Changes
- Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 3.2
- ANSWER
- 3.3 Temperature
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 3.3
- ANSWER
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 3.4
- ANSWER
- 3.4 Energy
- Kinetic and Potential Energy
- Heat and Energy
- Units of Energy
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 3.5
- ANSWER
- 3.5 Energy and Nutrition
- Energy Values for Foods
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 3.6
- ANSWER
- 3.6 Specific Heat
- Calculations Using Specific Heat
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 3.7
- ANSWER
- 3.7 Changes of State
- Melting and Freezing
- Heat of Fusion
- Calculating Heat to Melt (or Freeze) Water
- Sublimation and Deposition
- Evaporation, Boiling, and Condensation
- Heat of Vaporization and Condensation
- Calculating Heat to Condense (or Boil) Water
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 3.8
- ANSWER
- Heating and Cooling Curves
- Steps on a Heating Curve
- Steps on a Cooling Curve
- Combining Energy Calculations
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 3.9
- ANSWER
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 3.1 Classification of Matter
- 3.2 States and Properties of Matter
- 3.3 Temperature
- 3.4 Energy
- 3.5 Energy and Nutrition
- 3.6 Specific Heat
- 3.7 Changes of State
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Identifying Physical and Chemical Changes (3.2)
- Converting between Temperature Scales (3.3)
- Using Energy Units (3.4)
- Using the Heat Equation (3.6)
- Calculating Heat for Change of State (3.7)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- Clinical Applications
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- ANSWERS
- COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 1 to 3
- ANSWERS
- 4 Atoms and Elements
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 4.1 Elements and Symbols
- Chemical Symbols
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 4.1
- ANSWER
- 4.2 The Periodic Table
- Groups and Periods
- Names of Groups
- Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 4.2
- ANSWER
- 4.3 The Atom
- Dalton’s Atomic Theory
- Electrical Charges in an Atom
- Structure of the Atom
- Mass of the Atom
- 4.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Atomic Number
- Mass Number
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 4.3
- ANSWER
- 4.5 Isotopes and Atomic Mass
- Atoms and Isotopes
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 4.4
- ANSWER
- Atomic Mass
- Weighted Average Analogy
- Calculating Atomic Mass
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 4.5
- ANSWER
- 4.6 Electron Energy Levels
- Electron Energy Levels
- Changes in Electron Energy Level
- Sublevels
- Orbitals
- Shapes of Orbitals
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 4.6
- ANSWER
- Orbital Capacity and Electron Spin
- Number of Electrons in Sublevels
- 4.7 Electron Configurations
- Electron Configurations
- Period 1: Hydrogen and Helium
- Period 2: Lithium to Neon
- Period 3: Sodium to Argon
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 4.7
- ANSWER
- Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
- Blocks on the Periodic Table
- Writing Electron Configurations Using Sublevel Blocks
- Electron Configurations for Period 4 and Above
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 4.8
- ANSWER
- Some Exceptions in Sublevel Block Order
- 4.8 Trends in Periodic Properties
- Group Number and Valence Electrons
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 4.9
- ANSWER
- Lewis Symbols
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 4.10
- ANSWER
- Atomic Size
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 4.11
- ANSWER
- Ionization Energy
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 4.12
- ANSWER
- Metallic Character
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 4.1 Elements and Symbols
- 4.2 The Periodic Table
- 4.3 The Atom
- 4.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number
- 4.5 Isotopes and Atomic Mass
- 4.6 Electron Energy Levels
- 4.7 Electron Configurations
- 4.8 Trends in Periodic Properties
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Counting Protons and Neutrons (4.4)
- Writing Atomic Symbols for Isotopes (4.5)
- Writing Electron Configurations (4.7)
- Using the Periodic Table to Write Electron Configurations (4.7)
- Identifying Trends in Periodic Properties (4.8)
- Drawing Lewis Symbols (4.8)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- ANSWERS
- 5 Nuclear Chemistry
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 5.1 Natural Radioactivity
- Symbols for Radioisotopes
- Types of Radiation
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 5.1
- ANSWER
- Biological Effects of Radiation
- Radiation Protection
- 5.2 Nuclear Reactions
- Alpha Decay
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 5.2
- ANSWER
- Beta Decay
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 5.3
- ANSWER
- Positron Emission
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 5.4
- ANSWER
- Gamma Emission
- Producing Radioactive Isotopes
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 5.5
- ANSWER
- 5.3 Radiation Measurement
- Measuring Radiation
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 5.6
- ANSWER
- Exposure to Radiation
- Radiation Sickness
- 5.4 Half-Life of a Radioisotope
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 5.7
- ANSWER
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 5.8
- ANSWER
- 5.5 Medical Applications Using Radioactivity
- Scans with Radioisotopes
- Positron Emission Tomography
- Nonradioactive Imaging
- Computed Tomography
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- 5.6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
- Chain Reaction
- Nuclear Fusion
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 5.9
- ANSWER
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 5.1 Natural Radioactivity
- 5.2 Nuclear Reactions
- 5.3 Radiation Measurement
- 5.4 Half-Life of a Radioisotope
- 5.5 Medical Applications Using Radioactivity
- 5.6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Writing Nuclear Equations (5.2)
- Using Half-Lives (5.4)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- ANSWER
- 6 Ionic and Molecular Compounds
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 6.1 Ions: Transfer of Electrons
- Positive Ions: Loss of Electrons
- Negative Ions: Gain of Electrons
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.1
- ANSWER
- Ionic Charges from Group Numbers
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.2
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 6.1 Ions: Transfer of Electrons
- Clinical Applications
- 6.2 Ionic Compounds
- Properties of Ionic Compounds
- Chemical Formulas of Ionic Compounds
- Subscripts in Formulas
- Writing Ionic Formulas from Ionic Charges
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.3
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 6.2 Ionic Compounds
- 6.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.4
- ANSWER
- Metals with Variable Charges
- Determination of Variable Charge
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.5
- ANSWER
- Writing Formulas from the Name of an Ionic Compound
