This is completed downloadable of Test Bank for Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues 8th Edition
Product Details:
- ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0134154002
- ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0134154008
- Author: Michael Johnson (Author)
Through his teaching, his textbook, and his online blog, award-winning teacher Michael D. Johnson sparks interest in human biology by connecting basic biology to real-world issues that are relevant to your life. Using a storytelling approach and extensive online support, Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues Eighth Edition not only demystifies how the human body works but also drives you to become a better, more discerning consumer of health and science information. Each chapter opens with Johnson’s popular “Current Issues” essays, and within each chapter, “BlogInFocus” references direct readers to his frequently-updated blog for breaking human biology-related news.
Table of Content:
- Chapter 1 Human Biology, Science, and Society
- Key Concepts
- 1.1 The Characteristics of Life
- 1.2 How Humans Fit into the Natural World
- Living Things Are Grouped According to Their Characteristics
- The Defining Features of Humans
- Human Biology Can Be Studied on Any Level of Biological Organization
- 1.3 Science Is Both a Body of Knowledge and a Process
- The Scientific Method Is a Process for Testing Ideas
- Observe and Generalize
- Formulate a Hypothesis
- Make a Testable Prediction
- Experiment or Observe
- Modify the Hypothesis as Necessary and Repeat Steps 3 and 4
- Designing and Conducting the Experiment
- Making the Findings Known
- A Well-Tested Hypothesis Becomes a Theory
- 1.4 Sources of Scientific Information Vary in Style and Quality
- 1.5 Learning to be a Critical Thinker
- Become a Skeptic
- Learn How to Read Graphs
- Appreciate the Value of Statistics
- Distinguish Anecdotes from Scientific Evidence
- Separate Facts from Conclusions
- Understand the Difference between Correlation and Causation
- 1.6 The Role of Science in Society
- Science Improves Technology and the Human Physical Condition
- Science has Limits
- The Importance of Making Informed Choices
- Chapter Summary
- 1.1 The Characteristics of Life p. 4
- 1.2 How Humans Fit into the Natural World p. 6
- 1.3 Science Is Both a Body of Knowledge and a Process p. 10
- 1.4 Sources of Scientific Information Vary in Style and Quality p. 14
- 1.5 Learning to Be a Critical Thinker p. 14
- 1.6 The Role of Science in Society p. 17
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Living Things
- Key Concepts
- 2.1 All Matter Consists of Elements
- Atoms are the Smallest Functional Units of an Element
- Isotopes Have a Different Number of Neutrons
- Free Radicals Have Unpaired Electrons
- 2.2 Atoms Combine to Form Molecules
- Energy Fuels Life’s Activities
- Chemical Bonds Link Atoms to Form Molecules
- Covalent Bonds Involve Sharing Electrons
- Ionic Bonds Occur Between Oppositely Charged Ions
- Weak Hydrogen Bonds Form Between Polar Molecules
- Living Organisms Contain Only Certain Elements
- 2.3 Life Depends on Water
- Water Is the Biological Solvent
- Water Is a Liquid at Body Temperature
- Water Helps Regulate Body Temperature
- Water Participates in Chemical Reactions
- 2.4 The Importance of Hydrogen Ions
- Acids Donate Hydrogen Ions, Bases Accept Them
- The pH Scale Expresses Hydrogen Ion Concentration
- Buffers Minimize Changes in pH
- 2.5 The Organic Molecules of Living Organisms
- Carbon Is the Common Building Block of Organic Molecules
- Macromolecules are Synthesized and Broken Down within the Cell
- 2.6 Carbohydrates: Used for Energy and Structural Support
- Monosaccharides Are Simple Sugars
- Oligosaccharides: More than One Monosaccharide Linked Together
- Polysaccharides Store Energy
- 2.7 Lipids: Insoluble in Water
- Triglycerides Are Energy-Storage Molecules
- Phospholipids Are the Primary Component of Cell Membranes
- Steroids Are Composed of Four Rings
- 2.8 Proteins: Complex Structures Constructed of Amino Acids
- Protein Function Depends on Structure
- Enzymes Facilitate Biochemical Reactions
- 2.9 Nucleic Acids Store Genetic Information
- 2.10 ATP Carries Energy
- Chapter Summary
- 2.1 All Matter Consists of Elements p. 24
- 2.2 Atoms Combine to Form Molecules p. 26
- 2.3 Life Depends on Water p. 29
- 2.4 The Importance of Hydrogen Ions p. 31
- 2.5 The Organic Molecules of Living Organisms p. 33
- 2.6 Carbohydrates: Used for Energy and Structural Support p. 35
- 2.7 Lipids: Insoluble in Water p. 36
- 2.8 Proteins: Complex Structures Constructed of Amino Acids p. 38
- 2.9 Nucleic Acids Store Genetic Information p. 42
- 2.10 ATP Carries Energy p. 43
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 3 Structure and Function of Cells
- Key Concepts
- 3.1 Cells Are Classified According to Their Internal Organization
- Eukaryotes Have a Nucleus, Cytoplasm, and Organelles
- Prokaryotes Lack a Nucleus and Organelles
- 3.2 Cell Structure Reflects Cell Function
- Cells Remain Small to Stay Efficient
- Visualizing Cells with Microscopes
- Light Microscope (LM)
- Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
- 3.3 Internal Structures Carry out Specific Functions
- The Nucleus Controls the Cell
- Ribosomes Are Responsible for Protein Synthesis
- The Endoplasmic Reticulum Is the Manufacturing Center
- The Golgi Apparatus Refines, Packages, and Ships
- Vesicles: Membrane-Bound Storage and Shipping Containers
- Vesicles That Ship and Store Cellular Products
- Secretory Vesicles
- Endocytotic Vesicles
- Peroxisomes and Lysosomes
- Mitochondria Provide Energy
- Fat and Glycogen: Sources of Energy
- 3.4 Cells Have Structures for Support and Movement
- The Cytoskeleton Supports the Cell
- Cilia and Flagella Are Specialized for Movement
- Centrioles Are Involved in Cell Division
- 3.5 A Plasma Membrane Surrounds the Cell
- The Plasma Membrane Is a Lipid Bilayer
- 3.6 Molecules Cross the Plasma Membrane in Several Ways
- Passive Transport: Principles of Diffusion and Osmosis
- Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Passive Transport Moves with the Concentration Gradient
- Diffusion through the Lipid Bilayer
- Diffusion through Channels
- Facilitated Transport
- Active Transport Requires Energy
- Endocytosis and Exocytosis Move Materials in Bulk
- Information Can Be Transferred across the Plasma Membrane
- The Sodium-Potassium Pump Helps Maintain Cell Volume
- Isotonic Extracellular Fluid Also Maintains Cell Volume
- 3.7 Cells Use and Transform Matter and Energy
