This is completed downloadable of Test Bank for Organic Chemistry, 9th Edition, Leroy G. Wade, ISBN-10: 032197137X, ISBN-13: 9780321971371
Product Details:
- ISBN-10 : 013416038X
- ISBN-13 : 978-0134160382
- Author: Leroy G. Wade
Wade & Simek’s Ninth Edition of Organic Chemistry presents key principles of organic chemistry in the context of fundamental reasoning and problem solving. Authored to complement how students use a textbook today, new Problem Solving Strategies, Partially Solved Problems, Visual Reaction Guides and Reaction Starbursts encourage students to use the text before class as a primary introduction to organic chemistry as well as a comprehensive study tool for working problems and/or preparing for exams. With unparalleled and highly refined pedagogy, this Ninth edition gives students a contemporary overview of organic principles and the tools for organizing and understanding reaction mechanisms and synthetic organic chemistry.
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Table of Content:
- 1 Structure and Bonding
- Goals for Chapter 1
- 1-1 The Origins of Organic Chemistry
- 1-2 Principles of Atomic Structure
- 1-2A Structure of the Atom
- 1-2B Electron Shells and Orbitals
- 1-2C Electronic Configurations of Atoms
- Problem 1-1
- 1-3 Bond Formation: The Octet Rule
- 1-3A Ionic Bonding
- 1-3B Covalent Bonding
- 1-4 Lewis Structures
- Problem 1-2
- 1-5 Multiple Bonding
- Summary Common Bonding Patterns (Uncharged)
- Problem 1-3
- Problem 1-4
- 1-6 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
- Problem 1-5
- 1-7 Formal Charges
- SOLUTION
- SOLUTION
- SOLUTION
- SOLUTION
- 1-8 Ionic Structures
- Problem 1-6
- 1-9 Resonance
- 1-9A Resonance Hybrids
- 1-9B Major and Minor Resonance Contributors
- SOLUTION (a)
- SOLUTION (b)
- SOLUTION (c)
- Problem 1-7
- Problem 1-8 (PARTIALLY SOLVED)
- SOLUTION
- Problem-Solving Strategy Drawing and Evaluating Resonance Forms
- Solved Problem 1-3
- Solved Problem 1-4
- SOLUTION
- Solved Problem 1-5
- Problem 1-9
- Problem 1-10
- 1-10 Structural Formulas
- 1-10A Condensed Structural Formulas
- Problem 1-11
- 1-10B Line–Angle Formulas
- Problem 1-12
- Problem 1-13
- 1-11 Molecular Formulas and Empirical Formulas
- 1-12 Wave Properties of Electrons in Orbitals
- 1-12A Waveforms and Nodes
- 1-12B Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals
- 1-13 Molecular Orbitals
- 1-13A The Hydrogen Molecule; Sigma Bonding
- 1-13B Sigma Overlap Involving p Orbitals
- SOLUTION
- 1-14 Pi Bonding
- 1-14A Single and Double Bonds
- 1-15 Hybridization and Molecular Shapes
- 1-15A sp Hybrid Orbitals
- SOLUTION
- 1-15B sp2 Hybrid Orbitals
- SOLUTION
- 1-15C sp3 Hybrid Orbitals
- 1-16 Drawing Three-Dimensional Molecules
- Problem 1-15
- 1-17 General Rules of Hybridization and Geometry
- Summary Hybridization and Geometry
- SOLUTION
- Problem 1-16
- SOLUTION
- Problem 1-17
- SOLUTION
- Problem 1-18
- SOLUTION
- Problem 1-19
- Problem 1-20
- SOLUTION
- Problem 1-21 (PARTIALLY SOLVED)
- SOLUTION
- 1-18 Bond Rotation
- 1-18A Rotation of Single Bonds
- 1-18B Rigidity of Double Bonds
- Problem 1-22
- Problem 1-23
- 1-19 Isomerism