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.6
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 6.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas
- Clinical Applications
- 6.4 Polyatomic Ions
- Names of Polyatomic Ions
- Writing Formulas for Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.7
- ANSWER
- Naming Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.8
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 6.4 Polyatomic Ions
- Clinical Applications
- 6.5 Molecular Compounds: Sharing Electrons
- Names and Formulas of Molecular Compounds
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.9
- ANSWER
- Writing Formulas from the Names of Molecular Compounds
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.10
- ANSWER
- Summary of Naming Ionic and Molecular Compounds
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.11
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 6.5 Molecular Compounds: Sharing Electrons
- Clinical Applications
- 6.6 Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
- Lewis Structure for the Hydrogen Molecule
- Lewis Structures for Molecular Compounds
- Sharing Electrons Between Atoms of Different Elements
- Drawing Lewis Structures
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.12
- ANSWER
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.13
- ANSWER
- Double and Triple Bonds
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.14
- ANSWER
- Exceptions to the Octet Rule
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 6.6 Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
- 6.7 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
- Polarity of Bonds
- Variations in Bonding
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.15
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 6.7 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
- 6.8 Shapes and Polarity of Molecules
- Central Atoms with Two Electron Groups
- Central Atoms with Three Electron Groups
- Central Atom with Four Electron Groups
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.16
- ANSWER
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.17
- ANSWER
- Polarity of Molecules
- Nonpolar Molecules
- Polar Molecules
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.18
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 6.8 Shapes and Polarity of Molecules
- 6.9 Intermolecular Forces in Compounds
- Dipole–Dipole Attractions
- Hydrogen Bonds
- Dispersion Forces
- Intermolecular Forces and Melting Points
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 6.19
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 6.9 Intermolecular Forces in Compounds
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 6.1 Ions: Transfer of Electrons
- 6.2 Ionic Compounds
- 6.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas
- 6.4 Polyatomic Ions
- 6.5 Molecular Compounds: Sharing Electrons
- 6.6 Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
- 6.7 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
- 6.8 Shapes and Polarity of Molecules
- 6.9 Intermolecular Forces in Compounds
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Writing Positive and Negative Ions (6.1)
- Writing Ionic Formulas (6.2)
- Naming Ionic Compounds (6.3)
- Writing the Names and Formulas for Molecular Compounds (6.5)
- Drawing Lewis Structures (6.6)
- Using Electronegativity (6.7)
- Predicting Shape (6.8)
- Identifying Polarity of Molecules (6.8)
- Identifying Intermolecular Forces (6.9)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- ANSWERS
- COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 4 to 6
- ANSWERS
- 7 Chemical Reactions and Quantities
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 7.1 Equations for Chemical Reactions
- Writing a Chemical Equation
- Identifying a Balanced Chemical Equation
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.1
- ANSWER
- Balancing a Chemical Equation
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.2
- ANSWER
- Equations with Polyatomic Ions
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.3
- ANSWER
- 7.2 Types of Chemical Reactions
- Combination Reactions
- Decomposition Reactions
- Replacement Reactions
- Combustion Reactions
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.4
- ANSWER
- 7.3 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
- Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
- Oxidation and Reduction in Biological Systems
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.5
- ANSWER
- 7.4 The Mole
- Avogadro’s Number
- Avogadro’s number
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.6
- ANSWER
- Moles of Elements in a Chemical Compound
- Using a Chemical Formula to Write Conversion Factors
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.7
- ANSWER
- 7.5 Molar Mass
- Molar Mass of a Compound
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.8
- ANSWER
- 7.6 Calculations Using Molar Mass
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.9
- ANSWER
- Writing Conversion Factors for the Molar Mass of a Compound
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.10
- ANSWER
- 7.7 Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations
- Mole–Mole Factors from a Balanced Equation
- Using Mole–Mole Factors in Calculations
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.11
- ANSWER
- 7.8 Mass Calculations for Chemical Reactions
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.12
- ANSWER
- 7.9 Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
- Calculating Moles of Product from a Limiting Reactant
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.13
- ANSWER
- Calculating Mass of Product from a Limiting Reactant
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.14
- ANSWER
- Percent Yield
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.15
- ANSWER
- 7.10 Energy in Chemical Reactions
- Energy Units for Chemical Reactions
- Heat of Reaction
- Exothermic Reactions
- Endothermic Reactions
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.16
- ANSWER
- Calculations of Heat in Reactions
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 7.17
- ANSWER
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 7.1 Equations for Chemical Reactions
- 7.2 Types of Chemical Reactions
- 7.3 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
- 7.4 The Mole
- 7.5 Molar Mass
- 7.6 Calculations Using Molar Mass
- 7.7 Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations
- 7.8 Mass Calculations for Chemical Reactions
- 7.9 Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
- 7.10 Energy in Chemical Reactions
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Balancing a Chemical Equation (7.1)
- Classifying Types of Chemical Reactions (7.2)
- Identifying Oxidized and Reduced Substances (7.3)
- Converting Particles to Moles (7.4)
- Calculating Molar Mass (7.5)
- Using Molar Mass as a Conversion Factor (7.6)
- Using Mole–Mole Factors (7.7)
- Converting Grams to Grams (7.8)
- Calculating Quantity of Product from a Limiting Reactant (7.9)
- Calculating Percent Yield (7.9)
- Using the Heat of Reaction (7.10)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- ANSWERS
- 8 Gases
