This is completed downloadable of Test Bank for Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical Geography, Fourth Canadian Edition
Product Details:
- ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0133405524
- ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0133405521
- Author:  Robert W. Christopherson (Author), Ginger Birkeland (Author), Mary Louise Byrne (Author), Philip Giles (Author)
Respected for its scientific accuracy, currency and thoroughness, and for its integration of high quality figures and photos, Christopherson/Byrne/Giles, Geosystems Fourth Canadian edition is the name you can trust with the content your students will read.
Table of Content:
- 1 Essentials of Geography
- Key Learning Concepts
- The Science of Geography
- The Geographic Continuum
- Geographic Analysis
- The Scientific Process
- Using the Scientific Method
- Applying Scientific Results
- Human–Earth Interactions in the 21st Century
- The Human Denominator
- Global Sustainability
- Earth Systems Concepts
- Systems Theory
- Open Systems
- Closed Systems
- Natural System Example
- System Feedback
- System Equilibrium
- Models of Systems
- Systems Organization in Geosystems
- Earth’s Four “Spheres”
- Mount Pinatubo—Global System Impact
- Earth’s Dimensions
- Evidence of Sphericity
- Earth as a Geoid
- Location and Time on Earth
- Latitude
- Longitude
- Great Circles and Small Circles
- Meridians and Global Time
- Coordinated Universal Time
- International Date Line
- Daylight Saving Time
- Maps and Cartography
- The Scale of Maps
- Map Projections
- Equal Area or True Shape?
- Classes of Projections
- Modern Tools and Techniques for Geoscience
- Global Positioning System
- Remote Sensing
- Satellite Imaging
- Passive Remote Sensing
- Active Remote Sensing
- Geographic Information Systems
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- I The Energy–Atmosphere System
- 2 Solar Energy to Earth and the Seasons
- Key Learning Concepts
- The Solar System, Sun, and Earth
- Solar System Formation
- Dimensions and Distances
- Solar Energy: From Sun to Earth
- Solar Activity and Solar Wind
- Sunspots
- Solar Wind Effects
- Electromagnetic Spectrum of Radiant Energy
- Incoming Energy at the Top of the Atmosphere
- Solar Constant
- Uneven Distribution of Insolation
- Global Net Radiation
- The Seasons
- Seasonality
- Reasons for Seasons
- Revolution
- Rotation
- Tilt of Earth’s Axis
- Axial Parallelism
- Sphericity
- Annual March of the Seasons
- Dawn and Twilight
- Seasonal Observations
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- 3 Earth’s Modern Atmosphere
- Key Learning Concepts
- Atmospheric Composition, Temperature, and Function
- Atmospheric Profile
- Atmospheric Composition Criterion
- Heterosphere
- Homosphere
- Carbon Dioxide
- Atmospheric Temperature Criterion
- Thermosphere
- Mesosphere
- Stratosphere
- Troposphere
- Atmospheric Function Criterion
- Ionosphere
- Ozonosphere
- UV Index Helps Save Your Skin
- Pollutants in the Atmosphere
- Natural Sources of Air Pollution
- Anthropogenic Pollution
- Photochemical Smog
- Industrial Smog and Sulfur Oxides
- Particulates/Aerosols
- Natural Factors That Affect Pollutants
- Winds
- Local and Regional Landscapes
- Temperature Inversions
- Benefits of the Clean Air Act
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- 4 Atmosphere and Surface Energy Balances
- Key Learning Concepts
- Energy-Balance Essentials
- Energy and Heat
- Types of Heat
- Methods of Heat Transfer
- Energy Pathways and Principles
- Scattering and Diffuse Radiation
- Refraction
- Reflection and Albedo
- Absorption
- Clouds, Aerosols, and Atmospheric Albedo
- Energy Balance in the Troposphere
- The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Warming
