This is completed downloadable of Test Bank for Organic Chemistry 8th by Vollhardt
Product Details:
- ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1319079458
- ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1319079451
- Author:Â
Gain a deeper understanding of reactions, mechanisms, and synthetic analysis and their practical applications as Organic Chemistry breaks down topics using a sensible organization based on the concept that an organic molecule’s structure will determine its function.
Table of Content:
- Chapter 1 Structure and Bonding in Organic Molecules
- 1-1 The Scope of Organic Chemistry: An Overview
- Real Life: Nature 1-1 Urea: From Urine to Wöhler’s Synthesis to Industrial Fertilizer
- 1-2 Coulomb Forces: A Simplified View of Bonding
- 1-3 Ionic and Covalent Bonds: The Octet Rule
- 1-4 Electron-Dot Model of Bonding: Lewis Structures
- 1-5 Resonance Forms
- 1-6 Atomic Orbitals: A Quantum Mechanical Description of Electrons Around the Nucleus
- 1-7 Molecular Orbitals and Covalent Bonding
- 1-8 Hybrid Orbitals: Bonding in Complex Molecules
- 1-9 Structures and Formulas of Organic Molecules
- 1-10 A General Strategy for Solving Problems in Organic Chemistry
- Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 1 Review
- Chapter 2 Structure and Reactivity
- Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
- 2-1 Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Simple Chemical Processes
- 2-2 Keys to Success: Using Curved “Electron-Pushing” Arrows to Describe Chemical Reactions
- 2-3 Acids and Bases
- Real Life: Medicine 2-1 Stomach Acid, Peptic Ulcers, Pharmacology, and Organic Chemistry
- 2-4 Functional Groups: Centers of Reactivity
- 2-5 Straight-Chain and Branched Alkanes
- 2-6 Naming the Alkanes
- 2-7 Structural and Physical Properties of Alkanes
- Real Life: Nature 2-2 “Sexual Swindle” by Means of Chemical Mimicry
- 2-8 Rotation about Single Bonds: Conformations
- 2-9 Rotation in Substituted Ethanes
- 2-10 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 2 Review
- Chapter 3 Reactions of Alkanes
- Bond-Dissociation Energies, Radical Halogenation, and Relative Reactivity
- 3-1 Strength of Alkane Bonds: Radicals
- 3-2 Structure of Alkyl Radicals: Hyperconjugation
- 3-3 Conversion of Petroleum: Pyrolysis
- Real Life: Sustainability 3-1 Sustainability and the Needs of the 21st Century: “Green” Chemistry
- 3-4 Chlorination of Methane: The Radical Chain Mechanism
- 3-5 Other Radical Halogenations of Methane
- 3-6 Keys to Success: Using the “Known” Mechanism as a Model for the “Unknown”
- 3-7 Chlorination of Higher Alkanes: Relative Reactivity and Selectivity
- 3-8 Selectivity in Radical Halogenation with Fluorine and Bromine
- 3-9 Synthetic Radical Halogenation
- Real Life: Medicine 3-2 Chlorination, Chloral, and DDT: The Quest to Eradicate Malaria
- 3-10 Synthetic Chlorine Compounds and the Stratospheric Ozone Layer
- 3-11 Combustion and the Relative Stabilities of Alkanes
- 3-12 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 3 Review
- Chapter 4 Cycloalkanes
- 4-1 Names and Physical Properties of Cycloalkanes
- 4-2 Ring Strain and the Structure of Cycloalkanes
- 4-3 Cyclohexane: A Strain-Free Cycloalkane
- 4-4 Substituted Cyclohexanes
- 4-5 Larger Cycloalkanes
- 4-6 Polycyclic Alkanes
- 4-7 Carbocyclic Products in Nature
- Real Life: Materials 4-1 Cyclohexane, Adamantane, and Diamandoids: Diamond “Molecules”
- Real Life: Medicine 4-2 Cholesterol: How Is It Bad and How Bad Is It?
