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Test Bank for Nutrition: An Applied Approach 5th Ediiton Janice J. Thompson, Melinda Manore

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Nutrition: An Applied Approachintroduces students to nutrition with an innovative format that promotes long-term learning without rote memorisation. Key focus areas include: functions of vitamins and minerals in the body, fluid and electrolyte balance, antioxidant function, bone health, energy metabolism, and blood health. The 5th Edition shows how nutrition concepts apply to our daily lives with new chapters on food equity, sustainability, and obesity. A new suite of ABC News Videos and Focus Figures explore nutrition, human disease, and nutrients found in food. To engage students and help them learn, understand, and retain even the most difficult concepts, each chapter now includes Learning Outcomes and a new study plan.

 

Table of Content:

  1. Brief Contents
  2. Nutrition An Applied Approach
  3. about the authors
  4. Welcome to Nutrition: An Applied Approach, Fifth Edition!
  5. nutri-case | You Play the Expert!
  6. reviewers
  7. focus group participants
  8. brief contents
  9. contents
  10. 1 Nutrition Linking food and health
  11. test yourself
  12. learning outcomes
  13. What is nutrition?
  14. How does nutrition support health?
  15. A Nutritious Diet Contributes to Wellness
  16. A Nutritious Diet Reduces the Risk for Disease
  17. What are nutrients?
  18. Macronutrients Provide Energy
  19. Energy Is Measured in Kilocalories
  20. Carbohydrates Are a Primary Fuel Source
  21. Fats Provide Energy and Other Essential Nutrients
  22. Proteins Support Tissue Growth, Repair, and Maintenance
  23. Micronutrients Assist in the Regulation of Body Functions
  24. Water Supports All Body Functions
  25. How much of each nutrient do most people need?
  26. How do nutrition scientists evaluate claims?
  27. The Scientific Method Enables Researchers to Test a Hypothesis
  28. Repetition of Research Is Required to Develop Theories
  29. Why do nutrition scientists use different types of research?
  30. Animal Studies Can Inform Human Studies
  31. Epidemiological Studies Explore Patterns Within Populations
  32. Clinical Trials Examine Cause and Effect
  33. How can you use your knowledge of research to evaluate nutrition claims?
  34. Watch for Conflict of Interest and Bias
  35. Evaluate a Website’s Credibility
  36. Which sources of nutrition advice are trustworthy?
  37. Trustworthy Experts Are Educated and Credentialed
  38. Government Agencies Are Usually Trustworthy
  39. The National Institutes of Health
  40. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  41. Professional Organizations Provide Reliable Nutrition Information
  42. Study plan MasteringNutrition™
  43. Test Yourself | Answers
  44. review questions
  45. math review
  46. web links
  47. in depth 1.5 New Frontiers in Nutrition and Health
  48. learning outcomes
  49. How does our diet affect our genes?
  50. The Foods We Eat Can Influence Gene Expression
  51. Nutrigenomics Studies Food-Gene Interactions
  52. Nutrigenomics Could Lead to Personalized Nutrition
  53. How does our diet affect our microbiome?
  54. A Healthy Microbiome Promotes a Healthy Body
  55. Probiotics and Prebiotics Nourish the Microbiome
  56. How do phytochemicals enhance our health?
  57. web links
  58. 2 Designing a Healthful Diet
  59. test yourself
  60. learning outcomes
  61. What is a healthful diet?
  62. A Healthful Diet Is Adequate
  63. A Healthful Diet Is Moderate
  64. A Healthful Diet Is Nutrient-Dense
  65. A Healthful Diet Is Balanced
  66. A Healthful Diet Is Varied
  67. What’s behind our food choices?
  68. Sensory Data Influence Food Choices
  69. Sociocultural Cues and Emotions Influence Food Choices
  70. Learning Influences Food Choices
  71. How can reading food labels help you improve your diet?
  72. Five Components Must Be Included on Food Labels
  73. Use the Nutrition Facts Panel to Evaluate and Compare Foods
  74. Food Labels Can Display a Variety of Claims
  75. How do the Dietary Guidelines for Americans promote a healthful diet?
  76. How can the USDA Food Patterns help you design a healthful diet?
  77. Log Onto MyPlate
  78. Limit Empty Calories
  79. Watch Your Serving Sizes
  80. Consider Ethnic Variations and Other Eating Plans
  81. Get Some High-Tech Help
  82. Can eating out be part of a healthful diet?
  83. Avoid Large Portions
  84. Use Nutrition Information
  85. Study plan MasteringNutrition™
  86. Test Yourself | Answers
  87. review questions
  88. math review
  89. web links
  90. in depth 2.5 Healthful Eating Patterns
  91. learning outcomes
  92. What is a healthful eating pattern?
  93. What are some healthful eating patterns?
  94. A Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern Is Healthful
  95. The Exchange System Can Help You Follow a Healthful Eating Pattern
  96. The Healthy Eating Plate and Power Plate Are Also Healthful Eating Patterns
  97. Include Regular Physical Activity
  98. web links
  99. 3 The Human Body Are we really what we eat?