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 8.1 Properties of Gases
- Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
- Pressure (P)
- Volume (V)
- Temperature (T)
- Amount of Gas (n)
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 8.1
- ANSWER
- Measurement of Gas Pressure
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 8.2
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 8.1 Properties of Gases
- Clinical Applications
- 8.2 Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law)
- Boyle’s Law
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 8.3
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 8.2 Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law)
- Clinical Applications
- 8.3 Temperature and Volume (Charles’s Law)
- Charles’s Law
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 8.4
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 8.3 Temperature and Volume (Charles’s Law)
- 8.4 Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
- Gay-Lussac’s Law
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 8.5
- ANSWER
- Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 8.4 Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
- Clinical Applications
- 8.5 The Combined Gas Law
- Combined Gas Law
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 8.6
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 8.5 The Combined Gas Law
- Clinical Applications
- 8.6 Volume and Moles (Avogadro’s Law)
- Avogadro’s Law
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 8.7
- ANSWER
- STP and Molar Volume
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 8.8
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 8.6 Volume and Moles (Avogadro’s Law)
- 8.7 The Ideal Gas Law
- Ideal Gas Law
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 8.9
- ANSWER
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 8.10
- ANSWER
- Gas Laws and Chemical Reactions
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 8.11
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 8.7 The Ideal Gas Law
- Clinical Applications
- 8.8 Partial Pressures (Dalton’s Law)
- Dalton’s Law
- Air Is a Gas Mixture
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 8.12
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 8.8 Partial Pressures (Dalton’s Law)
- Clinical Applications
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 8.1 Properties of Gases
- 8.2 Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law)
- 8.3 Temperature and Volume (Charles’s Law)
- 8.4 Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
- 8.5 The Combined Gas Law
- 8.6 Volume and Moles (Avogadro’s Law)
- 8.7 The Ideal Gas Law
- 8.8 Partial Pressures (Dalton’s Law)
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Using the Gas Laws (8.2)
- Using the Ideal Gas Law (8.7)
- Calculating Mass or Volume of a Gas in a Chemical Reaction (8.7)
- Calculating Partial Pressure (8.8)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- ANSWERS
- COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 7 and 8
- ANSWERS
- 9 Solutions
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 9.1 Solutions
- Types of Solutes and Solvents
- Water as a Solvent
- Formation of Solutions
- Solutions with Ionic and Polar Solutes
- Solutions with Nonpolar Solutes
- 9.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
- Types of Electrolytes
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.1
- ANSWER
- Equivalents
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.2
- ANSWER
- 9.3 Solubility
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.3
- ANSWER
- Effect of Temperature on Solubility
- Henry’s Law
- Soluble and Insoluble Ionic Compounds
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.4
- ANSWER
- Formation of a Solid
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.5
- ANSWER
- 9.4 Solution Concentrations and Reactions
- Mass Percent (m/m) Concentration
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.6
- ANSWER
- Using Mass Percent Concentration as a Conversion Factor
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.7
- ANSWER
- Volume Percent (v/v) Concentration
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.8
- ANSWER
- Mass/Volume Percent (m/v) Concentration
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.9
- ANSWER
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.10
- ANSWER
- Molarity (M) Concentration
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.11
- ANSWER
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.12
- ANSWER
- Concentrations in Chemical Reactions in Solution
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.13
- ANSWER
- 9.5 Dilution of Solutions
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.14
- ANSWER
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.15
- ANSWER
- 9.6 Properties of Solutions
- Solutions
- Colloids
- Suspensions
- Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Lowering
- Particles in Solution
- Change in Boiling Point and Freezing Point
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.16
- ANSWER
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Isotonic Solutions
- Hypotonic and Hypertonic Solutions
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 9.17
- ANSWER
- Dialysis
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 9.1 Solutions
- 9.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
- 9.3 Solubility
- 9.4 Solution Concentrations and Reactions
- 9.5 Dilution of Solutions
- 9.6 Properties of Solutions
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Using Solubility Rules (9.3 )
- Calculating Concentration (9.4)
- Using Concentration as a Conversion Factor (9.4)
- Calculating the Quantity of a Reactant or Product for a Chemical Reaction in Solution (9.4)
- Calculating the Boiling Point / Freezing Point of a Solution (9.6)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- ANSWERS
- 10 Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 10.1 Rates of Reactions
- Activation Energy
- Three Conditions Required for a Reaction to Occur
- Rate of Reaction
- Factors that Affect the Rate of a Reaction
- Temperature
- Concentrations of Reactants
- Catalysts
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 10.1
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 10.1 Rates of Reactions
- 10.2 Chemical Equilibrium
- Reversible Chemical Reactions
- Equilibrium
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 10.2
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 10.2 Chemical Equilibrium
- 10.3 Equilibrium Constants
- Equilibrium Expression
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 10.3
- ANSWER
- Calculating Equilibrium Constants
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 10.4
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 10.3 Equilibrium Constants
- 10.4 Using Equilibrium Constants
- Equilibrium with a Large Kc
- Equilibrium with a Small Kc
- Calculating Concentrations at Equilibrium
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 10.5
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 10.4 Using Equilibrium Constants
- 10.5 Changing Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s Principle
- Le Châtelier’s Principle
- Effect of Concentration Changes on Equilibrium