- Real Life: Medicine 4-3 Controlling Fertility: From “the Pill” to RU-486 to Male Contraceptives
- 4-8 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 4 Review
- Chapter 5 Stereoisomers
- 5-1 Chiral Molecules
- Real Life: Nature 5-1 Chiral Substances in Nature
- 5-2 Optical Activity
- 5-3 Absolute Configuration: R,S Sequence Rules
- 5-4 Fischer Projections
- 5-5 Molecules Incorporating Several Stereocenters: Diastereomers
- Real Life: Nature 5-2 Stereoisomers of Tartaric Acid
- 5-6 Meso Compounds
- 5-7 Stereochemistry in Chemical Reactions
- Real Life: Medicine 5-3 Chiral Drugs—Racemic or Enantiomerically Pure?
- Real Life: Medicine 5-4 Why Is Nature “Handed”?
- 5-8 Resolution: Separation of Enantiomers
- 5-9 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 5 Review
- Chapter 6 Properties and Reactions of Haloalkanes
- Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution
- 6-1 Physical Properties of Haloalkanes
- Real Life: Medicine 6-1 Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals
- 6-2 Nucleophilic Substitution
- 6-3 Reaction Mechanisms Involving Polar Functional Groups: Using “Electron-Pushing” Arrows
- 6-4 A Closer Look at the Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanism: Kinetics
- 6-5 Frontside or Backside Attack? Stereochemistry of the SN2 Reaction
- 6-6 Consequences of Inversion in SN2 Reactions
- 6-7 Structure and SN2 Reactivity: The Leaving Group
- 6-8 Structure and SN2 Reactivity: The Nucleophile
- 6-9 Keys to Success: Choosing Among Multiple Mechanistic Pathways
- 6-10 Structure and SN2 Reactivity: The Substrate
- 6-11 The SN2 Reaction at a Glance
- 6-12 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 6 Review
- Chapter 7 Further Reactions of Haloalkanes
- Unimolecular Substitution and Pathways of Elimination
- 7-1 Solvolysis of Tertiary and Secondary Haloalkanes
- 7-2 Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution
- 7-3 Stereochemical Consequences of SN1 Reactions
- 7-4 Effects of Solvent, Leaving Group, and Nucleophile on Unimolecular Substitution
- 7-5 Effect of the Alkyl Group on the SN1 Reaction: Carbocation Stability
- Real Life: Medicine 7-1 Unusually Stereoselective SN1 Displacement in Anticancer Drug Synthesis
- 7-6 Unimolecular Elimination: E1
- 7-7 Bimolecular Elimination: E2
- 7-8 Keys to Success: Substitution versus Elimination—Structure Determines Function
- 7-9 Summary of Reactivity of Haloalkanes
- 7-10 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 7 Review
- Chapter 8 Hydroxy Functional Group: Alcohols
- Properties, Preparation, and Strategy of Synthesis
- 8-1 Naming the Alcohols
- 8-2 Structural and Physical Properties of Alcohols
- 8-3 Alcohols as Acids and Bases
- 8-4 Synthesis of Alcohols by Nucleophilic Substitution
- 8-5 Synthesis of Alcohols: Oxidation–Reduction Relation Between Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds
- Real Life: Medicine 8-1 Oxidation and Reduction in the Body
- Real Life: Medicine 8-2 Don’t Drink and Drive: The Breath Analyzer Test
- 8-6 Organometallic Reagents: Sources of Nucleophilic Carbon for Alcohol Synthesis
- 8-7 Organometallic Reagents in the Synthesis of Alcohols
- 8-8 Keys to Success: An Introduction to Synthetic Strategy
- Real Life: Chemistry 8-3 What Magnesium Does Not Do, Copper Can: Alkylation of Organometallics
- 8-9 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 8 Review
- Chapter 9 Further Reactions of Alcohols and the Chemistry of Ethers
- 9-1 Reactions of Alcohols with Base: Preparation of Alkoxides