- Glucose Provides the Cell with Energy
- Glycolysis: Glucose Is Split into Two Pyruvate Molecules
- Aerobic Respiration Uses Oxygen
- The Preparatory Step: Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl Coa
- The Citric Acid Cycle Harvests Energy
- The Electron Transport System Produces ATP
- Summary of Energy Production from Glucose
- Fats and Proteins Are Additional Energy Sources
- Anaerobic Pathways Make Energy Available without Oxygen
- Chapter Summary
- 3.1 Cells Are Classified According to Their Internal Organization p. 49
- 3.2 Cell Structure Reflects Cell Function p. 50
- 3.3 Internal Structures Carry Out Specific Functions p. 52
- 3.4 Cells Have Structures for Support and Movement p. 57
- 3.5 A Plasma Membrane Surrounds the Cell p. 58
- 3.6 Molecules Cross the Plasma Membrane in Several Ways p. 59
- 3.7 Cells Use and Transform Matter and Energy p. 66
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 4 From Cells to Organ Systems
- Key Concepts
- 4.1 Tissues Are Groups of Cells with a Common Function
- 4.2 Epithelial Tissues Cover Body Surfaces and Cavities
- Epithelial Tissues Are Classified According to Cell Shape
- The Basement Membrane Provides Structural Support
- 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Connects Body Parts
- Fibrous Connective Tissues Provide Strength and Elasticity
- Specialized Connective Tissues Serve Special Functions
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Blood
- Adipose Tissue
- 4.4 Muscle Tissues Contract to Produce Movement
- Skeletal Muscles Move Body Parts
- Cardiac Muscle Cells Activate Each Other
- Smooth Muscle Surrounds Hollow Structures
- 4.5 Nervous Tissue Transmits Impulses
- 4.6 Organs and Organ Systems Perform Complex Functions
- The Human Body Is Organized by Organ Systems
- Tissue Membranes Line Body Cavities
- Describing Body Position or Direction
- 4.7 The Skin as an Organ System
- Skin has Many Functions
- Skin Consists of Epidermis and Dermis
- Epidermal Cells Are Replaced Constantly
- Fibers in Dermis Provide Strength and Elasticity
- 4.8 Multicellular Organisms Must Maintain Homeostasis
- Homeostasis Is Maintained by Negative Feedback
- Negative Feedback Helps Maintain Core Body Temperature
- Positive Feedback Amplifies Events
- Chapter Summary
- 4.1 Tissues Are Groups of Cells with a Common Function p. 79
- 4.2 Epithelial Tissues Cover Body Surfaces and Cavities p. 79
- 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Connects Body Parts p. 82
- 4.4 Muscle Tissues Contract to Produce Movement p. 86
- 4.5 Nervous Tissue Transmits Impulses p. 87
- 4.6 Organs and Organ Systems Perform Complex Functions p. 87
- 4.7 The Skin as an Organ System p. 91
- 4.8 Multicellular Organisms Must Maintain Homeostasis p. 94
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 5 The Skeletal System
- Key Concepts
- 5.1 The Skeletal System Consists of Connective Tissue
- Bones Are the Hard Elements of the Skeleton
- Bone Contains Living Cells
- Ligaments Hold Bones Together
- Cartilage Lends Support
- 5.2 Bones Develop from Cartilage
- 5.3 Mature Bone Undergoes Remodeling and Repair
- Bones Can Change in Shape, Size, and Strength
- Bone Cells Are Regulated by Hormones
- Bones Undergo Repair
- 5.4 Bones Fit Together to Form the Skeleton
- The Axial Skeleton Forms the Midline of the Body
- The Skull: Cranial and Facial Bones
- The Hyoid Bone
- The Vertebral Column: The Body’s Main Axis
- The Ribs and Sternum: Protecting the Chest Cavity
- The Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle, Pelvic Girdle, and Limbs
- The Pectoral Girdle Lends Flexibility to the Upper Limbs
- The Pelvic Girdle Supports the Body
- 5.5 Joints Form Connections between Bones
- Joints Vary from Immovable to Freely Movable
- Ligaments, Tendons, and Muscles Strengthen and Stabilize Joints
- 5.6 Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System
- Osteoporosis Is Caused by Excessive Bone Loss
- Sprains Mean Damage to Ligaments
- Bursitis and Tendinitis Are Caused by Inflammation
- Arthritis Is Inflammation of Joints
- Chapter Summary
- 5.1 The Skeletal System Consists of Connective Tissue p. 101
- 5.2 Bones Develop from Cartilage p. 103
- 5.3 Mature Bone Undergoes Remodeling and Repair p. 104
- 5.4 Bones Fit together to Form the Skeleton p. 106
- 5.5 Joints Form Connections between Bones p. 112
- 5.6 Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System p. 115
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 6 The Muscular System
- Key Concepts
- 6.1 Muscles Produce Movement or Generate Tension
- The Fundamental Activity of Muscle Is Contraction
- Skeletal Muscles Cause Bones to Move
- A Muscle Is Composed of Many Muscle Cells
- The Contractile Unit Is a Sarcomere
- 6.2 Individual Muscle Cells Contract and Relax
- Nerves Activate Skeletal Muscles
- Activation Releases Calcium
- Calcium Initiates the Sliding Filament Mechanism
- When Nerve Activation Ends, Contraction Ends
- Muscles Require Energy to Contract and to Relax
- Producing and Storing Energy within Muscle
- 6.3 Muscles Vary in Movement, Force, and Endurance
- Isotonic versus Isometric Contractions: Movement versus Static Position
- The Degree of Nerve Activation Influences Force
- Slow-Twitch versus Fast-Twitch Fibers: Endurance versus Strength
- Exercise Training Improves Muscle Mass, Strength, and Endurance
- 6.4 Cardiac and Smooth Muscles Have Special Features
- How Cardiac and Smooth Muscles Are Activated
- Arrangement of Myosin and Actin Filaments
- Speed and Sustainability of Contraction
- 6.5 Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular System
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Tetanus
- Muscle Cramps
- Pulled Muscles
- Fasciitis
- Chapter Summary
- 6.1 Muscles Produce Movement or Generate Tension p. 122
- 6.2 Individual Muscle Cells Contract and Relax p. 126
- 6.3 Muscles Vary in Movement, Force, and Endurance p. 130
- 6.4 Cardiac and Smooth Muscles Have Special Features p. 134
- 6.5 Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular System p. 136
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 7 Blood
- Key Concepts
- 7.1 The Composition and Functions of Blood
- Plasma Consists of Water and Dissolved Solutes
- Red Blood Cells Transport Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
- Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Reflect Oxygen-Carrying Capacity
- All Blood Cells and Platelets Originate from Stem Cells
- Rbcs Have a Short Life Span
- RBC Production Is Regulated by a Hormone
- White Blood Cells Defend the Body