- 1-19A Constitutional Isomerism
- 1-19B Stereoisomers
- Problem 1-24
- Problem 1-25
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 1
- Study Problems
- 2 Acids and Bases; Functional Groups
- Goals for Chapter 2
- 2-1 Polarity of Bonds and Molecules
- 2-1A Bond Dipole Moments
- SOLUTION
- Problem 2-1
- 2-1B Molecular Dipole Moments
- Problem 2-2
- Problem 2-3 (PARTIALLY SOLVED)
- Problem 2-4
- 2-2 Intermolecular Forces
- 2-2A Dipole–Dipole Forces
- 2-2B The London Dispersion Force
- 2-2C Hydrogen Bonding
- Problem 2-5
- SOLUTION
- Problem 2-6
- 2-3 Polarity Effects on Solubilities
- Problem 2-7
- 2-4 Arrhenius Acids and Bases
- Problem 2-8
- 2-5 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
- 2-6 Strengths of Acids and Bases
- 2-6A Acid Strength
- SOLUTION
- Problem 2-9
- 2-6B Base Strength
- 2-7 Equilibrium Positions of Acid–Base Reactions
- Problem-Solving Strategy Predicting Acid–Base Equilibrium Positions
- Problem 2-10 (PARTIALLY SOLVED)
- SOLUTION
- Problem 2-11
- 2-8 Solvent Effects on Acidity and Basicity
- Summary Acidity and Basicity Limitations in Common Solvents
- Problem 2-12
- 2-9 Effects of Size and Electronegativity on Acidity
- 2-10 Inductive Effects on Acidity
- Problem 2-13
- Problem 2-14
- 2-11 Hybridization Effects on Acidity
- Problem 2-15
- Problem 2-16
- Problem 2-17
- 2-12 Resonance Effects on Acidity and Basicity
- Problem 2-18
- Problem 2-19
- Problem 2-20
- Problem 2-21 (PARTIALLY SOLVED)
- SOLUTION
- Problem 2-22 (PARTIALLY SOLVED)
- SOLUTION
- 2-13 Lewis Acids and Bases
- 2-14 The Curved-Arrow Formalism
- Problem 2-23 (PARTIALLY SOLVED)
- 2-15 Hydrocarbons
- 2-15A Alkanes
- 2-15B Alkenes
- 2-15C Alkynes
- 2-15D Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Problem 2-24
- 2-16 Functional Groups with Oxygen
- 2-16A Alcohols
- 2-16B Ethers
- 2-16C Aldehydes and Ketones
- 2-16D Carboxylic Acids
- Problem 2-25
- 2-16E Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
- 2-17 Functional Groups with Nitrogen
- 2-17A Amines
- 2-17B Amides
- 2-17C Nitriles
- Problem 2-26
- Problem 2-27
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 2
- Study Problems
- 3 Structure and Stereochemistry of Alkanes
- Goals for Chapter 3
- 3-1 Classification of Hydrocarbons (Review)
- 3-2 Molecular Formulas of Alkanes
- Problem 3-1
- 3-3 Nomenclature of Alkanes
- 3-3A Common Names
- 3-3B IUPAC or Systematic Names
- SOLUTION
- Problem 3-2
- SOLUTION
- Summary Rules for Naming Alkanes
- Problem 3-3
- Problem 3-4
- Problem 3-5
- Problem 3-6
- Complex Substituents
- Problem 3-7
- Problem 3-8
- Problem 3-9
- 3-4 Physical Properties of Alkanes
- 3-4A Solubilities and Densities of Alkanes
- 3-4B Boiling Points of Alkanes
- 3-4C Melting Points of Alkanes
- Problem 3-10
- 3-5 Uses and Sources of Alkanes
- 3-5A Major Uses of Alkanes
- 3-5B Alkane Sources; Petroleum Refining
- 3-5C Natural Gas; Methane
- 3-6 Reactions of Alkanes
- 3-6A Combustion
- 3-6B Cracking and Hydrocracking
- 3-6C Halogenation
- 3-7 Structure and Conformations of Alkanes
- 3-7A Structure of Methane
- 3-7B Conformations of Ethane
- Problem 3-11 (PARTIALLY SOLVED)
- SOLUTION (a)