- 9-2 Reactions of Alcohols with Strong Acids: Alkyloxonium Ions in Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alcohols
- 9-3 Carbocation Rearrangements
- 9-4 Esters from Alcohols and Haloalkane Synthesis
- 9-5 Names and Physical Properties of Ethers
- 9-6 Williamson Ether Synthesis
- Real Life: Nature 9-1 Chemiluminescence of 1,2-Dioxacyclobutanes
- 9-7 Synthesis of Ethers: Alcohols and Mineral Acids
- 9-8 Reactions of Ethers
- Real Life: Medicine 9-2 Protecting Groups in the Synthesis of Testosterone
- 9-9 Reactions of Oxacyclopropanes
- Real Life: Chemistry 9-3 Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of Oxacyclopropanes
- 9-10 Sulfur Analogs of Alcohols and Ethers
- 9-11 Physiological Properties and Uses of Alcohols and Ethers
- 9-12 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 9 Review
- Chapter 10 Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Deduce Structure
- 10-1 Physical and Chemical Tests
- 10-2 Defining Spectroscopy
- 10-3 Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- Real Life: Spectroscopy 10-1 Recording an NMR Spectrum
- 10-4 Using NMR Spectra to Analyze Molecular Structure: The Proton Chemical Shift
- 10-5 Tests for Chemical Equivalence
- Real Life: Medicine 10-2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Medicine
- 10-6 Integration of NMR Signals
- 10-7 Spin–Spin Splitting: The Effect of Nonequivalent Neighboring Hydrogens
- 10-8 Spin–Spin Splitting: Some Complications
- Real Life: Spectroscopy 10-3 The Nonequivalence of Diastereotopic Hydrogens
- 10-9 Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- Real Life: Spectroscopy 10-4 How to Determine Atom Connectivity in NMR
- Real Life: Medicine 10-5 Structural Characterization of Natural and “Unnatural” Products: An Antioxidant from Grape Seeds and a Fake Drug in Herbal Medicines
- 10-10 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 10 Review
- Chapter 11 Alkenes: Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
- 11-1 Naming the Alkenes
- 11-2 Structure and Bonding in Ethene: The Pi Bond
- 11-3 Physical Properties of Alkenes
- 11-4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Alkenes
- Real Life: Medicine 11-1 NMR of Complex Molecules: The Powerfully Regulating Prostaglandins
- 11-5 Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes: Relative Stability of Double Bonds
- 11-6 Preparation of Alkenes from Haloalkanes and Alkyl Sulfonates: Bimolecular Elimination Revisited
- 11-7 Preparation of Alkenes by Dehydration of Alcohols
- 11-8 Infrared Spectroscopy
- 11-9 Measuring the Molecular Mass of Organic Compounds: Mass Spectrometry
- Real Life: Medicine 11-2 Detecting Performance-Enhancing Drugs Using Mass Spectrometry
- 11-10 Fragmentation Patterns of Organic Molecules
- 11-11 Degree of Unsaturation: Another Aid to Identifying Molecular Structure
- 11-12 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 11 Review
- Chapter 12 Reactions of Alkenes
- 12-1 Why Addition Reactions Proceed: Thermodynamic Feasibility
- 12-2 Catalytic Hydrogenation
- 12-3 Basic and Nucleophilic Character of the Pi Bond: Electrophilic Addition of Hydrogen Halides
- 12-4 Alcohol Synthesis by Electrophilic Hydration: Thermodynamic Control
- 12-5 Electrophilic Addition of Halogens to Alkenes
- 12-6 The Generality of Electrophilic Addition
- 12-7 Oxymercuration–Demercuration: A Special Electrophilic Addition
- Real Life: Medicine 12-1 Juvenile Hormone Analogs in the Battle Against Insect-Borne Diseases
- 12-8 Hydroboration–Oxidation: A Stereospecific Anti-Markovnikov Hydration
- 12-9 Diazomethane, Carbenes, and Cyclopropane Synthesis