- Granular Leukocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils
- Agranular Leukocytes: Monocytes and Lymphocytes
- Platelets Are Essential for Blood Clotting
- 7.2 Hemostasis: Stopping Blood Loss
- Vascular Spasms Constrict Blood Vessels to Reduce Blood Flow
- Platelets Stick Together to Seal a Ruptured Vessel
- A Blood Clot Forms around the Platelet Plug
- 7.3 Human Blood Types
- ABO Blood Typing Is Based on A and B Antigens
- Rh Blood Typing Is Based on Rh Factor
- Blood Typing and Cross-Matching Ensure Blood Compatibility
- New Tests Make Transfused Blood Safer
- 7.4 Blood Substitutes
- 7.5 Blood Disorders
- Mononucleosis: Contagious Viral Infection of Lymphocytes
- Blood Poisoning: Bacterial Infection of Blood
- Anemia: Reduction in Blood’s Oxygen-Carrying Capacity
- Leukemia: Uncontrolled Production of White Blood Cells
- Multiple Myeloma: Uncontrolled Production of Plasma Cells
- Thrombocytopenia: Reduction in Platelet Number
- Chapter Summary
- 7.1 The Composition and Functions of Blood p. 142
- 7.2 Hemostasis: Stopping Blood Loss p. 148
- 7.3 Human Blood Types p. 150
- 7.4 Blood Substitutes p. 153
- 7.5 Blood Disorders p. 154
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 8 Heart and Blood Vessels
- Key Concepts
- 8.1 Blood Vessels Transport Blood
- Arteries Transport Blood Away from the Heart
- Arterioles and Precapillary Sphincters Regulate Blood Flow
- Capillaries: Where Blood Exchanges Substances with Tissues
- The Lymphatic System Helps Maintain Blood Volume
- Veins Return Blood to the Heart
- Skeletal Muscles Squeeze Veins
- One-Way Valves Permit Only One-Way Blood Flow
- Pressures Associated with Breathing Push Blood Toward the Heart
- 8.2 The Heart Pumps Blood through the Vessels
- The Heart Is Mostly Muscle
- The Heart Has Four Chambers and Four Valves
- The Pattern of Blood Flow Through the Cardiovascular System
- Arteries and Veins of the Human Body
- The Cardiac Cycle: The Heart Contracts and Relaxes
- Heart Sounds Reflect Closing Heart Valves
- The Cardiac Conduction System Coordinates Contraction
- Electrocardiogram Records the Heart’s Electrical Activity
- 8.3 Blood Exerts Pressure Against Vessel Walls
- Measuring Blood Pressure
- Hypertension: High Blood Pressure Can Be Dangerous
- Hypotension: When Blood Pressure Is Too Low
- 8.4 How the Cardiovascular System Is Regulated
- Baroreceptors Maintain Arterial Blood Pressure
- Local Requirements Dictate Local Blood Flows
- Exercise: Increased Blood Flow and Cardiac Output
- 8.5 Cardiovascular Disorders: A Major Health Issue
- Angina: Chest Pain Warns of Impaired Blood Flow
- Heart Attack: Permanent Damage to Heart Tissue
- Heart Failure: The Heart Becomes Less Efficient
- Embolism: Blockage of a Blood Vessel
- Stroke: Damage to Blood Vessels in the Brain
- 8.6 Replacing a Failing Heart
- 8.7 Reducing Your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
- Chapter Summary
- 8.1 Blood Vessels Transport Blood p. 161
- 8.2 The Heart Pumps Blood through the Vessels p. 166
- 8.3 Blood Exerts Pressure against Vessel Walls p. 174
- 8.4 How the Cardiovascular System Is Regulated p. 177
- 8.5 Cardiovascular Disorders: a Major Health Issue p. 179
- 8.6 Replacing a Failing Heart p. 182
- 8.7 Reducing Your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease p. 183
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 9 The Immune System and Mechanisms of Defense
- Key Concepts
- 9.1 Pathogens Cause Disease
- Bacteria: Single-Celled Living Organisms
- Viruses: Tiny Infectious Agents
- Prions: Infectious Proteins
- Transmissibility, Mode of Transmission, and Virulence Determine Health Risk
- 9.2 The Lymphatic System Defends the Body
- Lymphatic Vessels Transport Lymph
- Lymph Nodes Cleanse the Lymph
- The Spleen Cleanses Blood
- Thymus Gland Hormones Cause T Lymphocytes to Mature
- Tonsils Protect the Throat
- 9.3 Keeping Pathogens Out: The First Line of Defense
- Skin: An Effective Deterrent
- Impeding Pathogen Entry in Areas Not Covered by Skin
- Tears, Saliva, and Earwax
- Mucus
- Digestive and Vaginal Acids
- Vomiting, Urination, and Defecation
- Resident Bacteria
- 9.4 Nonspecific Defenses: The Second Line of Defense
- The Complement System Assists Other Defense Mechanisms
- Phagocytes Engulf Foreign Cells
- Inflammation: Redness, Warmth, Swelling, and Pain
- Natural Killer Cells Target Tumors and Virus-Infected Cells
- Interferons Interfere with Viral Reproduction
- Fever Raises Body Temperature
- 9.5 Specific Defense Mechanisms: The Third Line of Defense
- The Immune System Targets Antigens
- Lymphocytes Are Central to Specific Defenses
- B Cells: Antibody-Mediated Immunity
- The Five Classes of Antibodies
- An Antibody’s Structure Enables It to Bind to a Specific Antigen
- T Cells: Cell-Mediated Immunity
- Macrophages and B Cells Activate T Cells
- Helper T Cells Stimulate Other Immune Cells
- Cytotoxic T Cells Kill Abnormal and Foreign Cells
- Memory T Cells Reactivate during Later Exposures
- 9.6 Immune Memory Creates Immunity
- 9.7 Medical Assistance in the War against Pathogens
- Active Immunization: An Effective Weapon Against Pathogens
- Passive Immunization Can Help Against Existing or Anticipated Infections
- Monoclonal Antibodies: Laboratory-Created for Commercial Use
- Antibiotics Combat Bacteria
- 9.8 Tissue Rejection: A Medical Challenge
- 9.9 Inappropriate Immune System Activity Causes Health Problems
- Allergies: A Hypersensitive Immune System
- Autoimmune Disorders: Defective Recognition of Self
- Lupus Erythematosus: Inflamed Connective Tissue
- Rheumatoid Arthritis: Inflamed Synovial Membranes
- 9.10 Immune Deficiency: The Special Case of AIDS
- HIV Targets Helper T Cells of the Immune System
- HIV Is Transmitted in Body Fluids
- AIDS Develops Slowly
- Phase I
- Phase II
- Phase III
- The AIDS Epidemic: A Global Health Issue
- Risky Behaviors Increase Your Chances of Getting AIDS
- Making Sex Safer
- New Treatments Offer Hope
- Chapter Summary
- 9.1 Pathogens Cause Disease p. 190
- 9.2 The Lymphatic System Defends the Body p. 192
- 9.3 Keeping Pathogens Out: The First Line of Defense p. 195
- 9.4 Nonspecific Defenses: The Second Line of Defense p. 196
- 9.5 Specific Defense Mechanisms: The Third Line of Defense p. 199
- 9.6 Immune Memory Creates Immunity p. 205
- 9.7 Medical Assistance in the War against Pathogens p. 207
- 9.8 Tissue Rejection: A Medical Challenge p. 209
- 9.9 Inappropriate Immune System Activity Causes Health Problems p. 209
- 9.10 Immune Deficiency: The Special Case of AIDS p. 212