- The “Greenhouse” Concept
- Clouds and Earth’s “Greenhouse”
- Earth–Atmosphere Energy Balance
- Summary of Inputs and Outputs
- Latitudinal Energy Imbalances
- Energy Balance at Earth’s Surface
- Daily Radiation Patterns
- A Simplified Surface Energy Budget
- Global and Seasonal Net Radiation
- Net Radiation Expenditure
- Two Sample Stations
- The Urban Environment
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- 5 Global Temperatures
- Key Learning Concepts
- Temperature Concepts and Measurement
- Temperature Scales
- Measuring Temperature
- Principal Temperature Controls
- Latitude
- Altitude and Elevation
- Cloud Cover
- Land–Water Heating Differences
- Evaporation
- Transparency
- Specific Heat
- Movement
- Ocean Currents and Sea-Surface Temperatures
- Examples of Marine Effects and Continental Effects
- Earth’s Temperature Patterns
- January and July Global Temperature Maps
- January and July Polar-Region Temperature Maps
- Annual Temperature Range Map
- Recent Temperature Trends and Human Response
- Record Temperatures and Greenhouse Warming
- Heat Stress and the Heat Index
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- 6 Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulations
- Key Learning Concepts
- Wind Essentials
- Air Pressure
- Pressure Relationships
- Air Pressure Measurement
- Wind: Description and Measurement
- Driving Forces within the Atmosphere
- Pressure Gradient Force
- Coriolis Force
- Coriolis Force Example
- Distribution and Significance
- Friction Force
- Summary of Physical Forces on Winds
- High- and Low-Pressure Systems
- Atmospheric Patterns of Motion
- Primary Pressure Areas and Associated Winds
- Equatorial Low or ITCZ: Warm and Rainy
- Trade Winds
- Subtropical Highs: Hot and Dry
- Westerlies
- Subpolar Lows: Cool and Moist
- Polar Highs: Frigid and Dry
- Upper Atmospheric Circulation
- Rossby Waves
- Jet Streams
- Monsoonal Winds
- The Asian Monsoon Pattern
- Human Influences on the Asian Monsoon
- Local Winds
- Oceanic Currents
- Surface Currents
- Examples of Gyre Circulation
- Equatorial Currents
- Upwelling and Downwelling Flows
- Thermohaline Circulation—The Deep Currents
- Natural Oscillations in Global Circulation
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation
- El Niño—ENSO’s Warm Phase
- La Niña—ENSO’s Cool Phase
- Global Effects Related to ENSO
- Pacific Decadal Oscillation
- North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- II The Water, Weather, and Climate Systems
- 7 Water and Atmospheric Moisture
- Key Learning Concepts
- Water’s Unique Properties
- Phase Changes and Heat Exchange
- Ice, the Solid Phase
- Water, the Liquid Phase
- Water Vapour, the Gas Phase
- Latent Heat Transfer under Natural Conditions
- Humidity
- Relative Humidity
- Saturation and Dew Point
- Daily and Seasonal Relative Humidity Patterns
- Specialized Expressions of Humidity
- Vapour Pressure
- Specific Humidity
- Instruments for Measuring Humidity
- Atmospheric Stability
- Adiabatic Processes
- Dry Adiabatic Rate
- Moist Adiabatic Rate
- Stable and Unstable Atmospheric Conditions
- Clouds and Fog
- Cloud Formation Processes
- Cloud Types and Identification
- Processes That Form Fog
- Radiation Fog
- Rime Fog
- Ice-Crystal Fog
- Advection Fog
- Evaporation Fog
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- 8 Weather
- Key Learning Concepts
- Air Masses
- Air Masses Affecting North America
- Air Mass Modification
- Atmospheric Lifting Mechanisms
- Convergent Lifting
- Convectional Lifting
- Orographic Lifting
- Frontal Lifting (Cold and Warm Fronts)
- Cold Front
- Warm Front
- Midlatitude Cyclonic Systems
- Life Cycle of a Midlatitude Cyclone
- Cyclogenesis
- Open Stage
- Occluded Stage
- Dissolving Stage