- 12-10 Oxacyclopropane (Epoxide) Synthesis: Epoxidation by Peroxycarboxylic Acids
- 12-11 Vicinal Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetroxide
- Real Life: Medicine 12-2 Synthesis of Antitumor Drugs: Sharpless Enantioselective Oxacyclopropanation (Epoxidation) and Dihydroxylation
- 12-12 Oxidative Cleavage: Ozonolysis
- 12-13 Radical Additions: Anti-Markovnikov Product Formation
- 12-14 Dimerization, Oligomerization, and Polymerization of Alkenes
- 12-15 Synthesis of Polymers
- 12-16 Ethene: An Important Industrial Feedstock
- 12-17 Alkenes in Nature: Insect Pheromones
- Real Life: Medicine 12-3 Alkene Metathesis Transposes the Termini of Two Alkenes: Construction of Rings
- 12-18 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 12 Review
- Chapter 13 Alkynes
- The Carbon–Carbon Triple Bond
- 13-1 Naming the Alkynes
- 13-2 Properties and Bonding in the Alkynes
- 13-3 Spectroscopy of the Alkynes
- 13-4 Preparation of Alkynes by Double Elimination
- 13-5 Preparation of Alkynes from Alkynyl Anions
- 13-6 Reduction of Alkynes: The Relative Reactivity of the Two Pi Bonds
- 13-7 Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkynes
- 13-8 Anti-Markovnikov Additions to Triple Bonds
- 13-9 Chemistry of Alkenyl Halides
- Real Life: Synthesis 13-1 Metal-Catalyzed Stille, Suzuki, and Sonogashira Coupling Reactions
- 13-10 Ethyne as an Industrial Starting Material
- 13-11 Alkynes in Nature and in Medicine
- 13-12 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 13 Review
- Chapter 14 Delocalized Pi Systems
- Investigation by Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy
- 14-1 Overlap of Three Adjacent p Orbitals: Electron Delocalization in the 2-Propenyl (Allyl) System
- 14-2 Radical Allylic Halogenation
- 14-3 Nucleophilic Substitution of Allylic Halides: SN1 and SN2
- 14-4 Allylic Organometallic Reagents: Useful Three-Carbon Nucleophiles
- 14-5 Two Neighboring Double Bonds: Conjugated Dienes
- 14-6 Electrophilic Attack on Conjugated Dienes: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control
- 14-7 Delocalization Among More than Two Pi Bonds: Extended Conjugation and Benzene
- 14-8 A Special Transformation of Conjugated Dienes: Diels-Alder Cycloaddition
- Real Life: Materials 14-1 Organic Polyenes Conduct Electricity
- Real Life: Sustainability 14-2 The Diels-Alder Reaction is “Green”
- 14-9 Electrocyclic Reactions
- 14-10 Polymerization of Conjugated Dienes: Rubber
- 14-11 Electronic Spectra: Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy
- Real Life: Spectroscopy 14-3 The Contributions of IR, MS, and UV to the Characterization of Viniferone
- 14-12 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 14 Review
- Chapter 15 Benzene and Aromaticity
- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
- 15-1 Naming the Benzenes
- 15-2 Structure and Resonance Energy of Benzene: A First Look at Aromaticity
- 15-3 Pi Molecular Orbitals of Benzene
- 15-4 Spectral Characteristics of the Benzene Ring
- Real Life: Materials 15-1 Compounds Made of Pure Carbon: Graphite, Graphene, Diamond, and Fullerenes
- 15-5 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- 15-6 Other Cyclic Polyenes: Hückel’s Rule
- 15-7 Hückel’s Rule and Charged Molecules
- 15-8 Synthesis of Benzene Derivatives: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
- 15-9 Halogenation of Benzene: The Need for a Catalyst
- 15-10 Nitration and Sulfonation of Benzene
- 15-11 Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
- 15-12 Limitations of Friedel-Crafts Alkylations
- 15-13 Friedel-Crafts Acylation
- 15-14 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 15 Review