  100. test yourself
  101. learning outcomes
  102. How do food molecules build body structure?
  103. Atoms Bond to Form Molecules
  104. Molecules Join to Form Cells
  105. From Cells to Systems
  106. The Cell Membrane
  107. Cytoplasm and Key Organelles
  108. Why do we feel the urge to eat?
  109. The Hypothalamus Regulates Hunger
  110. Nerve Cells in the Gastrointestinal System Signal the Hypothalamus
  111. Hormones Send Chemical Messages to the Hypothalamus
  112. Insulin and Glucagon
  113. Ghrelin, CCK, and Leptin
  114. The Amount and Type of Food Play a Role
  115. How does food travel through the gastrointestinal tract?
  116. Digestion Begins in the Mouth
  117. The Esophagus Transports Food from the Pharynx into the Stomach
  118. The Stomach Mixes, Digests, and Stores Food
  119. Most Digestion and Absorption Occur in the Small Intestine
  120. The Large Intestine Stores Food Waste Until It Is Excreted
  121. What else contributes to gastrointestinal function?
  122. The Gallbladder and Pancreas Aid in Digestion
  123. A Specialized Lining Boosts Absorption in the Small Intestine
  124. Four Types of Absorption Occur in the Small Intestine
  125. Blood and Lymph Transport Nutrients
  126. The Liver Regulates Blood Nutrients
  127. The GI Flora Perform Several Beneficial Functions
  128. The Neuromuscular System Regulates the Activities of the GI Tract
  129. Muscles of the GI Tract
  130. Nerves Controlling the GI Tract
  131. What disorders are related to digestion, absorption, and elimination?
  132. Heartburn and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Are Caused by Reflux of Gastric Juice
  133. An Ulcer Is an Area of Erosion in the GI Tract
  134. Some Disorders Affect Intestinal Function
  135. Vomiting
  136. Diarrhea
  137. Constipation
  138. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
  139. Cancer Can Develop in Any Gastrointestinal Organ
  140. Study plan MasteringNutrition™
  141. Test Yourself | Answers
  142. review questions
  143. math review
  144. web links
  145. in depth 3.5 Disorders Related to Specific Foods
  146. What are food intolerances?
  147. What are food allergies?
  148. Is celiac disease the same as gluten sensitivity?
  149. Celiac Disease Is an Inherited Immune Disease
  150. Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity Is the Subject of Research