- Effect of a Catalyst on Equilibrium
- Effect of Volume Change on Equilibrium
- Effect of a Change in Temperature on Equilibrium
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 10.6
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 10.5 Changing Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s Principle
- Clinical Applications
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 10.1 Rates of Reactions
- 10.2 Chemical Equilibrium
- 10.3 Equilibrium Constants
- 10.4 Using Equilibrium Constants
- 10.5 Changing Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s Principle
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Writing the Equilibrium Expression (10.3)
- Calculating an Equilibrium Constant (10.3)
- Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations (10.4)
- Using Le Châtelier’s Principle (10.5)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- ANSWERS
- 11 Acids and Bases
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 11.1 Acids and Bases
- Naming Acids
- Bases
- Naming Bases
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 11.1
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 11.1 Acids and Bases
- 11.2 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 11.2
- ANSWER
- Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 11.3
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 11.2 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
- 11.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases
- Strong and Weak Acids
- Diprotic Acids
- Strong and Weak Bases
- Bases in Household Products
- Weak Bases
- Strong Bases
- Direction of Reaction
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 11.4
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 11.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases
- 11.4 Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases
- Writing Dissociation Expressions
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 11.5
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 11.4 Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases
- 11.5 Dissociation of Water
- Writing the Water Dissociation Expression
- Neutral, Acidic, and Basic Solutions
- Using the Kw to calculate [H3O+] and [OH- in a Solution
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 11.6
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 11.5 Dissociation of Water
- Clinical Applications
- 11.6 The pH Scale
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 11.7
- ANSWER
- Calculating the pH of Solutions
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 11.8
- ANSWER
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 11.9
- ANSWER
- Calculating [H3O+] from pH
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 11.10
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 11.6 The pH Scale
- Clinical Applications
- 11.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases
- Acids and Metals
- Acids React with Carbonates or Bicarbonates
- Acids and Hydroxides: Neutralization
- Balancing Neutralization Equations
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 11.11
- ANSWER
- Acid–Base Titration
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 11.12
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 11.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases
- 11.8 Buffers
- Calculating the pH of a Buffer
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 11.13
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 11.8 Buffers
- Clinical Applications
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 11.1 Acids and Bases
- 11.2 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
- 11.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases
- 11.4 Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases
- 11.5 Dissociation of Water
- 11.6 The pH Scale
- 11.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases
- 11.8 Buffers
- KEY TERMS
- KEY MATH SKILLS
- Calculating pH from [H3O+] (11.6)
- Calculating [H3O+] from pH (11.6)
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Identifying Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs (11.2)
- Calculating [H3O+] and [OH−] in Solutions (11.5)
- Writing Equations for Reactions of Acids and Bases (11.7)
- Calculating Molarity or Volume of an Acid or Base in a Titration (11.7)
- Calculating the pH of a Buffer (11.8)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- Clinical Applications
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- ANSWERS
- COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 9 to 11
- Clinical Applications
- ANSWERS
- 12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 12.1 Organic Compounds
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 12.1
- ANSWER
- Representations of Carbon Compounds
- 12.2 Alkanes
- Condensed Structural and Line-Angle Formulas
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 12.2
- ANSWER
- Cycloalkanes
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 12.3
- ANSWER
- 12.3 Alkanes with Substituents
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 12.4
- ANSWER
- Substituents in Alkanes
- Naming Alkanes with Substituents
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 12.5
- ANSWER
- Naming Cycloalkanes with Substituents
- Haloalkanes
- Drawing Structural Formulas for Alkanes with Substituents
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 12.6
- ANSWER
- 12.4 Properties of Alkanes
- Some Uses of Alkanes
- Melting and Boiling Points
- Combustion of Alkanes
- Solubility and Density
- 12.5 Alkenes and Alkynes
- Identifying Alkenes and Alkynes
- Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 12.7
- ANSWER
- Naming Cycloalkenes
- 12.6 Cis–Trans Isomers
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 12.8
- ANSWER
- Modeling Cis–Trans Isomers
- Using Gumdrops and Toothpicks to Model Cis–Trans Isomers
- 12.7 Addition Reactions for Alkenes
- Hydrogenation
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 12.9
- ANSWER
- Hydration
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 12.10
- ANSWER
- Addition of Alkenes: Polymerization
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 12.11
- ANSWER
- 12.8 Aromatic Compounds
- Naming Aromatic Compounds
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 12.12
- ANSWER
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 12.1 Organic Compounds
- 12.2 Alkanes
- 12.3 Alkanes with Substituents
- 12.4 Properties of Alkanes
- 12.5 Alkenes and Alkynes
- 12.6 Cis–Trans Isomers
- 12.7 Addition Reactions for Alkenes
- 12.8 Aromatic Compounds
- SUMMARY OF NAMING
- SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
- Combustion (12.4)
- Hydrogenation (12.7)
- Hydration (12.7)
- Polymerization (12.7)
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Naming and Drawing Alkanes (12.2)
- Writing Equations for Hydrogenation, Hydration, and Polymerization (12.7)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- ANSWERS
- 13 Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 13.1 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols
- Naming Alcohols
- Naming Phenols
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 13.1
- ANSWER
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 13.2
- ANSWER