- Chapter 16 Electrophilic Attack on Derivatives of Benzene
- Substituents Control Regioselectivity
- 16-1 Activation or Deactivation by Substituents on a Benzene Ring
- 16-2 Directing Electron-Donating Effects of Alkyl Groups
- 16-3 Directing Effects of Substituents in Conjugation with the Benzene Ring
- Real Life: Materials 16-1 Explosive Nitroarenes: TNT and Picric Acid
- 16-4 Electrophilic Attack on Disubstituted Benzenes
- 16-5 Keys to Success: Synthetic Strategies Toward Substituted Benzenes
- 16-6 Reactivity of Polycyclic Benzenoid Hydrocarbons
- 16-7 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cancer
- 16-8 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 16 Review
- Chapter 17 Aldehydes and Ketones
- The Carbonyl Group
- 17-1 Naming the Aldehydes and Ketones
- 17-2 Structure of the Carbonyl Group
- 17-3 Spectroscopic Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- 17-4 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- 17-5 Reactivity of the Carbonyl Group: Mechanisms of Addition
- 17-6 Addition of Water to Form Hydrates
- 17-7 Addition of Alcohols to Form Hemiacetals and Acetals
- 17-8 Acetals as Protecting Groups
- 17-9 Nucleophilic Addition of Ammonia and Its Derivatives
- Real Life: Biochemistry 17-1 Imines Mediate the Biochemistry of Amino Acids
- 17-10 Deoxygenation of the Carbonyl Group
- 17-11 Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide to Give Cyanohydrins
- 17-12 Addition of Phosphorus Ylides: The Wittig Reaction
- 17-13 Oxidation by Peroxycarboxylic Acids: The Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation
- 17-14 Oxidative Chemical Tests for Aldehydes
- 17-15 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 17 Review
- Chapter 18 Enols, Enolates, and the Aldol Condensation
- α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones
- 18-1 Acidity of Aldehydes and Ketones: Enolate Ions
- 18-2 Keto–Enol Equilibria
- 18-3 Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- 18-4 Alkylation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- 18-5 Attack by Enolates on the Carbonyl Function: Aldol Condensation
- Real Life: Biology And Medicine 18-1 Stereoselective Aldol Reactions in Nature and in the Laboratory: “Organocatalysis”
- 18-6 Crossed Aldol Condensation
- 18-7 Keys to Success: Competitive Reaction Pathways and the Intramolecular Aldol Condensation
- Real Life: Nature 18-2 Absorption of Photons by Unsaturated Aldehydes Enables Vision
- 18-8 Properties of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones
- 18-9 Conjugate Additions to α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones
- 18-10 1,2- and 1,4-Additions of Organometallic Reagents
- 18-11 Conjugate Additions of Enolate Ions: Michael Addition and Robinson Annulation
- 18-12 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 18 Review
- Chapter 19 Carboxylic Acids
- 19-1 Naming the Carboxylic Acids
- 19-2 Structural and Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- 19-3 Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry of Carboxylic Acids
- 19-4 Acidic and Basic Character of Carboxylic Acids
- 19-5 Carboxylic Acid Synthesis in Industry
- 19-6 Methods for Introducing the Carboxy Functional Group
- 19-7 Substitution at the Carboxy Carbon: The Addition–Elimination Mechanism
- 19-8 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acyl Halides and Anhydrides
- 19-9 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Esters
- 19-10 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides
- 19-11 Reduction of Carboxylic Acids by Lithium Aluminum Hydride