  151. 4 Carbohydrates Plant-derived energy nutrients
  152. test yourself
  153. learning outcomes
  154. What are carbohydrates?
  155. Simple Carbohydrates Include Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
  156. Monosaccharides
  157. Disaccharides
  158. Polysaccharides Are Complex Carbohydrates
  159. Starch
  160. Glycogen
  161. Fiber
  162. Soluble Fibers
  163. Insoluble Fibers
  164. Fiber-Rich Carbohydrates
  165. Why do we need carbohydrates?
  166. Carbohydrates Provide Energy for Daily Activities and Exercise
  167. Carbohydrates Fuel Daily Activity
  168. Carbohydrates Fuel Exercise
  169. Carbohydrates Spare Protein and Prevent Ketoacidosis
  170. Fiber Helps Us Stay Healthy
  171. How does the body process carbohydrates?
  172. Digestion Breaks Down Most Carbohydrates into Monosaccharides
  173. The Liver Converts Most Nonglucose Monosaccharides into Glucose
  174. Fiber Is Excreted from the Large Intestine
  175. How does the body regulate blood glucose levels?
  176. Insulin and Glucagon Regulate Blood Glucose Levels
  177. Fructose Does Not Stimulate Insulin Release
  178. Other Hormones Increase Blood Glucose Levels
  179. The Glycemic Index Shows How Foods Affect Our Blood Glucose Level
  180. How much total carbohydrate and added sugar should you eat?
  181. The Recommended Dietary Allowance for Total Carbohydrate Reflects Glucose Use by the Brain
  182. Most Americans Eat Too Much Added Sugar
  183. Sugars Are Blamed for Many Health Problems
  184. Sugar and Tooth Decay
  185. Sugar and Blood Lipids
  186. Sugar and Diabetes
  187. Sugar and Obesity
  188. How much fiber do you need, and what are the best sources?
  189. Whole Grains Are Excellent Sources of Fiber
  190. Other Good Sources of Fiber Are Vegetables, Fruits, Nuts, and Seeds
  191. What’s the story on alternative sweeteners?
  192. Limited Use of Alternative Sweeteners Is Not Harmful
  193. Saccharin
  194. Acesulfame-K
  195. Aspartame
  196. Sucralose
  197. Neotame, Stevia, and Advantame
  198. The Effect of Alternative Sweeteners on Body Weight Is Unclear
  199. Study plan MasteringNutrition™
  200. Test Yourself | Answers
  201. review questions
  202. math review
  203. web links
  204. in depth 4.5 Diabetes
  205. learning outcomes
  206. What is diabetes?
  207. How is diabetes classified?
  208. In Type 1 Diabetes, the Body Does Not Produce Enough Insulin
  209. In Type 2 Diabetes, Cells Become Less Responsive to Insulin
  210. Three Blood Tests Are Used to Diagnose Diabetes
  211. How can you reduce your risk for type 2 diabetes?
  212. Some Diabetes Risk Factors Are Modifiable
  213. Lifestyle Changes Can Reduce Your Risk
  214. Dietary Counseling Can Help People Living with Diabetes
  215. Prescription Medications or Surgery May Be Advised
  216. web links
  217. 5 Fats Essential energy-supplying nutrients
  218. test yourself
  219. learning outcomes
  220. What are fats?
  221. Triglycerides Are the Most Common Food-Based Fat
  222. Phospholipids Combine Lipids with Phosphate
  223. Sterols Have a Ring Structure
  224. Why are some triglycerides better than others?
  225. Fatty Acid Chain Length Affects Digestion and Absorption
  226. Level of Hydrogen Saturation Influences Health Effects
  227. Carbon Bonding Influences Shape
  228. Trans Fatty Acids Are Especially Harmful
  229. Essential Fatty Acids Have Unique Health Benefits
  230. Omega-6 Fatty Acids
  231. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
  232. Functions of Essential Fatty Acids
  233. Why do we need fats?
  234. Fats Provide Energy
  235. Fats Sustain Us at Rest
  236. Fats Fuel Physical Activity
  237. Body Fat Stores Energy for Later Use
  238. Fats Enable the Transport of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
  239. Fats Help Maintain Cell Function
  240. Body Fat Provides Protection
  241. Dietary Fats Contribute to the Flavor, Texture, and Satiety of Foods
  242. How does the body process fats?
  243. The Gallbladder, Liver, and Pancreas Assist in Fat Digestion
  244. Absorption of Fat Occurs Primarily in the Small Intestine
  245. Fat Is Stored in Adipose Tissues for Later Use
  246. How much fat should you eat?
  247. Recognize the Fat in Foods
  248. Decipher Label Claims
  249. Keep Your Fat Intake Within the AMDR
  250. Aim for a Balance of the Essential Fatty Acids
  251. Reduce Your Intake of Saturated Fats
  252. Avoid Trans Fatty Acids
  253. What About Dietary Cholesterol?
  254. Select Beneficial Fats
  255. Pick Plants
  256. Switch to Fish
  257. Watch Out When You’re Eating Out
  258. Be Aware of Fat Replacers
  259. Fat Blockers Contribute Minimally to Weight Loss
  260. Study plan MasteringNutrition™
  261. Test Yourself | Answers
  262. review questions
  263. math review
  264. web links
  265. in depth 5.5 Cardiovascular Disease
  266. learning outcomes
  267. What is cardiovascular disease?
  268. Atherosclerosis Is Narrowing of Arteries
  269. Hypertension Increases the Risk for Heart Attack and Stroke
  270. What factors influence the risk for cardiovascular disease?
  271. Many CVD Risk Factors Are Within Your Control
  272. Blood Lipids Play a Significant Role in Cardiovascular Disease
  273. Chylomicrons
  274. Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins
  275. Low-Density Lipoproteins
  276. High-Density Lipoproteins
  277. Total Serum Cholesterol
  278. You Can Estimate Your Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
  279. How can you reduce your risk for cardiovascular disease?
  280. Take Steps to Improve Your Blood Lipid Levels
  281. Take Steps to Manage Your Blood Pressure
  282. Limit Dietary Sodium
  283. Follow the DASH Diet
  284. Prescription Medications Can Improve Blood Lipids and Blood Pressure
  285. web links
  286. 6 Proteins Crucial components of all body tissues
  287. test yourself
  288. learning outcomes
  289. What are proteins?
  290. The Building Blocks of Proteins Are Amino Acids
  291. Nine Amino Acids Are Essential
  292. How are proteins made?
  293. Amino Acids Bond to Form a Variety of Peptides
  294. Genes Regulate Amino Acid Binding
  295. Protein Turnover Involves Synthesis and Degradation
  296. Protein Organization Determines Function
  297. Protein Denaturation Affects Shape and Function
  298. Protein Synthesis Can Be Limited by Missing Amino Acids
  299. Protein Synthesis Can Be Enhanced by Mutual Supplementation
  300. Why do we need proteins?
  301. Proteins Contribute to Cell Growth, Repair, and Maintenance
  302. Proteins Act as Enzymes and Hormones
  303. Proteins Help Maintain Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
  304. Proteins Help Maintain Acid–Base Balance
  305. Proteins Help Maintain a Strong Immune System
  306. Proteins Serve as an Energy Source
  307. Proteins Assist in the Transport and Storage of Nutrients
  308. Proteins Are Critical to Nerve Function, Blood Clotting, and Wound Healing
  309. How does the body process proteins?
  310. Stomach Acids and Enzymes Break Proteins into Short Polypeptides
  311. Enzymes in the Small Intestine Break Polypeptides into Single Amino Acids
  312. Protein Digestibility Affects Protein Quality
  313. How much protein should you eat?
  314. Nitrogen Balance Is a Method Used to Determine Protein Needs
  315. Recommended Dietary Allowance for Protein
  316. Most Americans Meet or Exceed the RDA for Protein
  317. Protein Sources Include Much More Than Meat!
  318. Legumes
  319. Nuts
  320. “New” Foods
  321. The Health Effects of High Protein Intake Are Unclear
  322. Protein Deficiency Can Result in Severe Illness and Death
  323. Protein Deficiency and Marasmus
  324. Protein Deficiency and Kwashiorkor
  325. Can a vegetarian diet provide adequate protein?
  326. There Are Many Types of Vegetarian Diets
  327. People Choose Vegetarianism for Many Different Reasons
  328. Religious, Ethical, and Food-Safety Reasons
  329. Ecological Benefits
  330. Health Benefits
  331. A Vegetarian Diet Can Present Some Challenges
  332. MyPlate Can Help You Plan a Vegetarian Diet
  333. Study plan MasteringNutrition™
  334. Test Yourself | Answers
  335. review questions
  336. math review
  337. web links
  338. in depth 6.5 Vitamins and Minerals: Micronutrients with Macro Powers
  339. learning outcomes
  340. How were the micronutrients discovered?
  341. How are vitamins classified?
  342. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
  343. Water-Soluble Vitamins
  344. Same Vitamin, Different Names and Forms
  345. How are minerals classified?
  346. Major Minerals
  347. Trace and Ultra-Trace Minerals
  348. Same Mineral, Different Forms
  349. How does our body use micronutrients?
  350. What We Eat Differs from What We Absorb
  351. What We Eat Differs from What Our Cells Use
  352. What are some controversies in micronutrient research?
  353. Are Supplements Healthful Sources of Micronutrients?
  354. Can Micronutrients Prevent or Treat Chronic Disease?
  355. Do More Essential Micronutrients Exist?
  356. 7 Nutrients Essential to Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