- Thiols
- 13.2 Ethers
- Naming Ethers
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 13.3
- ANSWER
- 13.3 Physical Properties of Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 13.4
- ANSWER
- Boiling Points
- Solubility of Alcohols and Ethers in Water
- Solubility and Boiling Point of Phenol
- Phenol and Antiseptics
- 13.4 Reactions of Alcohols and Thiols
- Dehydration of Alcohols to Form Alkenes
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 13.5
- ANSWER
- Oxidation of Alcohols
- Oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 13.6
- ANSWER
- Oxidation of Thiols
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 13.1 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols
- 13.2 Ethers
- 13.3 Physical Properties of Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
- 13.4 Reactions of Alcohols and Thiols
- SUMMARY OF NAMING
- SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
- Combustion of Alcohols (13.4)
- Dehydration of Alcohols to Form Alkenes (13.4)
- Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Form Aldehydes (13.4)
- Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols to Form Ketones (13.4)
- Oxidation of Aldehydes to Form Carboxylic Acids (13.4)
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Identifying Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols (13.1)
- Naming Alcohols and Phenols (13.1)
- Writing Equations for the Dehydration of Alcohols (13.4)
- Writing Equations for the Oxidation of Alcohols (13.4)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- ANSWERS
- 14 Aldehydes and Ketones
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 14.1 Aldehydes and Ketones
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 14.1
- ANSWER
- Naming Aldehydes
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 14.2
- ANSWER
- Naming Ketones
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 14.3
- ANSWER
- 14.2 Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Boiling Points of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Solubility of Aldehydes and Ketones in Water
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 14.4
- ANSWER
- 14.3 Oxidation and Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Tollens’ Test
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 14.5
- ANSWER
- Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 14.6
- ANSWER
- 14.4 Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals and Acetals
- Hemiacetal Formation
- Acetal Formation
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 14.7
- ANSWER
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 14.8
- ANSWER
- Cyclic Hemiacetals
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 14.1 Aldehydes and Ketones
- 14.2 Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- 14.3 Oxidation and Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
- 14.4 Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals and Acetals
- SUMMARY OF NAMING
- SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
- Oxidation of Aldehydes to Form Carboxylic Acids (14.3)
- Reduction of Aldehydes to Form Primary Alcohols (14.3)
- Reduction of Ketones to Form Secondary Alcohols (14.3)
- Addition of Alcohols to Form Hemiacetals and Acetals (14.4)
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Naming Aldehydes and Ketones (14.1)
- Forming Hemiacetals and Acetals (14.4)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- ANSWERS
- COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 12 to 14
- ANSWERS
- 15 Carbohydrates
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 15.1 Carbohydrates
- Types of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 15.1
- ANSWER
- 15.2 Chiral Molecules
- Chiral Carbon Atoms
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 15.2
- ANSWER
- Drawing Fischer Projections
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 15.3
- ANSWER
- 15.3 Fischer Projections of Monosaccharides
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 15.4
- ANSWER
- Some Important Monosaccharides
- 15.4 Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides
- Drawing Haworth Structures
- Mutarotation of α-and β-D-Glucose
- Haworth Structures of Galactose
- Haworth Structures of Fructose
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 15.5
- ANSWER
- 15.5 Chemical Properties of Monosaccharides
- Oxidation of Monosaccharides
- Reduction of Monosaccharides
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 15.6
- ANSWER
- 15.6 Disaccharides
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 15.7
- ANSWER
- 15.7 Polysaccharides
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 15.8
- ANSWER
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 15.1 Carbohydrates
- 15.2 Chiral Molecules
- 15.3 Fischer Projections of Monosaccharides
- 15.4 Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides
- 15.5 Chemical Properties of Monosaccharides
- 15.6 Disaccharides
- 15.7 Polysaccharides
- SUMMARY OF CARBOHYDRATES
- SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
- Oxidation and Reduction of Monosaccharides (15.5)
- Formation of Disaccharides (15.6)
- Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides (15.7)
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Identifying Chiral Molecules (15.2)
- Identifying d and l Fischer Projections for Carbohydrates (15.3)
- Drawing Haworth Structures (15.4)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- ANSWERS
- 16 Carboxylic Acids and Esters
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 16.1 Carboxylic Acids
- IUPAC Names of Carboxylic Acids
- Common Names of Carboxylic Acids
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION GUIDE
- STUDY CHECK 16.1
- ANSWER
- Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- 16.2 Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Boiling Points
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 16.2
- ANSWER
- Solubility in Water
- Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 16.3
- ANSWER
- Neutralization of Carboxylic Acids
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 16.4
- ANSWER
- 16.3 Esters
- Esterification
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 16.5
- ANSWER
- Naming Esters
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION GUIDE
- STUDY CHECK 16.6
- ANSWER
- Esters in Plants
- 16.4 Properties of Esters
- Solubility in Water
- Acid Hydrolysis of Esters
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 16.7
- ANSWER
- Base Hydrolysis of Esters (Saponification)
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 16.8
- ANSWER
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 16.1 Carboxylic Acids
- 16.2 Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- 16.3 Esters
- 16.4 Properties of Esters
- SUMMARY OF NAMING
- SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
- Dissociation of a Carboxylic Acid in Water (16.2)
- Neutralization of a Carboxylic Acid (16.2)
- Esterification: Carboxylic Acid and an Alcohol (16.3)
- Acid Hydrolysis of an Ester (16.4)
- Base Hydrolysis of an Ester (Saponification) (16.4)
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Naming Carboxylic Acids (16.1)
- Hydrolyzing Esters (16.4)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- Clinical Applications