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 10 The Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases
- Key Concepts
- 10.1 Respiration Takes Place Throughout the Body
- 10.2 The Respiratory System Consists of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts
- The Upper Respiratory Tract Filters, Warms, and Humidifies Air
- The Lower Respiratory Tract Exchanges Gases
- The Larynx Produces Sound
- The Trachea Transports Air
- Bronchi Branch into the Lungs
- The Lungs Are Organs of Gas Exchange
- Gas Exchange Occurs in Alveoli
- Pulmonary Capillaries Bring Blood and Air into Close Contact
- 10.3 The Process of Breathing Involves a Pressure Gradient
- Inspiration Brings in Air, Expiration Expels It
- Lung Volumes and Vital Capacity Measure Lung Function
- 10.4 Gas Exchange and Transport Occur Passively
- Gases Diffuse According to Their Partial Pressures
- External Respiration: The Exchange of Gases Between Air and Blood
- Internal Respiration: The Exchange of Gases with Tissue Fluids
- Hemoglobin Transports Most Oxygen Molecules
- Most Co2 Is Transported in Plasma as Bicarbonate
- 10.5 The Nervous System Regulates Breathing
- A Respiratory Center Establishes Rhythm of Breathing
- Chemical Receptors Monitor Co2, H+, and O2 Levels
- We Can Exert Some Conscious Control
- 10.6 Disorders of the Respiratory System
- Reduced Air Flow or Gas Exchange Impedes Respiratory Function
- Microorganisms Can Cause Respiratory Disorders
- Colds and the Flu
- Pneumonia
- Botulism
- Lung Cancer Is Caused by Proliferation of Abnormal Cells
- Exposure to Asbestos Can Lead to Mesothelioma
- Pneumothorax and Atelectasis: A Failure of Gas Exchange
- Congestive Heart Failure Impairs Lung Function
- Chapter Summary
- 10.1 Respiration Takes Place Throughout the Body p. 221
- 10.2 The Respiratory System Consists of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts p. 222
- 10.3 The Process of Breathing Involves a Pressure Gradient p. 228
- 10.4 Gas Exchange and Transport Occur Passively p. 230
- 10.5 The Nervous System Regulates Breathing p. 233
- 10.6 Disorders of the Respiratory System p. 235
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 11 The Nervous System: Integration and Control
- Key Concepts
- 11.1 The Nervous System Has Two Principal Parts
- 11.2 Neurons Are the Communication Cells of the Nervous System
- 11.3 Neurons Initiate Action Potentials
- Sodium-Potassium Pump Maintains Resting Potential
- Graded Potentials Can Initiate an Action Potential
- Action Potentials Are All-Or-None and Self-Propagating
- 11.4 Neuroglial Cells Support and Protect Neurons
- 11.5 Information Is Transferred from a Neuron to Its Target
- Neurotransmitter Is Released
- Neurotransmitters Exert Excitatory or Inhibitory Effects
- Postsynaptic Neurons Integrate and Process Information
- 11.6 The PNS Relays Information Between Tissues and the CNS
- Nerves Carry Signals to and from the CNS
- Sensory Neurons Provide Information to the CNS
- The Somatic Division Controls Skeletal Muscles
- The Autonomic Division Controls Automatic Body Functions
- The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions Oppose Each Other
- The Sympathetic Division Arouses the Body
- The Parasympathetic Division Predominates during Relaxation
- The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions Work Antagonistically to Maintain Homeostasis
- 11.7 The Brain and Spinal Cord Constitute the Cns
- Bone, Meninges, and the Blood-Brain Barrier Protect the CNS
- The Spinal Cord Relays Information
- 11.8 The Brain Processes and Acts on Information
- The Hindbrain: Movement and Automatic Functions
- The Medulla Oblongata Controls Automatic Functions
- The Cerebellum Coordinates Basic Movements
- The Pons AIDS Information Flow
- The Midbrain: Vision, Hearing, and Sleep/Wakefulness
- The Forebrain: Emotions and Conscious Thought
- The Hypothalamus and Thalamus Maintain Homeostasis and Process Information
- The Limbic System Is Involved in Emotions
- The Cerebrum Deals with Higher Functions
- 11.9 Memory Involves Storing and Retrieving Information
- 11.10 Psychoactive Drugs Affect Higher Brain Functions
- 11.11 Disorders of the Nervous System
- Trauma
- Concussion Disrupts Electrical Activity
- Spinal Cord Injuries Impair Sensation and Function
- Infections
- Encephalitis: Inflammation of the Brain
- Meningitis: Inflammation of the Meninges
- Rabies: Infectious Viral Disease
- Brain Tumors: Abnormal Growths
- Disorders of Neural and Synaptic Transmission
- Epilepsy: Recurring Episodes of Abnormal Electrical Activity
- Alzheimer’s Disease: A Buildup of Abnormal Proteins
- Parkinson’s Disease: Loss of Dopamine-Releasing Neurons
- Chapter Summary
- 11.1 The Nervous System Has Two Principal Parts p. 245
- 11.2 Neurons Are the Communication Cells of the Nervous System p. 246
- 11.3 Neurons Initiate Action Potentials p. 247
- 11.4 Neuroglial Cells Support and Protect Neurons p. 251
- 11.5 Information Is Transferred from a Neuron to Its Target p. 252
- 11.6 The PNS Relays Information Between Tissues and the CNS p. 254
- 11.7 The Brain and Spinal Cord Constitute the CNS p. 259
- 11.8 The Brain Processes and Acts on Information p. 261
- 11.9 Memory Involves Storing and Retrieving Information p. 265
- 11.10 Psychoactive Drugs Affect Higher Brain Functions p. 265
- 11.11 Disorders of the Nervous System p. 266
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 12 Sensory Mechanisms
- Key Concepts
- 12.1 Receptors Receive and Convert Stimuli
- Receptors Are Classified According to Stimulus
- The CNS Interprets Nerve Impulses Based on Origin and Frequency
- Some Receptors Adapt to Continuing Stimuli
- Somatic Sensations and Special Senses Provide Sensory Information
- 12.2 Somatic Sensations Arise from Receptors Throughout the Body
- The Skin Contains a Variety of Sensory Receptors
- Mechanoreceptors Indicate Limb Position, Muscle Length, and Tension
- Thermoreceptors Detect Temperature
- Pain Receptors Signal Discomfort
- 12.3 Taste and Smell Depend on Chemoreceptors
- Taste: Chemoreceptors Bind with Dissolved Substances
- Smell: Chemoreceptors Bind with Odorants
- 12.4 Hearing: Mechanoreceptors Detect Sound Waves
- The Outer Ear Channels Sound Waves
- The Middle Ear Amplifies Sound
- The Inner Ear Sorts and Converts Sounds
- 12.5 The Inner Ear Plays an Essential Role in Balance
- Sensing Rotational Movement
- Sensing Head Position and Acceleration
- 12.6 Vision: Detecting and Interpreting Visual Stimuli
- Structure of the Eye
- Regulating the Amount of Light and Focusing the Image
- Eyeball Shape Affects Focus