- Weather Maps and Forecasting
- Violent Weather
- Winter Storms and Blizzards
- Thunderstorms
- Turbulence and Wind Shear
- Supercells
- Lightning and Thunder
- Hail
- Damaging Winds
- Tornadoes
- Tornado Measurement
- Tornado Frequency
- Tropical Cyclones
- Storm Development
- Physical Structure
- Damage Potential
- Formation Areas and Storm Tracks
- Coastal Flooding from Hurricane Katrina
- Hurricane Juan
- An Avoidable Cycle
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- 9 Water Resources
- Key Learning Concepts
- Water on Earth
- Worldwide Equilibrium
- Distribution of Earth’s Water Today
- The Hydrologic Cycle
- Water in the Atmosphere
- Water at the Surface
- Water in the Subsurface
- Water Budgets and Resource Analysis
- Components of the Water Budget
- Water Supply: Precipitation
- Water Demand: Potential Evapotranspiration
- Water Storage: Soil Moisture
- Water Deficit and Surplus
- The Water-Budget Equation
- Sample Water Budgets
- Drought: The Water Deficit
- Surface Water Resources
- Snow and Ice
- Rivers and Lakes
- Effects of Climate Change on Lakes
- Hydroelectric Power
- Water Transfer Projects
- Wetlands
- Groundwater Resources
- The Groundwater Environment
- Aquifers and Wells
- Groundwater at the Surface
- Overuse of Groundwater
- Groundwater Mining
- Desalination
- Collapsing Aquifers
- Pollution of Groundwater
- Fracking
- Our Water Supply
- Water Supply in Canada
- Water Withdrawal and Consumption
- Future Considerations
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- 10 Global Climate Systems
- Key Learning Concepts
- Review of Earth’s Climate System
- Classifying Earth’s Climates
- Tropical Rain Forest Climates
- Tropical Monsoon Climates
- Tropical Savanna Climates
- Humid Subtropical Hot-Summer Climates
- Humid Subtropical Winter-Dry Climates
- Marine West Coast Climates
- Mediterranean Dry-Summer Climates
- Humid Continental Hot-Summer Climates
- Humid Continental Mild-Summer Climates
- Subarctic Climates
- Tundra Climates
- Ice-Cap and Ice-Sheet Climates
- Polar Marine Climates
- Characteristics of Dry Climates
- Tropical, Subtropical Hot Desert Climates
- Midlatitude Cold Desert Climates
- Tropical, Subtropical Hot Steppe Climates
- Midlatitude Cold Steppe Climates
- Climate Regions and Climate Change
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- 11 Climate Change
- Key Learning Concepts
- Population Growth and Fossil Fuels—The Setting for Climate Change
- Deciphering Past Climates
- Methods for Long-Term Climate Reconstruction
- Oxygen Isotope Analysis
- Ocean Sediment Cores
- Ice Cores
- Earth’s Long-Term Climate History
- Methods for Short-Term Climate Reconstruction
- Carbon Isotope Analysis
- Lake Cores
- Tree Rings
- Speleothems
- Corals
- Earth’s Short-Term Climate History
- Mechanisms of Natural Climate Fluctuation
- Solar Variability
- Earth’s Orbital Cycles
- Continental Position and Topography
- Atmospheric Gases and Aerosols
- Climate Feedbacks and the Carbon Budget
- Earth’s Carbon Budget
- Water Vapour Feedback
- Carbon–Climate Feedbacks
- CO2–Weathering Feedback
- Evidence for Present Climate Change
- Temperature
- Ice Melt
- Glacial Ice and Permafrost
- Sea Ice
- Sea-Level Rise
- Extreme Events
- Causes of Present Climate Change
- Contributions of Greenhouse Gases
- Carbon Dioxide
- Methane
- Nitrous Oxide
- Halogenated Gases
- Sources of Radiative Forcing
- Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases
- Comparison of RF Factors
- Scientific Consensus
- Climate Models and Forecasts
- Radiative Forcing Scenarios
- Future Temperature Scenarios
- Sea-Level Projections
- The Path Ahead
- Taking a Position on Climate Change
- Action Now Means “No Regrets”
- Mitigating Climate Change: What Can You Do?