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- ANSWERS
- 17 Lipids
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 17.1 Lipids
- Types of Lipids
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 17.1 Lipids
- Clinical Applications
- 17.2 Fatty Acids
- Cis and Trans Isomers of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- Physical Properties of Fatty Acids
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 17.1
- ANSWER
- Prostaglandins
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 17.2 Fatty Acids
- Clinical Applications
- 17.3 Waxes and Triacylglycerols
- Triacylglycerols
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 17.2
- ANSWER
- Melting Points of Fats and Oils
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 17.3 Waxes and Triacylglycerols
- Clinical Applications
- 17.4 Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols
- Hydrogenation
- Hydrolysis
- Saponification
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 17.3
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 17.4 Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols
- 17.5 Phospholipids
- Amino Alcohols
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 17.4
- ANSWER
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 17.5
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 17.5 Phospholipids
- Clinical Applications
- 17.6 Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and Steroid Hormones
- Cholesterol
- Cholesterol in the Body
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 17.6
- ANSWER
- Bile Salts
- Lipoproteins: Transporting Lipids
- Steroid Hormones
- Adrenal Corticosteroids
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 17.6 Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and Steroid Hormones
- Clinical Applications
- 17.7 Cell Membranes
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 17.7
- ANSWER
- Transport Through Cell Membranes
- Diffusion
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Active Transport
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 17.7 Cell Membranes
- Clinical Applications
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 17.1 Lipids
- 17.2 Fatty Acids
- 17.3 Waxes and Triacylglycerols
- 17.4 Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols
- 17.5 Phospholipids
- 17.6 Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and Steroid Hormones
- 17.7 Cell Membranes
- SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
- Hydrogenation of a Triacylglycerol (17.4)
- Hydrolysis of a Triacylglycerol (17.4)
- Saponification of a Triacylglycerol (17.4)
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Identifying Fatty Acids (17.2)
- Drawing Structures for Triacylglycerols (17.3)
- Drawing the Products for the Hydrogenation, Hydrolysis, and Saponification of a Triacylglycerol (17.4)
- Identifying the Steroid Nucleus (17.6)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- Clinical Applications
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- ANSWERS
- 18 Amines and Amides
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 18.1 Amines
- Naming Amines
- Aromatic Amines
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 18.1
- ANSWER
- Classification of Amines
- Line-Angle Formulas for Amines
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 18.2
- ANSWER
- 18.2 Properties of Amines
- Boiling Points of Amines
- Solubility of Amines in Water
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 18.3
- ANSWER
- Amines React as Bases in Water
- Reaction of a Primary Amine with Water
- Reaction of a Secondary Amine with Water
- Reaction of a Tertiary Amine with Water
- Neutralization of an Amine
- Properties of Ammonium Salts
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 18.4
- ANSWER
- 18.3 Heterocyclic Amines
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 18.5
- ANSWER
- Alkaloids: Amines in Plants
- 18.4 Neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters at the Synapse
- Termination of Neurotransmitter Action
- Amine Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine
- Catecholamines
- Dopamine
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 18.6
- ANSWER
- Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
- Serotonin
- Histamine
- Glutamate
- Gamma(γ)-Aminobutyric Acid or GABA
- 18.5 Amides
- Preparation of Amides
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 18.7
- ANSWER
- Naming Amides
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 18.8
- ANSWER
- Physical Properties of Amides
- 18.6 Hydrolysis of Amides
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 18.9
- ANSWER
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 18.1 Amines
- 18.2 Properties of Amines
- 18.3 Heterocyclic Amines
- 18.4 Neurotransmitters
- 18.5 Amides
- 18.6 Hydrolysis of Amides
- SUMMARY OF NAMING
- SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
- Reaction of an Amine with Water (18.2)
- Neutralization of an Amine (18.2)
- Amidation: Carboxylic Acid and an Amine (18.5)
- Acid Hydrolysis of an Amide (18.6)
- Base Hydrolysis of an Amide (18.6)
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Forming Amides (18.5)
- Hydrolyzing Amides (18.6)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- Clinical Applications
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- ANSWERS
- COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 15 to 18
- ANSWERS
- 19 Amino Acids and Proteins
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 19.1 Proteins and Amino Acids
- Amino Acids
- Classification of Amino Acids
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 19.1
- ANSWER
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 19.2
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 19.1 Proteins and Amino Acids
- 19.2 Proteins: Primary Structure
- Naming Peptides
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 19.3
- ANSWER
- Primary Structure of a Protein
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 19.4
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 19.2 Proteins: Primary Structure
- Clinical Applications
- 19.3 Proteins: Secondary Structure
- Alpha Helix
- Beta-Pleated Sheet
- Collagen
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 19.3 Proteins: Secondary Structure
- Clinical Applications
- 19.4 Proteins: Tertiary and Quaternary Structures
- Interactions Between Amino Acid Side Chains in Tertiary Structures
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 19.5
- ANSWER
- Quaternary Structure: Hemoglobin
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 19.6
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 19.4 Proteins: Tertiary and Quaternary Structures
- 19.5 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation
- Denaturation of Proteins
- Heat
- Acids and Bases
- Organic Compounds
- Heavy Metal Ions
- Agitation
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 19.7
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 19.5 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation
- Clinical Applications
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 19.1 Proteins and Amino Acids
- 19.2 Proteins: Primary Structure
- 19.3 Proteins: Secondary Structure