- Light Is Converted into Action Potentials
- Rods and Cones Respond to Light
- Rods Provide Vision in Dim Light
- Cones Provide Color Vision and Accurate Images
- Visual Receptors Adapt
- 12.7 Disorders of Sensory Mechanisms
- Chapter Summary
- 12.1 Receptors Receive and Convert Stimuli p. 276
- 12.2 Somatic Sensations Arise from Receptors Throughout the Body p. 278
- 12.3 Taste and Smell Depend on Chemoreceptors p. 281
- 12.4 Hearing: Mechanoreceptors Detect Sound Waves p. 283
- 12.5 The Inner Ear Plays an Essential Role in Balance p. 286
- 12.6 Vision: Detecting and Interpreting Visual Stimuli p. 288
- 12.7 Disorders of Sensory Mechanisms p. 293
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 13 The Endocrine System
- Key Concepts
- 13.1 The Endocrine System Produces Hormones
- 13.2 Hormones Are Classified as Steroid or Nonsteroid
- Steroid Hormones Enter Target Cells
- Nonsteroid Hormones Bind to Receptors on Target Cell Membranes
- Some Hormones Participate in Negative Feedback Loops
- 13.3 The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
- The Posterior Pituitary Stores ADH and Oxytocin
- Adh Regulates Water Balance
- Oxytocin Causes Uterine Contractions and Milk Ejection
- The Anterior Pituitary Produces Six Key Hormones
- Acth Stimulates the Adrenal Cortex
- TSH Acts on the Thyroid Gland
- FSH and LH Stimulate the Reproductive Organs
- Prolactin (PRL): Mammary Glands and Milk Production
- Growth Hormone (GH): Widespread Effects on Growth
- Pituitary Disorders: Hypersecretion or Hyposecretion
- 13.4 The Pancreas Secretes Glucagon, Insulin, and Somatostatin
- 13.5 The Adrenal Glands Comprise the Cortex and Medulla
- The Adrenal Cortex: Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids
- Glucocorticoids: Cortisol
- Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone
- The Adrenal Medulla: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
- 13.6 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
- The Thyroid Gland: Thyroxine Speeds Cellular Metabolism
- Iodine Deficiency Can Cause Goiter
- Calcitonin Promotes Bone Growth
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Controls Blood Calcium Levels
- 13.7 Testes and Ovaries Produce Sex Hormones
- Testes Produce Testosterone
- Ovaries Produce Estrogen and Progesterone
- 13.8 Other Glands and Organs Also Secrete Hormones
- Thymus Gland Hormones Aid the Immune System
- The Pineal Gland Secretes Melatonin
- Endocrine Functions of the Heart, the Digestive System, and the Kidneys
- 13.9 Other Chemical Messengers
- Histamine Is Important in Inflammation
- Prostaglandins: Local Control of Blood Flow
- Nitric Oxide Has Multiple Functions
- Growth Factors Regulate Tissue Growth
- 13.10 Disorders of the Endocrine System
- Diabetes Mellitus: Inadequate Control of Blood Sugar
- Hypothyroidism: Underactive Thyroid Gland
- Hyperthyroidism: Overactive Thyroid Gland
- Addison’s Disease: Too Little Cortisol and Aldosterone
- Cushing’s Syndrome: Too Much Cortisol
- Hypogonadism: Too Little Testosterone
- Chapter Summary
- 13.1 The Endocrine System Produces Hormones p. 300
- 13.2 Hormones Are Classified as Steroid or Nonsteroid p. 302
- 13.3 The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland p. 304
- 13.4 The Pancreas Secretes Glucagon, Insulin, and Somatostatin p. 309
- 13.5 The Adrenal Glands Comprise the Cortex and Medulla p. 310
- 13.6 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands p. 311
- 13.7 Testes and Ovaries Produce Sex Hormones p. 314
- 13.8 Other Glands and Organs Also Secrete Hormones p. 314
- 13.9 Other chemical messengers p. 316
- 13.10 Disorders of the Endocrine System p. 317
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 14 The Digestive System and Nutrition
- Key Concepts
- 14.1 The Digestive System Brings Nutrients into the Body
- The Walls of the Gi Tract Are Composed of Four Layers
- Five Basic Processes Accomplish Digestive System Function
- Two Types of Motility Aid Digestive Processes
- 14.2 The Mouth Processes Food for Swallowing
- Teeth Bite and Chew Food
- The Tongue Positions and Tastes Food
- Saliva Begins the Process of Digestion
- 14.3 The Pharynx and Esophagus Deliver Food to the Stomach
- 14.4 The Stomach Stores Food, Digests Protein, and Regulates Delivery
- Gastric Juice Breaks Down Proteins
- Stomach Contractions Mix Food and Push It Forward
- 14.5 The Small Intestine Digests Food and Absorbs Nutrients and Water
- 14.6 Accessory Organs Aid Digestion and Absorption
- The Pancreas Secretes Enzymes and NaHCO3
- The Liver Produces Bile and Performs Many Other Functions
- The Gallbladder Stores Bile until Needed
- 14.7 The Large Intestine Absorbs Nutrients and Eliminates Wastes
- 14.8 How Nutrients Are Absorbed
- Proteins and Carbohydrates Are Digested, Then Absorbed
- Lipids Are Broken Down, Then Reassembled
- Water Is Absorbed by Osmosis
- Vitamins and Minerals Follow a Variety of Paths
- 14.9 Nerves and Hormones Regulate Digestion
- 14.10 Nutrition: You Are What You Eat
- ChooseMyPlate.Gov Offers a Personalized Approach
- Carbohydrates: A Major Energy Source
- Lipids: Essential Cell Components and Energy Sources
- Complete Proteins Contain Every Amino Acid
- Vitamins Are Essential for Normal Function
- Minerals: Elements Essential for Body Processes
- Fiber Benefits the Colon
- 14.11 Food Labels
- 14.12 Energy Balance
- Energy Balance, Body Weight, and Physical Activity
- Healthy Weight Improves Overall Health
- Obesity
- 14.13 Eating Disorders
- 14.14 Disorders of the Digestive System
- Disorders of the GI Tract
- Lactose Intolerance: Difficulty Digesting Milk
- Peptic Ulcers: Sores in the Stomach
- Celiac Disease (Gluten Intolerance)
- Diverticulosis: Weakness in the Wall of the Large Intestine
- Colon Polyps: Noncancerous Growths
- Disorders of the Accessory Organs
- Hepatitis: Inflammation of the Liver
- Gallstones Can Obstruct Bile Flow
- Chapter Summary
- 14.1 The Digestive System Brings Nutrients into the Body p. 325
- 14.2 The Mouth Processes Food for Swallowing p. 327
- 14.3 The Pharynx and Esophagus Deliver Food to the Stomach p. 329
- 14.4 The Stomach Stores Food, Digests Protein, and Regulates Delivery p. 330
- 14.5 The Small Intestine Digests Food and Absorbs Nutrients and Water p. 332
- 14.6 Accessory Organs Aid Digestion and Absorption p. 333
- 14.7 The Large Intestine Absorbs Nutrients and Eliminates Wastes p. 335
- 14.8 How Nutrients Are Absorbed p. 335
- 14.9 Nerves and Hormones Regulate Digestion p. 338
- 14.10 Nutrition: You Are What You Eat p. 338
- 14.11 Food Labels p. 343
- 14.12 Energy Balance p. 344