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- III The Earth–Atmosphere Interface
- 12 The Dynamic Planet
- Key Learning Concepts
- The Pace of Change
- Earth’s Structure and Internal Energy
- Earth’s Core and Mantle
- Earth’s Crust
- The Asthenosphere and Lithosphere
- Adjustments in the Crust
- Earth’s Magnetism
- Earth Materials and the Rock Cycle
- Igneous Processes
- Igneous Environments
- Igneous Rock Classification
- Igneous Landforms
- Sedimentary Processes
- Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
- Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
- Metamorphic Processes
- The Rock Cycle
- Plate Tectonics
- Continental Drift
- Seafloor Spreading
- Magnetic Reversals
- Age of the Seafloor
- Subduction
- Plate Boundaries
- Earthquake and Volcanic Activity
- Hot Spots
- Hydrothermal Features
- Hot-Spot Island Chains
- The Geologic Cycle
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- 13 Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanism
- Key Learning Concepts
- Earth’s Surface Relief
- Studying Earth’s Topography
- Orders of Relief
- Earth’s Hypsometry
- Earth’s Topographic Regions
- Crustal Formation
- Continental Shields
- Building Continental Crust and Accretion of Terranes
- Crustal Deformation
- Folding and Broad Warping
- Faulting
- Types of Faults
- Faulted Landscapes
- Orogenesis (Mountain Building)
- Types of Orogenesis
- The Appalachian Mountains
- The Western Cordillera
- The Innuitian Mountains
- World Structural Regions
- Earthquakes
- Earthquake Anatomy
- Earthquake Intensity and Magnitude
- Fault Mechanics
- Earthquake Forecasting
- Earthquake Planning
- Volcanism
- Settings for Volcanic Activity
- Volcanic Materials
- Volcanic Landforms
- Effusive Eruptions
- Explosive Eruptions
- Mount St. Helens
- Mount Pinatubo
- Canadian Volcanoes
- Volcano Forecasting and Planning
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- 14 Weathering, Karst Landscapes, and Mass Movement
- Key Learning Concepts
- Landmass Denudation
- Dynamic Equilibrium Approach to Understanding Landforms
- Slopes
- Weathering Processes
- Factors Influencing Weathering Processes
- Physical Weathering Processes
- Frost Wedging
- Salt-Crystal Growth (Salt Weathering)
- Exfoliation
- Chemical Weathering Processes
- Hydration and Hydrolysis
- Oxidation
- Dissolution of Carbonates
- Karst Topography
- Formation of Karst
- Features of Karst Landscapes
- Sinkholes
- Karst Valleys
- Tropical Karst
- Caves and Caverns
- Mass-Movement Processes
- Mass-Movement Mechanics
- Slope Angle and Forces
- Conditions for Slope Failure
- Classes of Mass Movements
- Rockfalls and Debris Avalanches
- Landslides
- Flows
- Creep
- Humans as a Geomorphic Agent
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- 15 River Systems
- Key Learning Concepts
- Drainage Basins and Drainage Patterns
- Drainage Divides
- Drainage Basins as Open Systems
- International Drainage Basins
- Internal Drainage
- Drainage Patterns
- Basic Fluvial Concepts
- Gradient
- Base Level
- Stream Discharge
- Changes in Discharge with Distance Downstream
- Changes in Discharge over Time
- Measuring Discharge
- Fluvial Processes and Landforms
- Stream Channel Processes
- Sediment Load
- Sediment Transport during a Flood
- Effects of Dams on Sediment Transport
- Channel Patterns
- Multiple-Thread Channels
- Single-Thread Channels
- Graded Streams
- Tectonic Uplift
- Nickpoints
- Depositional Landforms
- Floodplains
- Stream Terraces
- Alluvial Fans
- River Deltas
- Fraser River Delta
- Mississippi River Delta
- Floods and River Management
- Humans and Floodplains
- Flood Protection
- Flood Probability
- Floodplain Management
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- 16 Oceans, Coastal Systems, and Wind Processes
- Key Learning Concepts
- Global Oceans and Seas
- Properties of Seawater
- Chemical Composition
- Average Salinity
- Physical Structure and Human Impacts
- Ocean Acidification
- Pollution
- Coastal System Components
- The Coastal Environment
- Sea Level
- Coastal System Actions
- Tides
- Causes of Tides
- Spring and Neap Tides
- Tidal Power
- Waves
- Wave Refraction
- Tsunami
- Coastal System Outputs
- Coastal Erosion
- Coastal Deposition
- Beaches
- Beach Protection
- Barrier Beaches and Islands
- Barrier Island Processes
- Development on Barrier Islands
- Coral Formations
- Coral Reefs
- Coral Bleaching
- Coastal Wetlands
- Wind Processes