- 19.4 Proteins: Tertiary and Quaternary Structures
- 19.5 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Drawing the Structure for an Amino Acid at Physiological pH (19.1)
- Identifying the Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structures of Proteins (19.2, 19.3, 19.4)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- UNDERSTANDING PROTEIN STRUCTURES
- ANSWERS
- 20 Enzymes and Vitamins
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 20.1 Enzymes and Enzyme Action
- Enzymes and Active Sites
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 20.1
- ANSWER
- Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
- Models of Enzyme Action
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 20.2
- ANSWER
- 20.2 Classification of Enzymes
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 20.3
- ANSWER
- 20.3 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
- Temperature
- pH
- Enzyme and Substrate Concentration
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 20.4
- ANSWER
- 20.4 Regulation of Enzyme Activity
- Allosteric Enzymes
- Feedback Control
- Covalent Modification
- Zymogens (Proenzymes)
- Phosphorylation
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 20.5
- ANSWER
- 20.5 Enzyme Inhibition
- Reversible Inhibition
- Competitive Inhibitors
- Noncompetitive Inhibitors
- Irreversible Inhibition
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 20.6
- ANSWER
- 20.6 Enzyme Cofactors and Vitamins
- Metal Ions as Cofactors
- Coenzymes
- Water-Soluble Vitamins
- Fat-Soluble Vitamins
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 20.7
- ANSWER
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 20.8
- ANSWER
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 20.1 Enzymes and Enzyme Action
- 20.2 Classification of Enzymes
- 20.3 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
- 20.4 Regulation of Enzyme Activity
- 20.5 Enzyme Inhibition
- 20.6 Enzyme Cofactors and Vitamins
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Describing Enzyme Action (20.1)
- Classifying Enzymes (20.2)
- Identifying Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity (20.3)
- Describing the Role of Cofactors (20.6)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- Clinical Applications
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- ANSWERS
- 21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 21.1 Components of Nucleic Acids
- Bases
- Pentose Sugars
- Nucleosides and Nucleotides
- Naming Nucleosides and Nucleotides
- Formation of Nucleoside Di- and Triphosphates
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 21.1
- ANSWER
- 21.2 Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 21.2
- ANSWER
- 21.3 DNA Double Helix and Replication
- Complementary Base Pairs
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 21.3
- ANSWER
- DNA Replication
- Direction of Replication
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 21.4
- ANSWER
- 21.4 RNA and Transcription
- Types of RNA
- RNA and Protein Synthesis
- Transcription: Synthesis of mRNA
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 21.5
- ANSWER
- Processing of mRNA
- Regulation of Transcription: Transcription Factors
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 21.6
- ANSWER
- 21.5 The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis
- Genetic Code
- Translation
- Activation of tRNA
- Initiation and Chain Elongation
- Chain Termination
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 21.7
- ANSWER
- 21.6 Genetic Mutations
- Types of Mutations
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 21.8
- ANSWER
- Effect of Mutations
- Genetic Diseases
- 21.7 Recombinant DNA
- Preparing Recombinant DNA
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Genetic Testing
- DNA Fingerprinting
- 21.8 Viruses
- Reverse Transcription
- AIDS
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 21.9
- ANSWER
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 21.1 Components of Nucleic Acids
- 21.2 Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids
- 21.3 DNA Double Helix and Replication
- 21.4 RNA and Transcription
- 21.5 The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis
- 21.6 Genetic Mutations
- 21.7 Recombinant DNA
- 21.8 Viruses
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Writing the Complementary DNA Strand (21.3)
- Writing the mRNA Segment for a DNA Template (21.4)
- Writing the Amino Acid for an mRNA Codon (21.5)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- ANSWERS
- COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 19 to 21
- ANSWERS
- 22 Metabolic Pathways for Carbohydrates
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 22.1 Metabolism and Energy
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 22.1
- ANSWER
- Cell Structure for Metabolism
- ATP and Energy
- Hydrolysis of ATP Yields Energy
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 22.2
- ANSWER
- ATP Hydrolysis Drives Energy-Requiring Reactions
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 22.3
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 22.1 Metabolism and Energy
- Clinical Applications
- 22.2 Important Coenzymes in Metabolic Pathways
- NAD
- FAD
- Coenzyme A
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 22.4
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 22.2 Important Coenzymes in Metabolic Pathways
- 22.3 Digestion of Carbohydrates
- Digestion of Carbohydrates
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 22.5
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 22.3 Digestion of Carbohydrates
- 22.4 Glycolysis: Oxidation of Glucose
- Energy-Investing Reactions: 1 to 5
- Reaction 1 Phosphorylation
- Reaction 2 Isomerization
- Reaction 3 Phosphorylation
- Reaction 4 Cleavage
- Reaction 5 Isomerization
- Energy-Generating Reactions: 6 to 10
- Reaction 6 Oxidation and Phosphorylation
- Reaction 7 Phosphate Transfer
- Reaction 8 Isomerization
- Reaction 9 Dehydration
- Reaction 10 Phosphate Transfer
- Summary of Glycolysis
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 22.6
- ANSWER
- Fructose and Galactose Enter Glycolysis
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Regulation of Glycolysis
- Reaction 1 Hexokinase
- Reaction 3 Phosphofructokinase
- Reaction 10 Pyruvate Kinase
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 22.7
- ANSWER
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 22.4 Glycolysis: Oxidation of Glucose
- Clinical Applications
- 22.5 Pathways for Pyruvate
- Aerobic Conditions
- Anaerobic Conditions
- Fermentation
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 22.8
- ANSWER
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 22.5 Pathways for Pyruvate
- Clinical Applications
- 22.6 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
- Glycogen Synthesis: Glycogenesis
- Reaction 1 Isomerization
- Reaction 2 Activation
- Reaction 3 Glycogen Synthesis (Glucose Transfer to Glycogen)
- Glycogenolysis
- Reaction 1 Phosphorolysis (Hydrolysis and Phosphorylation)
- Reaction 2 Hydrolysis α(1→6)
- Reaction 3 Isomerization
- Reaction 4 Dephosphorylation
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 22.9
- ANSWER
- Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 22.6 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