- 3-7C Conformations of Propane
- Problem 3-12
- 3-8 Conformations of Butane
- 3-8A Torsional Energy of Butane
- 3-8B Steric Strain
- Problem 3-13
- 3-9 Conformations of Higher Alkanes
- Problem 3-14
- 3-10 Cycloalkanes
- 3-10A General Molecular Formulas of Cycloalkanes
- 3-10B Physical Properties of Cycloalkanes
- 3-10C Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes
- Problem 3-15
- Problem 3-16
- 3-11 Cis-trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes
- Problem 3-17
- Problem 3-18
- 3-12 Stabilities of Cycloalkanes; Ring Strain
- 3-12A Heats of Combustion
- 3-12B Cyclopropane
- Problem 3-19
- 3-12C Cyclobutane
- Problem 3-20
- 3-12D Cyclopentane
- 3-13 Cyclohexane Conformations
- 3-13A Chair and Boat Conformations
- 3-13B Axial and Equatorial Positions
- Problem-Solving Strategy Drawing Chair Conformations
- Problem 3-21
- Problem 3-22
- 3-14 Conformations of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes
- Problem 3-23
- Problem 3-24
- Problem 3-25
- 3-15 Conformations of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
- Problem-Solving Strategy Recognizing Cis and Trans Isomers
- Problem 3-26
- SOLUTION
- Problem 3-27
- Problem 3-28
- 3-15A Substituents of Different Sizes
- SOLUTION
- Problem 3-29
- 3-15B Extremely Bulky Groups
- Problem 3-30
- 3-16 Bicyclic Molecules
- 3-16A Nomenclature of Bicyclic Alkanes
- Problem 3-31
- 3-16B cis- and trans-Decalin
- Problem 3-32
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 3
- Study Problems
- 4 The Study of Chemical Reactions
- Goals for Chapter 4
- 4-1 Introduction
- 4-2 Chlorination of Methane
- 4-3 The Free-Radical Chain Reaction
- 4-3A The Initiation Step: Generation of Radicals
- Problem 4-1
- 4-3B Propagation Steps
- Problem 4-2
- 4-3C Termination Reactions
- Problem 4-3
- Problem 4-4
- 4-4 Equilibrium Constants and Free Energy
- SOLUTION
- Problem 4-5
- Problem 4-6
- 4-5 Enthalpy and Entropy
- 4-5A Enthalpy
- 4-5B Entropy
- SOLUTION
- Problem 4-7
- Problem 4-8
- 4-6 Bond-Dissociation Enthalpies
- 4-7 Enthalpy Changes in Chlorination
- Problem 4-9
- 4-8 Kinetics and the Rate Equation
- SOLUTION
- Problem 4-11
- Problem 4-12
- Problem 4-13
- 4-9 Activation Energy and the Temperature Dependence of Rates
- 4-10 Transition States
- 4-11 Rates of Multistep Reactions
- 4-12 Temperature Dependence of Halogenation
- Problem 4-16
- Problem 4-17
- 4-13 Selectivity in Halogenation
- 4-13A Chlorination of Propane: Product Ratios
- Problem 4-18
- Problem 4-19
- 4-13B Free-Radical Stabilities
- SOLUTION
- Problem 4-20
- Problem 4-21
- Problem 4-22
- 4-13C Bromination of Propane
- 4-14 Hammond’s Postulate
- Problem 4-23
- Problem-Solving Strategy Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
- Free-Radical Reactions
- Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Problem 4-24
- Problem 4-25
- 4-15 Radical Inhibitors
- Problem 4-26
- Problem 4-27
- 4-16 Reactive Intermediates
- 4-16A Carbocations
- Problem 4-28
- Problem 4-29
- 4-16B Free Radicals
- Problem 4-30
- 4-16C Carbanions
- Problem 4-31
- Problem 4-32
- 4-16D Carbenes
- Problem 4-33
- Summary Reactive Intermediates