  357. test yourself
  358. learning outcomes
  359. What is body fluid?
  360. Body Fluid Is the Liquid Portion of Our Cells and Tissues
  361. Body Fluid Is Composed of Water and Electrolytes
  362. Why do we need water and electrolytes?
  363. Water Performs Functions Critical to Life
  364. Solubility and Transport
  365. Blood Volume and Blood Pressure
  366. Body Temperature
  367. Tissue Protection and Lubrication
  368. Electrolytes Support Many Body Functions
  369. Fluid Balance
  370. Nerve Impulse Conduction
  371. Muscle Contraction
  372. How does the body maintain fluid balance?
  373. The Hypothalamus Regulates Thirst
  374. We Gain Fluids Through Intake and Metabolism
  375. We Lose Fluids Through Urine, Sweat, Evaporation, Exhalation, and Feces
  376. How much water should you drink?
  377. Our Requirements for Water Are Individualized
  378. Tap Water Is as Healthful as Bottled Water
  379. All Beverages Are Not Created Equal
  380. Milk and Milk Alternatives
  381. Hot Beverages Containing Caffeine
  382. Energy Drinks
  383. Beverages with Added Sugars
  384. Specialty Waters
  385. Sports Beverages and Coconut Water
  386. How do four major minerals contribute to fluid balance?
  387. Sodium Is a Positively Charged Extracellular Electrolyte
  388. Functions of Sodium
  389. Recommended Intakes and Food Sources of Sodium
  390. Sodium Toxicity and Deficiency
  391. Potassium Is a Positively Charged Intracellular Electrolyte
  392. Functions of Potassium
  393. Recommended Intakes and Food Sources of Potassium
  394. Potassium Toxicity and Deficiency
  395. Chloride Is a Negatively Charged Extracellular Electrolyte
  396. Phosphorus Is a Negatively Charged Intracellular Electrolyte
  397. What disorders are related to fluid and electrolyte balance?
  398. Dehydration Develops as Fluid Loss Exceeds Fluid Intake
  399. Water Intoxication Can Be Fatal
  400. Heat Illnesses Are Linked to Dehydration
  401. Heat Cramps
  402. Heat Exhaustion
  403. Heat Stroke
  404. Study plan MasteringNutrition™
  405. Test Yourself | Answers
  406. review questions
  407. math review
  408. web links
  409. in depth 7.5 Alcohol
  410. What happens to alcohol in the body?
  411. What do we know about moderate drinking?
  412. Moderate Drinking Has Certain Health Benefits
  413. Moderate Drinking Is Associated with Certain Risks
  414. What do we know about alcohol use disorders?
  415. Alcohol Use Disorders Include Abuse and Dependence
  416. Alcohol Use Disorders Have Toxic Effects
  417. Should you be concerned about your alcohol intake?
  418. How can you talk to someone about an alcohol use disorder?
  419. 8 Nutrients Essential to Key Body Functions
  420. test yourself
  421. learning outcomes
  422. How does the body regulate energy metabolism?
  423. How do the B-vitamins function in energy metabolism?
  424. Thiamin Supports Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Metabolism
  425. Riboflavin Supports the Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Fats
  426. Niacin Supports Metabolism, DNA Replication, and Cell Differentiation
  427. Vitamin B6[&~frut65~~COLOR~[T16: 70C 90M]B_{6}~normal~&] Is a Coenzyme for Over 100 Enzymes
  428. Functions of Vitamin B6
  429. Recommended Intakes and Food Sources of Vitamin B6[&~frut65~~COLOR~[T12: 100C 40Y]B_{6}~normal~&]
  430. Vitamin B6[&~frut65~~COLOR~[T12: 100C 40Y]B_{6}~normal~&] Toxicity and Deficiency
  431. The Most Basic Cellular Functions Require Folate
  432. Functions of Folate
  433. Recommended Intakes and Food Sources of Folate
  434. Folate Toxicity and Deficiency
  435. Vitamin B12[&~frut65~~COLOR~[T16: 70C 90M]B_{12}~normal~&] Participates in Amino Acid and Homocysteine Metabolism
  436. Functions of Vitamin B12[&~frut65~~COLOR~[T12: 100C 40Y]B_{12}~normal~&]
  437. Recommended Intakes and Food Sources of Vitamin B12[&~frut65~~COLOR~[T12: 100C 40Y]B_{12}~normal~&]
  438. Vitamin B12[&~frut65~~COLOR~[T12: 100C 40Y]B_{12}~normal~&] Toxicity and Deficiency
  439. Pantothenic Acid and Biotin Are Required for All Energy Pathways
  440. How do choline and four minerals function in energy metabolism?
  441. Choline Is a Vitamin-Like Nutrient
  442. Iodine Is Required for the Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones
  443. Chromium Is Important in Carbohydrate Metabolism
  444. Manganese Assists in Energy Metabolism and Bone Health
  445. Sulfur Is a Component of Thiamin, Biotin, and Two Amino Acids
  446. What are antioxidants, and how do they protect our cells?
  447. Oxidation Is a Chemical Reaction in Which Atoms Lose Electrons
  448. Oxidation Sometimes Results in the Formation of Free Radicals
  449. Free Radicals Can Destabilize Other Molecules and Damage Our Cells
  450. Antioxidants Work by Stabilizing Free Radicals or Opposing Oxidation
  451. What nutrients and phytochemicals function as antioxidants?
  452. Vitamin E Is a Key Antioxidant
  453. Functions of Vitamin E
  454. Recommended Intakes and Food Sources of Vitamin E
  455. Vitamin E Toxicity and Deficiency
  456. Vitamin C Is a Water-Soluble Antioxidant
  457. Selenium Is a Key Antioxidant Mineral
  458. Manganese, Copper, Iron, and Zinc Assist in Antioxidant Function
  459. Carotenoids Like Beta-Carotene Have Antioxidant Properties
  460. Functions of Beta-Carotene
  461. Recommended Intakes and Food Sources of Beta-Carotene
  462. Beta-Carotene Toxicity and Deficiency
  463. What is the role of vitamin A in vision and other functions?
  464. There Are Several Forms of Vitamin A
  465. Vitamin A Is Essential to Sight
  466. Vitamin A Supports Cell Differentiation, Reproduction, and Bone Growth
  467. Avoid Excessive Intake of Vitamin A
  468. Recommended Intakes and Food Sources of Vitamin A
  469. Vitamin A Toxicity and Deficiency
  470. Vitamin A Derivatives Are Effective in Treating Acne
  471. Study plan MasteringNutrition™
  472. Test Yourself | Answers
  473. review questions
  474. math review
  475. web links
  476. in depth 8.5 Cancer
  477. learning outcomes
  478. What is cancer and how does it arise?
  479. What factors influence cancer risk?
  480. Nonmodifiable Factors Play a Role
  481. Many Risk Factors Are Modifiable
  482. Tobacco Use
  483. Weight, Diet, and Physical Activity
  484. Infectious Agents
  485. Ultraviolet Radiation
  486. How is cancer diagnosed and treated?
  487. Can cancer be prevented?
  488. Check
  489. Quit
  490. Move
  491. Nourish
  492. Antioxidants Play a Role in Preventing Cancer
  493. web links
  494. 9 Nutrients Essential to Healthy Tissues
  495. test Yourself
  496. learning outcomes
  497. How do three trace minerals help maintain healthy blood?
  498. Iron Is a Component of the Oxygen-Carrying Proteins in Blood and Muscle
  499. Functions of Iron
  500. Iron Storage and Recycling
  501. Iron Absorption
  502. Recommended Intakes and Food Sources of Iron
  503. Iron Toxicity
  504. Iron Deficiency
  505. Zinc Contributes to Hemoglobin
  506. Functions of Zinc
  507. Recommended Intakes and Food Sources of Zinc
  508. Zinc Toxicity and Deficiency
  509. Copper Is Critical for Iron Transport
  510. How do four vitamins promote healthy blood?
  511. Vitamin B6[&~frut65~~COLOR~[T16: 70C 90M]B_{6},~normal~&] Folate, and Vitamin B12[&~frut65~~COLOR~[T16: 70C 90M]B_{12}~normal~&] Are Required for the Healthy Development of Red Blood Cells