- 14.13 Eating Disorders p. 345
- 14.14 Disorders of the Digestive System p. 346
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 15 The Urinary System
- Key Concepts
- 15.1 The Urinary System Regulates Body Fluids
- The Kidneys Regulate Water Levels
- The Kidneys Regulate Nitrogenous Wastes and Other Solutes
- 15.2 Organs of the Urinary System
- Ureters Transport Urine to the Bladder
- Urinary Bladder Stores Urine
- The Urethra Carries Urine from the Body
- 15.3 The Internal Structure of a Kidney
- Special Blood Vessels Supply the Tubule
- 15.4 Formation of Urine: Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion
- Glomerular Filtration Filters Fluid from Capillaries
- Tubular Reabsorption Returns Filtered Water and Solutes to Blood
- Tubular Secretion Removes Other Substances from Blood
- 15.5 Producing Diluted or Concentrated Urine
- Producing Dilute Urine: Excreting Excess Water
- Producing Concentrated Urine: Conserving Water
- 15.6 Urination Depends on a Reflex
- 15.7 The Kidneys Contribute to Homeostasis in Many Ways
- Adh Regulates Water Balance
- Aldosterone Regulates Salt Balance
- The Renin-Angiotensin System Controls Blood Volume and Blood Pressure
- Atrial Natriuretic Hormone Protects against Blood Volume Excess
- Kidneys Help Maintain Acid-Base Balance and Blood pH
- Erythropoietin Stimulates Production of Red Blood Cells
- Kidneys Activate Vitamin D
- 15.8 Disorders of the Urinary System
- Kidney Stones Can Block Urine Flow
- Urinary Tract Infections Are Often Caused by Bacteria
- Acute and Chronic Renal Failure Impair Kidney Function
- Dialysis Cleanses the Blood Artificially
- Kidney Transplants Are a Permanent Solution to Renal Failure
- Urinary Incontinence Is a Loss of Bladder Control
- Chapter Summary
- 15.1 The Urinary System Regulates Body Fluids p. 353
- 15.2 Organs of the Urinary System p. 354
- 15.3 The Internal Structure of a Kidney p. 356
- 15.4 Formation of Urine: Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion p. 358
- 15.5 Producing Diluted or Concentrated Urine p. 362
- 15.6 Urination Depends on a Reflex p. 363
- 15.7 The Kidneys Contribute to Homeostasis in Many Ways p. 363
- 15.8 Disorders of the Urinary System p. 367
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 16 Reproductive Systems
- Key Concepts
- 16.1 The Male Reproductive System Delivers Sperm
- Testes Produce Sperm
- Accessory Glands Help Sperm Survive
- Sperm Production Requires Several Cell Divisions
- Testosterone Affects Male Reproductive Capacity
- 16.2 The Female Reproductive System Produces Eggs and Supports Pregnancy
- Ovaries Release Oocytes and Secrete Hormones
- The Uterus Nurtures the Developing Embryo
- The Vagina: Organ of Sexual Intercourse and Birth Canal
- Mammary Glands Nourish the Infant
- 16.3 The Menstrual Cycle Consists of Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
- The Ovarian Cycle: Oocytes Mature and Are Released
- The Uterine Cycle Prepares the Uterus for Pregnancy
- Cyclic Changes in Hormone Levels Produce the Menstrual Cycle
- 16.4 Human Sexual Response, Intercourse, and Fertilization
- The Male Sexual Response
- The Female Sexual Response
- Fertilization: One Sperm Penetrates the Egg
- 16.5 Birth Control Methods: Controlling Fertility
- Abstinence: Not Having Intercourse
- Surgical Sterilization: Vasectomy and Tubal Ligation
- Hormonal Methods: Pills, Injections, Patches, and Rings
- Iuds Are Inserted into the Uterus
- Diaphragms and Cervical Caps Block the Cervix
- Chemical Spermicides Kill Sperm
- Condoms Trap Ejaculated Sperm
- Withdrawal and Periodic Abstinence
- Pills That Can Be Used after Intercourse
- Elective Abortion
- The Future in Birth Control
- 16.6 Infertility: Inability to Conceive
- Infertility Can Have Many Causes
- Enhancing Fertility
- Artificial Insemination
- Artificial Reproductive Technologies
- Fertility-Enhancing Drugs
- 16.7 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Bacterial Stds: Syphilis, Gonorrhea, and Chlamydia
- Syphilis
- Gonorrhea
- Chlamydia
- Viral Stds: HIV, Hepatitis B, Hpv, and Genital Herpes
- HIV
- Hepatitis B
- Human Papillomavirus (Hpv)
- Genital Herpes
- Other Stds: Yeast Infections, Trichomoniasis, and Pubic Lice
- Yeast Infections
- Trichomoniasis
- Pubic Lice
- Protecting Yourself against Stds
- Chapter Summary
- 16.1 The Male Reproductive System Delivers Sperm p. 375
- 16.2 The Female Reproductive System Produces Eggs and Supports Pregnancy p. 379
- 16.3 The Menstrual Cycle Consists of Ovarian and Uterine Cycles p. 381
- 16.4 Human Sexual Response, Intercourse, and Fertilization p. 384
- 16.5 Birth Control Methods: Controlling Fertility p. 385
- 16.6 Infertility: Inability to Conceive p. 389
- 16.7 Sexually Transmitted Diseases p. 391
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 17 Cell Reproduction and Differentiation
- Key Concepts
- 17.1 The Cell Cycle Creates New Cells
- 17.2 DNA Structure and Function: An Overview
- Replication: Copying DNA before Cell Division
- Mutations Are Alterations in DNA
- Mechanisms of DNA Repair
- Transcription: Converting a Gene’S Code into Mrna
- Translation: Making a Protein from Rna
- 17.3 Cell Reproduction: One Cell Becomes Two
- Mitosis: Daughter Cells Are Identical to the Parent Cell
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytokinesis Divides One Cell into Two Identical Cells
- Mitosis Produces Cells Identical to the Parent Cell
- Meiosis Prepares Cells for Sexual Reproduction
- Meiosis I
- Meiosis Ii
- Sex Differences in Meiosis: Four Sperm versus One Egg
- 17.4 How Cell Reproduction Is Regulated
- 17.5 Environmental Factors Influence Cell Differentiation
- Differentiation during Early Development
- Differentiation Later in Development
- 17.6 Reproductive Cloning Requires an Undifferentiated Cell
- Embryo Splitting Produces Identical Offspring
- Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Produces a Clone of an Adult
- 17.7 Therapeutic Cloning: Creating Tissues and Organs
- Chapter Summary
- 17.1 The Cell Cycle Creates New Cells p. 401
- 17.2 DNA Structure and Function: an Overview p. 402
- 17.3 Cell Reproduction: One Cell Becomes Two p. 407
- 17.4 How Cell Reproduction Is Regulated p. 411
- 17.5 Environmental Factors Influence Cell Differentiation p. 412
- 17.6 Reproductive Cloning Requires an Undifferentiated Cell p. 413
- 17.7 Therapeutic Cloning: Creating Tissues and Organs p. 415
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 18 Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Division and Differentiation
- Key Concepts