- Eolian Transport of Dust and Sand
- Eolian Erosion
- Desert Pavement
- Eolian Deposition
- Dune Formation and Movement
- Coastal Dune Geomorphology
- Loess Deposits
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- 17 Glacial and Periglacial Landscapes
- Key Learning Concepts
- Snow into Ice—The Basis of Glaciers
- Properties of Snow
- Formation of Glacial Ice
- Types of Glaciers
- Alpine Glaciers
- Continental Ice Sheets
- Glacial Processes
- Glacial Mass Balance
- Glacial Movement
- Glacier Surges
- Glacial Erosion
- Glacial Landforms
- Erosional Landforms
- Glacial Valleys
- Fjords
- Depositional Landforms
- Moraines
- Till Plains
- Glacial Outwash
- Periglacial Landscapes
- Permafrost and Its Distribution
- Continuous and Discontinuous Zones
- Permafrost Behaviour
- Periglacial Processes
- Frost Action Processes
- Thermokarst Landscapes
- Hillslope Processes: Gelifluction and Solifluction
- Humans and Periglacial Landscapes
- The Pleistocene Epoch
- Ice-Age Landscapes
- Paleolakes
- Arctic and Antarctic Regions
- Recent Polar Region Changes
- Ice Sheet Darkening
- Meltponds and Supraglacial Lakes
- Ice Shelves
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- IV Soils, Ecosystems, and Biomes
- 18 The Geography of Soils
- Key Learning Concepts
- Soil-Formation Factors and Soil Profiles
- Natural Factors in Soil Development
- Soil Horizons
- O Horizon
- A Horizon
- Ae Horizon
- B Horizon
- C Horizon
- R Horizon
- Soil Characteristics
- Physical Properties
- Soil Colour
- Soil Texture
- Soil Structure
- Soil Consistence
- Soil Porosity
- Soil Moisture
- Chemical Properties
- Soil Colloids and Mineral Ions
- Soil Acidity and Alkalinity
- Human Impacts on Soils
- Soil Erosion
- The Dust Bowl
- Erosion Rates and Costs
- Desertification
- Soil Classification
- Diagnostic Soil Horizons
- Pedogenic Regimes
- The Canadian System of Soil Classification (CSSC)
- Categories of Classification in the CSSC
- Soil Horizons in the CSSC
- The 10 Soil Orders of the CSSC
- Brunisolic Order
- Chernozemic Order
- Cryosolic Order
- Gleysolic Order
- Luvisolic Order
- Organic Order
- Podzolic Order
- Regosolic Order
- Solonetzic Order
- Vertisolic Order
- CSSC and Worldwide Soil Taxonomy
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- 19 Ecosystem Essentials
- Key Learning Concepts
- Energy Flows and Nutrient Cycles
- Converting Energy to Biomass
- Photosynthesis and Respiration
- Net Primary Productivity
- Elemental Cycles
- Oxygen and Carbon Cycles
- Nitrogen Cycle
- Dead Zones
- Energy Pathways
- Trophic Relationships
- Energy Pyramids
- Food Web Efficiency
- Biological Amplification
- Communities and Species Distributions
- The Niche Concept
- Species Interactions
- Abiotic Influences
- Limiting Factors
- Disturbance and Succession
- Terrestrial Succession
- Aquatic Succession
- Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecosystem Stability
- Biological Evolution Delivers Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Fosters Ecosystem Stability
- Stability and Resilience
- Agricultural Ecosystems
- Biodiversity on the Decline
- Threatened Species—Examples
- Relating Systems Analysis to Species Extinction
- Species and Ecosystem Restoration
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- 20 Terrestrial Biomes
- Key Learning Concepts
- Biogeographic Divisions
- Biogeographic Realms
- Biomes
- Vegetation Types
- Ecotones
- Invasive Species
- Earth’s Terrestrial Biomes
- Tropical Rain Forest
- Rainforest Flora and Fauna
- Deforestation of the Tropics
- Tropical Seasonal Forest and Scrub
- Tropical Savanna
- Midlatitude Broadleaf and Mixed Forest
- Boreal and Montane Forest
- Temperate Rain Forest
- Mediterranean Shrubland
- Midlatitude Grasslands
- Deserts
- Arctic and Alpine Tundra
- Conservation, Management, and Human Biomes
- Island Biogeography for Species Preservation
- Aquatic Ecosystem Management
- Anthropogenic Biomes
- Key Learning Concepts Review
- A Maps in This Text and Topographic Maps
- Maps Used in This Text
- Mapping and Topographic Maps
- Topographic Maps
- B The 12 Soil Orders of the U.S. Soil Taxonomy
- Diagnostic Soil Horizons
- The 12 Soil Orders of the Soil Taxonomy
- C The Köppen Climate Classification System
- Köppen’s Climatic Designations
- Köppen Guidelines
- D Common Conversions
- E Map Projections and Topographic Maps
- Glossary
- Index
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