  512. Vitamin K Supports Blood Clotting
  513. How does vitamin C help maintain healthy collagen?
  514. Vitamin C Is Required for the Synthesis of Collagen
  515. Vitamin C Has Many Other Roles in the Body
  516. The RDA for Vitamin C Is Easily Obtained
  517. Recommended Intakes and Food Sources of Vitamin C
  518. Vitamin C Toxicity and Deficiency
  519. What are the components and activities of healthy bone?
  520. The Composition of Bone Provides Strength and Flexibility
  521. The Constant Activity of Bone Tissue Promotes Bone Health
  522. Bone Growth and Modeling
  523. Bone Remodeling
  524. Bone Density Is Assessed with a DXA Test
  525. How do four minerals help maintain healthy bone?
  526. Calcium Is the Major Mineral Component of Bone
  527. Functions of Calcium
  528. Recommended Intakes and Food Sources of Calcium
  529. Calcium Toxicity and Deficiency
  530. Phosphorus Combines with Calcium in Hydroxyapatite Crystals
  531. Magnesium Is a Component of Bone and Helps Regulate Bone Status
  532. Fluoride Is Found in Teeth and Bones
  533. How do two fat-soluble vitamins support healthy bone?
  534. Vitamin D Regulates Calcium
  535. Functions of Vitamin D
  536. Recommended Intakes and Food Sources of Vitamin D
  537. Vitamin D Toxicity and Deficiency
  538. Vitamin K Assists in Remodeling of Bone
  539. Study plan MasteringNutrition™
  540. Test Yourself | Answers
  541. review questions
  542. math review
  543. web links
  544. in depth 9.5 Osteoporosis
  545. learning outcomes
  546. What is osteoporosis?
  547. What influences osteoporosis risk?
  548. Aging Increases Osteoporosis Risk
  549. Gender and Genetics Affect Osteoporosis Risk
  550. Tobacco, Alcohol, and Caffeine Influence Osteoporosis Risk
  551. Nutritional Factors Influence Osteoporosis Risk
  552. Protein
  553. Calcium and Vitamin D
  554. Sodium
  555. Regular Physical Activity Reduces Osteoporosis Risk
  556. How is osteoporosis treated?
  557. Can osteoporosis be prevented?
  558. Some People Might Benefit from Supplements
  559. Calcium
  560. Vitamin D
  561. Physical Activity and Other Lifestyle Choices Can Help
  562. web links
  563. 10 Achieving and Maintaining a Healthful Body Weight
  564. test yourself
  565. learning outcomes
  566. What is a healthful body weight?
  567. How can you evaluate your body weight?
  568. Determine Your Body Mass Index
  569. Why Is BMI Important?
  570. Limitations of BMI
  571. Measure Your Body Composition
  572. Assess Your Fat Distribution Patterns
  573. How does energy balance influence body weight?
  574. Energy Intake Is the Kilocalories We Consume Each Day
  575. Energy Expenditure Includes More Than Just Physical Activity
  576. Basal Metabolic Rate
  577. The Thermic Effect of Food
  578. The Energy Cost of Physical Activity
  579. Research Suggests Limitations of the Energy Balance Equation
  580. What factors influence body weight?
  581. Genes May Influence Body Weight in Different Ways
  582. The FTO Gene
  583. The Thrifty Gene Hypothesis
  584. The Set-Point Hypothesis
  585. The Protein Leverage Hypothesis
  586. The Drifty Gene Hypothesis
  587. Metabolic Factors Influence Weight Loss and Gain
  588. Physiologic Factors Influence Body Weight
  589. Hypothalamic Cells
  590. Energy-Regulating Hormones
  591. Other Physiologic Factors
  592. Sociocultural Factors Affect Food Choices and Body Weight
  593. Sociocultural Factors and Overeating
  594. Sociocultural Factors and Inactivity
  595. Social Pressures, Overweight, and Underweight
  596. How can you lose weight safely and keep it off?
  597. Avoid Fad Diets
  598. Many Diets Focus on Macronutrient Composition
  599. Diets High in Carbohydrate and Moderate in Fat and Protein
  600. Diets Low in Carbohydrate and High in Fat and Protein
  601. If You Design Your Own Diet Plan, Include the Three Strategies
  602. Set Realistic Goals
  603. Eat Smaller Portions of Nutrient-Dense Foods
  604. Participate in Regular Physical Activity
  605. Incorporate Appropriate Behavior Modifications into Daily Life
  606. What if you need to gain weight?
  607. For Safe and Effective Weight Gain, Choose Nutrient-Dense Foods
  608. Amino Acid and Protein Supplements Do Not Increase Muscle Mass
  609. Study plan MasteringNutrition™
  610. Test Yourself | Answers
  611. review questions
  612. math review
  613. web links
  614. in depth 10.5 Obesity
  615. learning outcomes
  616. Why is obesity harmful?
  617. Why does obesity occur?
  618. How is obesity treated?
  619. Obesity Does Respond to Diet and Exercise
  620. Weight Loss Can Be Enhanced with Prescription Medications
  621. Many Supplements Used for Weight Loss Contain Stimulants
  622. Surgery Can Be Used to Treat Morbid Obesity
  623. web links
  624. 11 Nutrition and Physical Fitness Keys to good health
  625. test Yourself
  626. learning outcomes
  627. What are the benefits of physical activity?
  628. Physical Activity Increases Our Fitness
  629. Physical Activity Reduces Our Risk for Chronic Diseases
  630. How can you improve your fitness?
  631. Assess Your Current Level of Fitness
  632. Identify Your Personal Fitness Goals
  633. Make Your Program Varied, Consistent, and Fun!
  634. Appropriately Overload Your Body
  635. Frequency
  636. Intensity
  637. Time of Activity
  638. Type of Activity
  639. Include a Warm-Up and a Cool-Down Period
  640. Keep It Simple, Take It Slow