- 19-12 Bromination Next to the Carboxy Group: The Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction
- 19-13 Biological Activity of Carboxylic Acids
- Real Life: Materials 19-1 Long-Chain Carboxylates and Sulfonates Make Soaps and Detergents
- Real Life: Health 19-2 Artery-Clogging Trans Fatty Acids Phasing Out
- Real Life: Materials 19-3 Green Plastics, Fibers, and Energy from Biomass-Derived Hydroxyesters
- 19-14 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 19 Review
- Chapter 20 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
- 20-1 Relative Reactivities, Structures, and Spectra of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
- 20-2 Chemistry of Acyl Halides
- 20-3 Chemistry of Carboxylic Anhydrides
- 20-4 Chemistry of Esters
- 20-5 Esters in Nature: Waxes, Fats, Oils, and Lipids
- Real Life: Sustainability 20-1 Moving Away from Petroleum: Green Fuels from Vegetable Oil
- 20-6 Amides: The Least Reactive Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
- Real Life: Medicine 20-2 Killing the Bugs that Kill the Drugs: Antibiotic Wars
- 20-7 Amidates and Their Halogenation: The Hofmann Rearrangement
- 20-8 Alkanenitriles: A Special Class of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
- 20-9 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 20 Review
- Chapter 21 Amines and Their Derivatives
- Functional Groups Containing Nitrogen
- 21-1 Naming the Amines
- Real Life: Medicine 21-1 Physiologically Active Amines and Weight Control
- 21-2 Structural and Physical Properties of Amines
- 21-3 Spectroscopy of the Amine Group
- 21-4 Acidity and Basicity of Amines
- 21-5 Synthesis of Amines by Alkylation
- 21-6 Synthesis of Amines by Reductive Amination
- 21-7 Synthesis of Amines from Carboxylic Amides
- 21-8 Reactions of Quaternary Ammonium Salts: Hofmann Elimination
- 21-9 Mannich Reaction: Alkylation of Enols by Iminium Ions
- 21-10 Nitrosation of Amines
- Real Life: Medicine 21-2 Sodium Nitrite as a Food Additive, N-Nitrosodialkanamines, and Cancer
- Real Life: Materials 21-3 Amines in Industry: Nylon, the “Miracle Fiber”
- 21-11 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 21 Review
- Chapter 22 Chemistry of Benzene Substituents
- Alkylbenzenes, Phenols, and Anilines
- 22-1 Reactivity at the Phenylmethyl (Benzyl) Carbon: Benzylic Resonance Stabilization
- 22-2 Oxidations and Reductions of Substituted Benzenes
- 22-3 Names and Properties of Phenols
- Real Life: Medicine 22-1 Two Phenols in the News: Bisphenol A and Resveratrol
- 22-4 Preparation of Phenols: Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
- 22-5 Alcohol Chemistry of Phenols
- Real Life: Medicine 22-2 Aspirin: The Miracle Drug
- 22-6 Electrophilic Substitution of Phenols
- 22-7 An Electrocyclic Reaction of the Benzene Ring: The Claisen Rearrangement
- 22-8 Oxidation of Phenols: Benzoquinones
- Real Life: Biology 22-3 Chemical Warfare in Nature: The Bombardier Beetle
- 22-9 Oxidation-Reduction Processes in Nature
- 22-10 Arenediazonium Salts
- 22-11 Electrophilic Substitution with Arenediazonium Salts: Diazo Coupling
- 22-12 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 22 Review
- Chapter 23 Ester Enolates and the Claisen Condensation
- Synthesis of β-Dicarbonyl Compounds; Acyl Anion Equivalents
- 23-1 β-Dicarbonyl Compounds: Claisen Condensations
- Real Life: Nature 23-1 Claisen Condensations Assemble Biological Molecules
- 23-2 β-Dicarbonyl Compounds as Synthetic Intermediates
- 23-3 β-Dicarbonyl Anion Chemistry: Michael Additions