- Clinical Applications
- 22.7 Gluconeogenesis: Glucose Synthesis
- Converting Pyruvate to Phosphoenolpyruvate
- Converting Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate to Fructose-6-Phosphate
- Converting Glucose-6-Phosphate to Glucose
- Energy Cost of Gluconeogenesis
- Lactate and the Cori Cycle
- Regulation of Gluconeogenesis
- PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- 22.7 Gluconeogenesis: Glucose Synthesis
- Clinical Applications
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 22.1 Metabolism and Energy
- 22.2 Important Coenzymes in Metabolic Pathways
- 22.3 Digestion of Carbohydrates
- 22.4 Glycolysis: Oxidation of Glucose
- 22.5 Pathways for Pyruvate
- 22.6 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
- 22.7 Gluconeogenesis: Glucose Synthesis
- SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
- Hydrolysis of ATP (22.1)
- Hydrolysis of ADP (22.1)
- Formation of ATP (22.1)
- Reduction of NAD+,NADP+, and FAD (22.2)
- Glycolysis (22.4)
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway (22.4)
- Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA (22.5)
- Reduction of Pyruvate to Lactate (22.5)
- Oxidation of Glucose to Lactate (22.5)
- Reduction of Pyruvate to Ethanol (22.5)
- Glycogenesis (22.6)
- Glycogenolysis (22.6)
- Gluconeogenesis (22.7)
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Identifying Important Coenzymes in Metabolism (22.2)
- Identifying the Compounds in Glycolysis (22.4)
- Identifying the Compounds and Enzymes in Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis (22.6)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- ANSWERS
- 23 Metabolism and Energy Production
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 23.1 The Citric Acid Cycle
- Overview of the Citric Acid Cycle
- Reaction 1 Formation of Citrate
- Reaction 2 Isomerization
- Reaction 3 Oxidation and Decarboxylation
- Reaction 4 Decarboxylation and Oxidation
- Reaction 5 Hydrolysis
- Reaction 6 Oxidation
- Reaction 7 Hydration
- Reaction 8 Oxidation
- Summary of Products from the Citric Acid Cycle
- Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 23.1
- ANSWER
- Diseases of the Citric Acid Cycle
- 23.2 Electron Transport and ATP
- Complex I
- Complex II
- Complex III
- Complex IV
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 23.2
- ANSWER
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 23.3
- ANSWER
- Regulation of Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
- 23.3 ATP Energy from Glucose
- Malate–Aspartate Shuttle
- ATP from Glycolysis
- ATP from the Oxidation of Two Pyruvate
- ATP from the Citric Acid Cycle
- ATP from the Complete Oxidation of Glucose
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 23.4
- ANSWER
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 23.1 The Citric Acid Cycle
- 23.2 Electron Transport and ATP
- 23.3 ATP Energy from Glucose
- SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
- Citric Acid Cycle (23.1)
- Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation (23.2)
- Phosphorylation of ADP (23.2)
- Complete Oxidation of Glucose (23.3)
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Describing the Reactions in the Citric Acid Cycle (23.1)
- Calculating the ATP Produced from Glucose (23.3)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- ANSWERS
- 24 Metabolic Pathways for Lipids and Amino Acids
- LOOKING AHEAD
- 24.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols
- Digestion of Dietary Fats
- Utilization of Fat Stores
- Metabolism of Glycerol
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 24.1
- ANSWER
- 24.2 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
- Fatty Acid Activation
- Transport of Fatty Acyl CoA into the Mitochondria
- Reactions of the β Oxidation Cycle
- Reaction 1 Oxidation
- Reaction 2 Hydration
- Reaction 3 Oxidation
- Reaction 4 Cleavage
- Fatty Acid Length Determines Cycle Repeats
- Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 24.2
- ANSWER
- 24.3 ATP and Fatty Acid Oxidation
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 24.3
- ANSWER
- 24.4 Ketogenesis and Ketone Bodies
- Ketosis
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 24.4
- ANSWER
- 24.5 Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP)
- Preparation of Activated Acyl and Acetyl Groups
- Synthesis of Fatty Acids (Palmitate)
- Reaction 1 Condensation
- Reaction 2 Reduction
- Reaction 3 Dehydration
- Reaction 4 Reduction
- Cycle of Fatty Acid Synthesis Repeats
- Longer and Shorter Fatty Acids
- Regulation of Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Comparison of β Oxidation and Fatty Acid Synthesis
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 24.5
- ANSWER
- 24.6 Degradation of Proteins and Amino Acids
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 24.6
- ANSWER
- Protein Turnover
- Energy from Amino Acids
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 24.7
- ANSWER
- Degradation of Amino Acids
- Transamination
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 24.8
- ANSWER
- Oxidative Deamination
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 24.9
- ANSWER
- 24.7 Urea Cycle
- Urea Cycle
- Reaction 1 Transfer of the Carbamoyl Group
- Reaction 2 Condensation of Citrulline with Aspartate
- Reaction 3 Cleavage of Argininosuccinate
- Reaction 4 Hydrolysis of Arginine to Form Urea
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 24.10
- ANSWER
- 24.8 Fates of the Carbon Atoms from Amino Acids
- TRY IT FIRST
- SOLUTION
- STUDY CHECK 24.11
- ANSWER
- 24.9 Synthesis of Amino Acids
- Some Pathways for Amino Acid Synthesis
- Overview of Metabolism
- Concept Map
- CHAPTER REVIEW
- 24.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols
- 24.2 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
- 24.3 ATP and Fatty Acid Oxidation
- 24.4 Ketogenesis and Ketone Bodies
- 24.5 Fatty Acid Synthesis
- 24.6 Degradation of Proteins and Amino Acids
- 24.7 Urea Cycle
- 24.8 Fates of the Carbon Atoms from Amino Acids
- 24.9 Synthesis of Amino Acids
- SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
- Digestion of Triacylglycerols (24.1)
- Metabolism of Glycerol (24.1)
- Transamination (24.6)
- Oxidative Deamination (24.6)
- Urea Cycle (24.7)
- KEY TERMS
- CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
- Calculating the ATP from Fatty Acid Oxidation (β Oxidation)> (24.3)
- Describing How Ketone Bodies are Formed (24.4)
- Distinguishing Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways (24.9)
- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
- ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
- Clinical Applications
- CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
- ANSWERS
- COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 22 to 24
- ANSWERS
- Credits
- Photo Credits
- Chapter 1
- Chapter 2
- Chapter 3
- Chapter 4
- Chapter 5
- Chapter 6
- Chapter 7
- Chapter 8
- Chapter 9
- Chapter 10
- Chapter 11
- Chapter 12
- Chapter 13
- Chapter 14
- Chapter 15
- Chapter 16
- Chapter 17
- Chapter 18
- Chapter 19
- Chapter 20
- Chapter 21
- Chapter 22
- Chapter 23
- Chapter 24
- Text Credits
- Chapter 1
- Chapter 11
- Chapter 20
- Chapter 21
- Glossary/Index