  641. What fuels our activities?
  642. The ATP-CP Energy System Uses Creatine Phosphate to Regenerate ATP
  643. The Breakdown of Carbohydrates Provides Energy for Both Brief and Long-Term Exercise
  644. Aerobic Breakdown of Fats Supports Exercise of Low Intensity and Long Duration
  645. Amino Acids Are Not Major Sources of Fuel During Exercise
  646. How does physical activity affect energy and macronutrient needs?
  647. Vigorous Exercise Increases Energy Needs
  648. Carbohydrate Needs Increase for Many Active People
  649. DRIs for Carbohydrate for Athletes
  650. Timing of Carbohydrate Consumption
  651. Food Sources of Carbohydrates for Athletes
  652. Carbohydrate Loading
  653. Moderate Fat Consumption Is Enough to Support Most Activities
  654. Many Athletes Have Increased Protein Needs
  655. How does physical activity affect fluid and micronutrient needs?
  656. Dehydration and Heat-Related Illnesses
  657. Guidelines for Proper Fluid Replacement
  658. Inadequate Micronutrient Intake Can Diminish Health and Performance
  659. B-Vitamins
  660. Calcium
  661. Iron
  662. Are ergogenic aids necessary for active people?
  663. Many Ergogenic Aids Are Said to Build Muscle Mass and Strength
  664. Anabolic Steroids
  665. Androstenedione and Dehydroepiandrosterone
  666. Creatine
  667. Some Ergogenic Aids Are Said to Optimize Fuel Use
  668. Caffeine
  669. Ephedrine
  670. Carnitine
  671. Chromium
  672. Beta-Alanine
  673. Study plan MasteringNutrition™
  674. Test Yourself | Answers
  675. review questions
  676. math review
  677. web links
  678. in depth 11.5 Disorders Related to Body Image, Eating, and Exercise
  679. learning outcomes
  680. What is body image, and how does it influence health?
  681. Body Image Influences Eating Behaviors
  682. Body Image Influences Exercise Behaviors
  683. Body Dysmorphic Disorder Is a Psychiatric Diagnosis
  684. What factors contribute to disorders related to body image, eating, and exercise?
  685. Influence of Genetic Factors
  686. Influence of Family
  687. Influence of Media
  688. Influence of Social and Cultural Values
  689. Comorbidity with Other Psychological Disorders
  690. What psychiatric eating disorders are recognized?
  691. Anorexia Nervosa
  692. Signs and Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa
  693. Health Risks of Anorexia Nervosa
  694. Bulimia Nervosa
  695. Signs and Symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa
  696. Health Risks of Bulimia Nervosa
  697. Binge-Eating Disorder
  698. What syndromes of disordered eating are recognized?
  699. Night-Eating Syndrome
  700. The Female Athlete Triad
  701. How are eating disorders treated?
  702. web links
  703. 12 Food Safety and Technology Protecting our food
  704. test yourself
  705. learning outcomes
  706. What is foodborne illness and why is it a critical concern?
  707. Ingestion of Contaminants Prompts Acute Illness
  708. Reducing Foodborne Illness Is a Challenge
  709. What causes most foodborne illness?
  710. Several Types of Microorganisms Contaminate Foods
  711. Viruses Involved in Foodborne Illness
  712. Bacteria Involved in Foodborne Illness
  713. Other Microorganisms Involved in Foodborne Illness
  714. Some Foodborne Illness Is Due to Toxins
  715. Bacterial Toxins
  716. Fungal Toxins
  717. Toxic Algae
  718. Plant Toxins
  719. Certain Conditions Help Microorganisms Multiply in Foods
  720. How can you prevent foodborne illness?
  721. Clean: Wash Your Hands and Kitchen Surfaces Often
  722. Separate: Don’t Cross-Contaminate
  723. Chill: Store Foods in the Refrigerator or Freezer
  724. Shopping for Perishable Foods
  725. Refrigerating Foods at Home
  726. Freezing and Thawing Foods
  727. Dealing with Molds in Refrigerated Foods
  728. Cook: Heat Foods Thoroughly
  729. Protect Yourself from Toxins in Foods
  730. Be Choosy When Eating Out—Close to Home or Far Away
  731. How is food spoilage prevented?
  732. What are food additives, and are they safe?
  733. Food Additives Include Nutrients and Preservatives
  734. Other Food Additives Include Flavorings, Colorings, and Texturizers
  735. Are Food Additives Safe?
  736. How is genetic modification used in food production, and is it safe?
  737. Genetic Modification Includes Selective Breeding and Recombinant DNA Technology
  738. Genetic Modification Has Many Benefits
  739. Genetic Modification Poses Certain Risks
  740. Potential Health Risks
  741. Environmental Risks
  742. Economic Instability
  743. Should GM Foods Be Labeled?
  744. How do residues harm our food supply?
  745. Persistent Organic Pollutants Can Cause Illness
  746. Health Risks of POPs
  747. Heavy Metals
  748. Plasticizers
  749. Dioxins
  750. Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances
  751. Pesticides Protect Against Crop Losses—But at a Cost
  752. Growth Hormones and Antibiotics Are Used in Animals
  753. Organic Farming Promotes Ecological Balance
  754. Study plan MasteringNutrition™
  755. Test Yourself | Answers
  756. review questions
  757. math review
  758. web links
  759. in depth 12.5 The Safety and Effectiveness of Dietary Supplements
  760. learning outcomes
  761. How are dietary supplements regulated?
  762. Are there special precautions for herbs?
  763. Should you take a dietary supplement?
  764. web links
  765. 13 Food Equity, Sustainability, and Quality The challenge of “good food”