- 18.1 Tumors Can Be Benign or Cancerous
- 18.2 Cancer Cells Undergo Structural and Functional Changes
- a Pattern of Changes Leading to a Lack of Control
- Cancer Stages
- 18.3 Factors Contributing to Cancer Development
- Mutant Forms of Proto-Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and Mutator Genes Contribute to Cancer
- a Variety of Factors Can Lead to Cancer
- Certain Viruses and Bacteria
- Toxic Chemicals in the Environment
- Tobacco
- Alcohol
- Radiation
- Diet and Obesity
- Internal Factors
- The Immune System Plays an Important Role in Cancer Prevention
- 18.4 Advances in Diagnosis Enable Early Detection
- Tumor Imaging: X-Rays, Pet, and Mri
- Genetic Testing Can Identify Mutated Genes
- Enzyme Tests May Detect Cancer Markers
- 18.5 Cancer Treatments
- Conventional Cancer Treatments: Surgery, Radiation, and Chemotherapy
- Magnetism and Photodynamic Therapy Target Malignant Cells
- Immunotherapy Promotes Immune Response
- “Starving” Cancer by Inhibiting Angiogenesis
- Molecular Treatments Target Defective Genes
- 18.6 The Ten Deadliest Cancers
- Lung Cancer: Smoking Is Leading Risk Factor
- Cancers of Colon and Rectum: Tests Can Detect Them Early
- Breast Cancer: Early Detection Pays Off
- Pancreatic Cancer: Rarely Detected Early Enough
- Prostate Cancer: Most Common after Age 50
- Leukemia: Chemotherapy Is Often Effective
- Lymphoma: Cancers of Lymphoid Tissues
- Urinary Bladder Cancer: Surgery Is Often Successful If Done Early
- Esophageal Cancer: a High Ratio of Deaths to Cases
- Cancer of the Uterus: Unusual Uterine Bleeding Is Major Symptom
- 18.7 Some Other Notable Cancers
- Kidney Cancers
- Skin Cancer
- Ovarian Cancer
- Testicular Cancer
- 18.8 Most Cancers Could Be Prevented
- Chapter Summary
- 18.1 Tumors Can Be Benign or Cancerous p. 421
- 18.2 Cancer Cells Undergo Structural and Functional Changes p. 422
- 18.3 Factors Contributing to Cancer Development p. 424
- 18.4 Advances in Diagnosis Enable Early Detection p. 428
- 18.5 Cancer Treatments p. 430
- 18.6 The Ten Deadliest Cancers p. 432
- 18.7 Some Other Notable Cancers p. 436
- 18.8 Most Cancers Could Be Prevented p. 437
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 19 Genetics and Inheritance
- Key Concepts
- 19.1 Your Genotype Is the Genetic Basis of Your Phenotype
- 19.2 Genetic Inheritance Follows Certain Patterns
- Punnett Square Analysis Predicts Patterns of Inheritance
- Mendel Established the Basic Principles of Genetics
- Dominant Alleles Are Expressed Over Recessive Alleles
- Two-Trait Crosses: Independent Assortment of Genes for Different Traits
- 19.3 Incomplete Dominance and Codominance
- Incomplete Dominance: Heterozygotes Have an Intermediate Phenotype
- Codominance: Both Gene Products Are Equally Expressed
- 19.4 Other Factors Influencing Inheritance Patterns and Phenotype
- Polygenic Inheritance: Phenotype Is Influenced by Many Genes
- Both Genotype and the Environment Affect Phenotype
- Linked Alleles May or May Not Be Inherited Together
- 19.5 Sex-Linked Inheritance
- Sex-Linked Inheritance Depends on Genes Located on Sex Chromosomes
- Sex-Influenced Traits Are Affected by Actions of Sex Genes
- 19.6 Alterations in Chromosome Number or Structure
- Down Syndrome: Three Copies of Chromosome 21
- Alterations of the Number of Sex Chromosomes
- Xyy—Jacob Syndrome
- Xxy—Klinefelter Syndrome
- Xxx—Trisomy-X Syndrome
- Xo—Turner Syndrome
- MJ’s BlogInFocus
- Deletions and Translocations Alter Chromosome Structure
- 19.7 Inherited Disorders Involving Recessive Alleles
- Phenylketonuria Is Caused by a Missing Enzyme
- Tay-Sachs Disease Leads to Brain Dysfunction
- Huntington Disease Is Caused by a Dominant-Lethal Allele
- 19.8 Genes Code for Proteins, Not for Specific Behaviors
- Chapter Summary
- 19.1 Your Genotype Is the Genetic Basis of Your Phenotype p. 443
- 19.2 Genetic Inheritance Follows Certain Patterns p. 445
- 19.3 Incomplete Dominance and Codominance p. 450
- 19.4 Other Factors Influencing Inheritance Patterns and Phenotype p. 452
- 19.5 Sex-Linked Inheritance p. 454
- 19.6 Alterations in Chromosome Number or Structure p. 456
- 19.7 Inherited Disorders Involving Recessive Alleles p. 458
- 19.8 Genes Code for Proteins, Not for Specific Behaviors p. 459
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 20 DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
- Key Concepts
- 20.1 DNA Sequencing Reveals the Structure of DNA
- 20.2 DNA Can Be Cloned in the Laboratory
- Recombinant DNA Technology: Isolating and Cloning Genes
- Cloning DNA Fragments: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Identifying the Source of DNA: DNA Fingerprinting
- 20.3 Genetic Engineering Creates Transgenic Organisms
- Transgenic Bacteria Have Many Uses
- Transgenic Plants: More Vitamins and Better Pest Resistance
- Transgenic Animals: a Bigger Challenge
- 20.4 Gene Therapy: The Hope of the Future?
- Gene Therapy Must Overcome Many Obstacles
- Vectors Transfer Genes into Human Cells
- Success with Scid Gives Hope
- Research Targets Cystic Fibrosis and Cancer
- Chapter Summary
- 20.1 DNA Sequencing Reveals the Structure of DNA p. 466
- 20.2 DNA Can Be Cloned in the Laboratory p. 467
- 20.3 Genetic Engineering Creates Transgenic Organisms p. 471
- 20.4 Gene Therapy: The Hope of the Future? p. 474
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 21 Development, Maturation, Aging, and Death
- Key Concepts
- 21.1 Fertilization Begins When Sperm and Egg Unite
- The Journeys of Egg and Sperm
- One Sperm Fertilizes the Egg
- Twins May Be Fraternal or Identical
- 21.2 Developmental Processes: Cleavage, Growth, Differentiation, and Morphogenesis
- 21.3 Pre-Embryonic Development: The First Two Weeks
- 21.4 Embryonic Development: Weeks Three to Eight
- Tissues and Organs Derive from Three Germ Layers
- Extra-Embryonic Membranes
- The Placenta and Umbilical Cord
- The Embryo Develops Rapidly
- 21.5 Gender Development
- 21.6 Fetal Development: Nine Weeks to Birth
- Months Three and Four
- Months Five and Six
- Months Seven through Nine
- 21.7 Birth and the Early Postnatal Period
- Labor Ends in Delivery
- Cesarean Delivery: Surgical Delivery of a Baby
- The Transition from Fetus to Newborn
- Taking the First Breath
- Changes in the Cardiovascular System
- Lactation Produces Milk to Nourish the Newborn
- 21.8 Maturation: from Birth to Adulthood
- The Neonatal Period: A Helpless Time
- Infancy: Rapid Development and Maturation of Organ Systems
- Childhood: Continued Development and Growth
- Adolescence: The Transition to Adulthood
- 21.9 Aging
- What Causes Aging?