- 23-4 Acyl Anion Equivalents: Preparation of [H9251]-Hydroxyketones
- Real Life: Nature 23-2 Thiamine: A Natural, Metabolically Active Thiazolium Salt
- 23-5 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 23 Review
- Chapter 24 Carbohydrates
- Polyfunctional Compounds in Nature
- 24-1 Names and Structures of Carbohydrates
- 24-2 Conformations and Cyclic Forms of Sugars
- 24-3 Anomers of Simple Sugars: Mutarotation of Glucose
- 24-4 Polyfunctional Chemistry of Sugars: Oxidation to Carboxylic Acids
- 24-5 Oxidative Cleavage of Sugars
- 24-6 Reduction of Monosaccharides to Alditols
- 24-7 Carbonyl Condensations with Amine Derivatives
- 24-8 Ester and Ether Formation: Glycosides
- 24-9 Step-by-Step Buildup and Degradation of Sugars
- Real Life: Nature 24-1 Biological Sugar Synthesis
- 24-10 Relative Configurations of the Aldoses: An Exercise in Structure Determination
- 24-11 Complex Sugars in Nature: Disaccharides
- Real Life: Food Chemistry 24-2 Manipulating Our Sweet Tooth
- 24-12 Polysaccharides and Other Sugars in Nature
- Real Life: Medicine 24-3 Sialic Acid, “Bird Flu,” and Rational Drug Design
- 24-13 Worked Example: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 24 Review
- Chapter 25 Heterocycles
- Heteroatoms in Cyclic Organic Compounds
- 25-1 Naming the Heterocycles
- 25-2 Nonaromatic Heterocycles
- Real Life: Medicine 25-1 Smoking, Nicotine, Cancer, and Medicinal Chemistry
- 25-3 Structures and Properties of Aromatic Heterocyclopentadienes
- 25-4 Reactions of the Aromatic Heterocyclopentadienes
- 25-5 Structure and Preparation of Pyridine: An Azabenzene
- 25-6 Reactions of Pyridine
- Real Life: Biochemistry 25-2 Lessons from Redox-Active Pyridinium Salts in Nature: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, Dihydropyridines, and Synthesis
- 25-7 Quinoline and Isoquinoline: The Benzopyridines
- Real Life: Biology 25-3 Folic Acid, Vitamin D, Cholesterol, and the Color of Your Skin
- 25-8 Alkaloids: Physiologically Potent Nitrogen Heterocycles in Nature
- Real Life: Nature 25-4 Nature is Not Always Green: Natural Pesticides
- 25-9 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 25 Review
- Chapter 26 Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
- Nitrogen-Containing Polymers in Nature
- 26-1 Structure and Properties of Amino Acids
- Real Life: Medicine 26-1 Arginine and Nitric Oxide in Biochemistry and Medicine
- 26-2 Synthesis of Amino Acids: A Combination of Amine and Carboxylic Acid Chemistry
- 26-3 Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Amino Acids
- Real Life: Chemistry 26-2 Enantioselective Synthesis of Optically Pure Amino Acids: Phase-Transfer Catalysis
- 26-4 Peptides and Proteins: Amino Acid Oligomers and Polymers
- 26-5 Determination of Primary Structure: Amino Acid Sequencing
- 26-6 Synthesis of Polypeptides: A Challenge in the Application of Protecting Groups
- 26-7 Merrifield Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis
- 26-8 Polypeptides in Nature: Oxygen Transport by the Proteins Myoglobin and Hemoglobin
- 26-9 Biosynthesis of Proteins: Nucleic Acids
- Real Life: Medicine 26-3 Synthetic Nucleic Acid Bases and Nucleosides in Medicine
- 26-10 Protein Synthesis Through RNA
- 26-11 DNA Sequencing and Synthesis: Cornerstones of Gene Technology
- Real Life: Forensics 26-4 DNA Fingerprinting
- 26-12 Worked Examples: Integrating the Concepts
- Chapter 26 Review
- Back Matter
- Footnotes
- Answers to Exercises
- Index
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- X
- Y
- Z
- Study Notes
- Inside Back Cover
- Back Cover
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