  766. test yourself
  767. learning outcomes
  768. How prevalent is food insecurity?
  769. About 795 Million People Worldwide Are Hungry
  770. Over 17 Million American Households Are Food Insecure
  771. Why don’t all people have access to nourishing food?
  772. Acute Food Shortages Are Often Caused by Weather Events and Wars
  773. The Major Cause of Chronic Hunger Is Unequal Distribution of Food
  774. Overpopulation Contributes to Chronic Food Shortages
  775. Local Conditions Can Contribute to Chronic Hunger
  776. Agricultural Practices
  777. Lack of Infrastructure
  778. Impact of Disease
  779. Climate Change Threatens Global Food Security
  780. Is our food equitably produced and sold?
  781. Farm Labor Is Dangerous and Poorly Paid
  782. Food Retail and Service Work Maintains the “Working Poor”
  783. How does industrial agriculture affect the security, sustainability, and diversity of our food supply?
  784. Industrial Agriculture Has Increased Food Security but Threatens Our Environment
  785. Monopolization of Agriculture Reduces Food Diversity
  786. The Food Industry Influences America’s Diet
  787. What initiatives are addressing the challenges of “good” food?
  788. Many International Initiatives Increase Access to Nourishing Food
  789. National and Local Programs Help Nourish Americans
  790. Sustainable Agriculture Reduces Environmental Impact and Increases Food Diversity
  791. Corporate and Philanthropic Initiatives Are Promoting “Good” Food
  792. How can you promote “good” food?
  793. Support Food Security
  794. Purchase Fair Trade Goods
  795. Choose Foods That Are Healthful for You and the Environment
  796. Study plan MasteringNutrition™
  797. Test Yourself | Answers
  798. review questions
  799. math review
  800. web links
  801. in depth 13.5 Malnutrition
  802. learning outcomes
  803. What problems are linked to undernourishment?
  804. Low Energy Intake Promotes Wasting, Stunting, and Mortality
  805. Micronutrient Deficiencies Lead to Preventable Diseases
  806. Undernourishment Promotes Socioeconomic Problems
  807. How could limited access to good food promote obesity?
  808. A Nutrition Paradox Is Evident in Transitioning Populations
  809. Physical and Socioeconomic Factors May Promote Obesity Among the Poor
  810. web links
  811. 14 Nutrition Through the Life Cycle Pregnancy and the first year of life
  812. test yourself
  813. learning outcomes
  814. How does a healthful diet support conception and gestation?
  815. A Healthful Diet Is Critical Before Conception
  816. A Healthful Diet Supports Embryonic and Fetal Development
  817. The First Trimester
  818. The Second Trimester
  819. The Third Trimester
  820. Appropriate Maternal Weight Gain Supports a Healthy Birth Weight
  821. What are a pregnant woman’s nutrient needs?
  822. Macronutrients Provide Energy and Build Tissues
  823. Recommendations for Energy Intake
  824. Recommendations for Protein and Carbohydrate Intake
  825. Recommendations for Fat Intake
  826. Micronutrients Support Increased Energy Needs and Tissue Growth
  827. Recommended Folate Intake
  828. Recommended Vitamin B12[&~COLOR~[T12: 100C 40Y]~frut65~B_{12}~norm~~COLOR~[Black]&] Intake
  829. Recommended Vitamin C Intake
  830. Recommended Vitamin A Intake
  831. Recommended Vitamin D Intake
  832. Recommended Calcium Intake
  833. Recommended Iron Intake
  834. Recommended Zinc Intake
  835. Recommended Sodium and Iodine Intake
  836. Do Pregnant Women Need Supplements?
  837. Fluid Needs of Pregnant Women Increase
  838. What are some common nutrition-related concerns of pregnancy?
  839. Morning Sickness, Cravings, and GI Discomfort Are Common
  840. Morning Sickness
  841. Cravings
  842. Gastroesophageal Reflux
  843. Constipation
  844. Serious Disorders Include Diabetes, Hypertension, and Foodborne Illness
  845. Gestational Diabetes
  846. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
  847. Foodborne Illness
  848. Maternal Age Can Affect Pregnancy
  849. A Careful Vegetarian Diet and Regular Exercise Are Safe During Pregnancy
  850. Vegetarianism
  851. Exercise
  852. Many Substances Can Harm the Embryo or Fetus
  853. Caffeine Consumption
  854. Alcohol Consumption
  855. Smoking
  856. Illegal Drug Use
  857. How does nutrition support lactation?
  858. Lactation Is Maintained by Hormones and Infant Suckling
  859. Production of Colostrum
  860. Production of Breast Milk
  861. Breastfeeding Woman Have High Nutrient Needs
  862. Energy and Macronutrient Recommendations
  863. Micronutrient Recommendations
  864. Do Breastfeeding Women Need Supplements?
  865. Fluid Recommendations for Breastfeeding Women
  866. What are some advantages and challenges of breastfeeding?
  867. Breast Milk Is Nutritionally Superior to Infant Formula
  868. Breastfeeding Has Many Other Benefits for the Infant and Mother
  869. Protection from Infections, Allergies, and Residues
  870. Physiologic Benefits for Mother
  871. Mother–Infant Bonding
  872. Convenience and Cost
  873. Physical and Social Concerns Can Make Breastfeeding Challenging
  874. Effects of Drugs and Other Substances on Breast Milk
  875. Maternal HIV Infection
  876. Maternal Obesity
  877. Employment Conflicts
  878. Social Concerns
  879. What About Bonding for Fathers and Siblings?
  880. What are an infant’s nutrient needs?
  881. Nutrition Fuels Infant Growth and Activity
  882. Infants Have Unique Nutrient Needs
  883. Energy and Macronutrient Recommendations
  884. Micronutrient Recommendations
  885. Do Infants Need Supplements?
  886. Fluid Recommendations for Infants
  887. Infant Formula Is a Nutritious Alternative to Breast Milk
  888. What are some common nutrition-related concerns of infancy?
  889. Infants Begin to Need Solid Foods at About 6 Months of Age
  890. Some Foods and Beverages Are Not Safe for Infants
  891. Several Nutrition-Related Disorders Are Concerns for Infants
  892. Allergies
  893. Dehydration
  894. Colic
  895. Anemia
  896. Nursing Bottle Syndrome
  897. Lead Poisoning
  898. Study plan MasteringNutrition™
  899. Test Yourself | Answers
  900. review questions
  901. math review
  902. web links
  903. in depth 14.5 The Fetal Environment
  904. learning outcomes
  905. How does fetal adaptation to famine affect adult health?
  906. How do other nutritional imbalances in utero affect adult health?
  907. web links
  908. 15 Nutrition Through the Life Cycle Childhood to late adulthood
  909. test yourself
  910. learning outcomes
  911. What are the nutritional needs and concerns of toddlerhood?
  912. Body Size and Activity Increase Toddlers’ Nutrient Needs
  913. Energy and Macronutrient Recommendations for Toddlers
  914. Micronutrient Recommendations for Toddlers