- An Internal Cellular Program Counts Cell Divisions
- Cells Become Damaged beyond Repair
- Aging Is a Whole-Body Process
- Body Systems Age at Different Rates
- Musculoskeletal System and Skin
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
- Immune System
- Nervous and Sensory Systems
- Reproductive and Endocrine Systems
- Digestion and Nutrition
- Urinary System
- Aging Well
- 21.10 Death
- Chapter Summary
- 21.1 Fertilization Begins When Sperm and Egg Unite p. 481
- 21.2 Developmental Processes: Cleavage, Growth, Differentiation, and Morphogenesis p. 484
- 21.3 Pre-Embryonic Development: The First Two Weeks p. 484
- 21.4 Embryonic Development: Weeks Three to Eight p. 485
- 21.5 Gender Development p. 489
- 21.6 Fetal Development: Nine Weeks to Birth p. 490
- 21.7 Birth and the Early Postnatal Period p. 490
- 21.8 Maturation: from Birth to Adulthood p. 494
- 21.9 Aging p. 496
- 21.10 Death p. 500
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 22 Evolution and the Origins of Life
- Key Concepts
- 22.1 The Evidence for Evolution
- The Fossil Record: Incomplete but Valuable
- Comparative Anatomy and Embryology Provide More Evidence
- Comparative Biochemistry Examines Similarities Between Molecules
- Biogeography: The Impact of Geographic Barriers and Continental Drift on Evolutionary Processes
- 22.2 Natural Selection Contributes to Evolution
- Random Mutations Underlie Evolution
- Natural Selection Encourages Changes in the Gene Pool
- Genetic Drift and Gene Flow Alter Populations
- Mass Extinctions Eliminated Many Species
- Evolutionary Trees Trace Relationships between Species
- 22.3 In the Beginning, Earth Was Too Hot for Life
- 22.4 The First Cells Lived Without Oxygen
- Organic Molecules Formed from Atmospheric Gases
- Self-Replicating Rna and DNA Formed
- The First Living Cells Were Anaerobic
- 22.5 Photosynthesis Altered the Course of Evolution
- Aerobic Organisms Evolved
- The Rise of Animals and Our Human Ancestors
- 22.6 Humans Share a Common Ancestor with Primates
- Humans Are Primates
- Evolution of Homo Sapiens
- Ardipithecus Ramidus: Walked Upright Some of the Time
- Australopithecus Afarensis: Most Definitely Walked Upright
- Homo Habilis: The First Toolmaker
- Homo Erectus: out of Africa
- Homo Sapiens: out of Africa Again
- Differences within the Human Species
- Chapter Summary
- 22.1 The Evidence for Evolution p. 506
- 22.2 Natural Selection Contributes to Evolution p. 510
- 22.3 in the Beginning, Earth Was Too Hot for Life p. 512
- 22.4 The First Cells Lived Without Oxygen p. 512
- 22.5 Photosynthesis Altered the Course of Evolution p. 513
- 22.6 Humans Share a Common Ancestor with Primates p. 514
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 23 Ecosystems and Populations
- Key Concepts
- 23.1 Ecosystems: Living Organisms and Their Environment
- 23.2 The Dynamic Nature of Populations
- Where a Species Lives: Habitat and Range
- Population Growth Rate Tends Toward Biotic Potential
- Environmental Resistance Limits Biotic Potential
- Invasive Species Alter the Ecological Balance
- 23.3 Communities: Different Species Living Together
- Overlapping Niches Foster Competition
- Succession Leads Toward a Mature Community
- Ecosystems: Communities and Their Physical Environment
- 23.4 Energy Flows through Living Organisms
- Producers Capture and Convert Energy, Consumers Rely on Stored Energy
- A Food Web: Interactions Among Producers and Consumers
- The Lower Levels of an Ecological Pyramid Support Consumer Populations
- Human Activities Disrupt Ecological Pyramids
- 23.5 The Matter (Material) Comprising Living Organisms Is Recycled
- The Water Cycle Is Essential to Other Biogeochemical Cycles
- The Carbon Cycle: Organisms Exchange CO2 with the Atmosphere
- Nitrogen: An Essential Component of Nucleic Acids and Proteins
- Phosphorus: A Sedimentary Cycle
- 23.6 Human Population Growth
- Zero Population Growth Has Not Yet Been Achieved
- Population Age Structure Is Linked to Economic Development
- Chapter Summary
- 23.1 Ecosystems: Living Organisms and Their Environment p. 524
- 23.2 The Dynamic Nature of Populations p. 524
- 23.3 Communities: Different Species Living Together p. 526
- 23.4 Energy Flows through Living Organisms p. 528
- 23.5 The Matter (Material) Comprising Living Organisms Is Recycled p. 532
- 23.6 Human Population Growth p. 536
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Chapter 24 Human Impacts, Biodiversity, and Environmental Issues
- Key Concepts
- 24.1 Pollutants Impair Air Quality
- Excessive Greenhouse Gases Are Causing Global Warming
- CFCs Deplete the Ozone Layer
- Pollutants Produce Acid Rain
- Smog Blankets Industrial Areas
- 24.2 Pollution Jeopardizes Scarce Water Supplies
- Water Is Scarce and Unequally Distributed
- Urbanization Increases Storm Water Runoff
- Human Activities Pollute Freshwater
- Groundwater Pollution May Impair Human Health
- Oil Pollution and Garbage Are Damaging Oceans and Shorelines
- 24.3 Pollution and Overuse Damage the Land
- 24.4 Energy: Many Options, Many Choices
- 24.5 Environmental Change and Loss of Biodiversity
- Humans Alter and Destroy Habitats
- Urbanization Is a Major Force for Environmental Change
- Biodiversity Is Healthy for Humans, Too
- 24.6 Toward Sustainable Development
- Measuring Sustainability and Quality of Life
- Strategies to Support Sustainable Development
- Consume Less
- Recycle More
- Encourage Sustainable Agriculture
- Support Green Roofs
- Lower Fertility Rates
- Reduce Rural Poverty
- Conserve Energy in Your Home
- Use Environmentally Preferable Products
- Protect Ecosystems That Provide Beneficial Services
- Chapter Summary
- 24.1 Pollutants Impair Air Quality p. 544
- 24.2 Pollution Jeopardizes Scarce Water Supplies p. 546
- 24.3 Pollution and Overuse Damage the Land p. 549
- 24.4 Energy: Many Options, Many Choices p. 550
- 24.5 Environmental Change and Loss of Biodiversity p. 552
- 24.6 Toward Sustainable Development p. 553
- Terms You Should Know
- Concept Review
- Test Yourself
- Apply What You Know
- Glossary
- Answers to and Test Yourself Questions
- Chapter 1
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 2
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 3
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 4
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 5
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 6
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 7
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 8
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 9
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 10
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 11
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 12
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 13
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 14
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 15
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 16
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 17
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 18
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 19
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 20
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 21
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 22
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 23
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Chapter 24
- Questions
- Test Yourself
- Credits
- Photo Credits
- Chapter 1
- Chapter 2
- Chapter 3
- Chapter 4
- Chapter 5
- Chapter 6
- Chapter 7
- Chapter 8
- Chapter 9
- Chapter 10
- Chapter 11
- Chapter 12
- Chapter 13
- Chapter 14
- Chapter 15
- Chapter 16
- Chapter 17
- Chapter 18
- Chapter 19
- Chapter 20
- Chapter 21
- Chapter 22
- Chapter 23
- Chapter 24
- Text Credits
- Chapter 1
- Chapter 4
- Index
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- X
- Y
- Z
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