  915. Fluid Recommendations for Toddlers
  916. Encourage Nutritious Food Choices with Toddlers
  917. Vegan Diets May Not Be Healthful for Toddlers
  918. What are the nutritional needs and concerns of childhood?
  919. Growth and Development Increase Children’s Nutrient Needs
  920. Energy and Macronutrient Recommendations for Children
  921. Micronutrient Recommendations for Children
  922. Fluid Recommendations for Children
  923. Encourage Nutritious Food Choices with Children
  924. School Attendance Influences Children’s Nutrition
  925. Childhood Brings Unique Nutrition-Related Concerns
  926. Dental Caries
  927. Inadequate Calcium Intake
  928. Childhood Food Insecurity
  929. What are the nutritional needs and concerns of adolescence?
  930. Puberty Triggers Dramatic Growth and Maturation
  931. Rapid Growth Increases an Adolescent’s Nutrient Needs
  932. Energy and Macronutrient Recommendations for Adolescents
  933. Micronutrient Recommendations for Adolescents
  934. Calcium
  935. Vitamin D
  936. Iron
  937. Vitamin A
  938. Fluid Recommendations for Adolescents
  939. Encourage Nutritious Food Choices with Adolescents
  940. Appearance and Substance Use Are Key Concerns of Adolescence
  941. Body Image and Eating Disorders
  942. Adolescent Acne
  943. Use of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Illegal Drugs
  944. Why is pediatric obesity harmful, and what can be done?
  945. Obesity Impairs Children’s Health
  946. Encourage Healthful Eating Patterns
  947. Encourage Physical Activity
  948. What characterizes aging?
  949. Americans Are Getting Older
  950. Characteristic Physiologic Changes Accompany Aging
  951. Age-Related Changes in Sensory Perception
  952. Age-Related Changes in Gastrointestinal Function
  953. Age-Related Changes in Body Composition
  954. What are the nutritional needs and concerns of older adults?
  955. Some Nutrient Recommendations Increase or Decrease with Aging
  956. Energy and Macronutrient Recommendations for Older Adults
  957. Micronutrient Recommendations for Older Adults
  958. Calcium
  959. Vitamin D
  960. Iron
  961. Zinc
  962. Vitamins C and E
  963. B-vitamins
  964. Vitamin A
  965. Supplementation
  966. Fluid Recommendations for Older Adults
  967. Older Adults Have Many Unique Nutrition-Related Concerns
  968. Obesity and Underweight
  969. Dental Health Issues
  970. Age-Related Eye Diseases
  971. Interactions Between Medications and Nutrition
  972. Financial Problems
  973. Study plan MasteringNutrition™
  974. Test Yourself | Answers
  975. review questions
  976. math review
  977. web links
  978. in depth 15.5 Searching for the Fountain of Youth
  979. learning outcomes
  980. Does calorie restriction increase life span?
  981. Calorie Restriction May Reduce Production of Free Radicals
  982. Calorie Restriction Presents Significant Challenges
  983. Alternatives to Calorie Restriction Show Similar Benefits
  984. Can supplements slow aging?
  985. Are your actions today promoting a longer, healthier life?
  986. web links
  987. Appendices
  988. Appendix A 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines, Dietary Reference Intakes, and Dietary Guidelines Recommendations
  989. Appendix B Calculations and Conversions
  990. Calculation and Conversion Aids
  991. Commonly Used Metric Units
  992. International Units
  993. Retinol Activity Equivalents
  994. Folate
  995. Conversion Factors
  996. Length: U.S. and Metric Equivalents
  997. Weights and Measures
  998. Food Measurement Equivalencies from U.S. to Metric
  999. Capacity
  1000. Weight
  1001. U.S. Food Measurement Equivalents
  1002. Volumes and Capacities
  1003. Energy Units
  1004. Temperature Standards
  1005. Temperature Scales
  1006. To Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius:
  1007. To Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit:
  1008. Appendix C Foods Containing Caffeine
  1009. Beverages
  1010. Cake, Cookies, and Desserts
  1011. Appendix D U.S. Exchange Lists for Meal Planning
  1012. Starch List
  1013. Icon Key
  1014. Fruit List
  1015. Icon Key
  1016. Milk and Yogurts
  1017. Sweets, Desserts, and Other Carbohydrates List
  1018. Icon Key
  1019. Nonstarchy Vegetable List
  1020. Icon Key
  1021. Meat and Meat Substitutes List
  1022. Icon Key
  1023. Plant-Based Proteins
  1024. Icon Key
  1025. Fat List
  1026. Icon Key
  1027. Free Foods List
  1028. Icon Key
  1029. Drinks/Mixes
  1030. Icon Key
  1031. Seasonings
  1032. Combination Foods List
  1033. Icon Key
  1034. Fast Foods Lista
  1035. Icon Key
  1036. Alcohol List
  1037. Appendix E Stature-for-Age Charts
  1038. Appendix F The USDA Food Guide Evolution
  1039. Early History of Food Guides
  1040. Contemporary Food Guides: From Pyramid to Plate
  1041. references
  1042. answers Answers to Review Questions
  1043. Chapter 1
  1044. Review Questions
  1045. Math Review
  1046. Chapter 2
  1047. Review Questions
  1048. Math Review
  1049. Chapter 3
  1050. Review Questions
  1051. Math Review
  1052. Chapter 4
  1053. Review Questions
  1054. Math Review
  1055. Chapter 5
  1056. Review Questions
  1057. Math Review
  1058. Chapter 6
  1059. Review Questions
  1060. Math Review
  1061. Chapter 7
  1062. Review Questions
  1063. Math Review
  1064. Chapter 8
  1065. Review Questions
  1066. Math Review
  1067. Chapter 9
  1068. Review Questions
  1069. Math Review
  1070. Chapter 10
  1071. Review Questions
  1072. Math Review
  1073. Chapter 11
  1074. Review Questions
  1075. Math Review
  1076. Chapter 12
  1077. Review Questions
  1078. Math Review
  1079. Chapter 13
  1080. Review Questions
  1081. Math Review
  1082. Chapter 14
  1083. Review Questions
  1084. Math Review
  1085. Chapter 15
  1086. Review Questions
  1087. Math Review
  1088. glossary
  1089. index
  1090. A
  1091. B
  1092. C
  1093. D
  1094. E
  1095. F
  1096. G
  1097. H
  1098. I
  1099. J
  1100. K
  1101. L
  1102. M
  1103. N
  1104. O
  1105. P
  1106. Q
  1107. R
  1108. S
  1109. T
  1110. U
  1111. V
  1112. W
  1113. X
  1114. Y
  1115. Z
  1116. credits
  1117. Chapter 1
  1118. Chapter 1.5
  1119. Chapter 2
  1120. Chapter 2.5
  1121. Chapter 3
  1122. Chapter 3.5
  1123. Chapter 4
  1124. Chapter 4.5
  1125. Chapter 5
  1126. Chapter 5.5
  1127. Chapter 6
  1128. Chapter 6.5
  1129. Chapter 7
  1130. Chapter 7.5
  1131. Chapter 8
  1132. Chapter 8.5
  1133. Chapter 9
  1134. Chapter 9.5
  1135. Chapter 10
  1136. Chapter 10.5
  1137. Chapter 11
  1138. Chapter 11.5
  1139. Chapter 12
  1140. Chapter 12.5
  1141. Chapter 13
  1142. Chapter 13.5
  1143. Chapter 14
  1144. Chapter 14.5
  1145. Chapter 15
  1146. Chapter 15.5

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