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 4
- Study Problems
- 5 Stereochemistry
- Goals for Chapter 5
- 5-1 Introduction
- 5-2 Chirality
- Problem 5-1
- 5-2A Chirality and Enantiomers in Organic Molecules
- Problem 5-2
- 5-2B Asymmetric Carbon Atoms, Chiral Centers, and Stereocenters
- SOLUTION
- Problem 5-3
- Problem 5-4
- 5-2C Mirror Planes of Symmetry
- Problem 5-5
- 5-3 (R) and (S) Nomenclature of Asymmetric Carbon Atoms
- SOLUTION
- SOLUTION
- Problem 5-6
- Problem 5-7
- 5-4 Optical Activity
- 5-4A Plane-Polarized Light
- 5-4B Rotation of Plane-Polarized Light
- 5-4C Polarimetry
- 5-4D Specific Rotation
- SOLUTION
- Problem 5-8
- Problem 5-9
- Problem 5-10
- 5-5 Biological Discrimination of Enantiomers
- Problem 5-11
- 5-6 Racemic Mixtures
- 5-7 Enantiomeric Excess and Optical Purity
- SOLUTION
- Problem 5-12
- Problem 5-13
- 5-8 Chirality of Conformationally Mobile Systems
- SOLUTION
- SOLUTION
- Problem 5-14
- 5-9 Chiral Compounds Without Asymmetric Atoms
- 5-9A Conformational Enantiomerism
- 5-9B Allenes
- Problem 5-15
- 5-10 Fischer Projections
- 5-10A Drawing Fischer Projections
- Problem 5-16
- Problem 5-17
- 5-10B Drawing Mirror Images of Fischer Projections
- Problem 5-18
- 5-10C Assigning (R) and (S) Configurations from Fischer Projections
- Problem 5-19
- Summary Fischer Projections and Their Use
- 5-11 Diastereomers
- 5-11A Cis-trans Isomerism on Double Bonds
- 5-11B Cis-trans Isomerism on Rings
- 5-11C Diastereomers of Molecules with Two or More Chiral Centers
- Summary Types of Isomers
- Problem 5-20
- 5-12 Stereochemistry of Molecules with Two or More Asymmetric Carbons
- 5-13 Meso Compounds
- SOLUTION
- SOLUTION
- Problem 5-21
- Problem 5-22
- 5-14 Absolute and Relative Configuration
- 5-15 Physical Properties of Diastereomers
- Problem 5-23
- 5-16 Resolution of Enantiomers
- 5-16A Chemical Resolution of Enantiomers
- Problem 5-24
- 5-16B Chromatographic Resolution of Enantiomers
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 5
- Study Problems
- 6 Alkyl Halides; Nucleophilic Substitution
- Goals for Chapter 6
- 6-1 Introduction
- Problem 6-1
- 6-2 Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides
- Problem 6-2
- Problem 6-3
- 6-3 Common Uses of Alkyl Halides
- 6-3A Solvents
- 6-3B Reagents
- 6-3C Anesthetics
- 6-3D Freons: Refrigerants and Foaming Agents
- 6-3E Pesticides
- Problem 6-4
- 6-4 Structure of Alkyl Halides
- Problem 6-5
- 6-5 Physical Properties of Alkyl Halides
- 6-5A Boiling Points
- Problem 6-6
- 6-5B Densities
- Problem 6-7
- 6-6 Preparation of Alkyl Halides
- 6-6A Free-Radical Halogenation
- 6-6B Allylic Bromination
- Problem 6-8
- Problem 6-9
- Problem 6-10
- Summary Methods for Preparing Alkyl Halides
- 6-7 Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Substitution and Elimination
- Problem 6-11
- Problem 6-12
- 6-8 Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution: The SN2 Reaction
- 6-9 Generality of the SN2 Reaction
- Summary SN2 Reactions of Alkyl Halides
- 6-10 Factors Affecting SN2 Reactions: Strength of the Nucleophile
- Summary Trends in Nucleophilicity
- 6-10A Steric Effects on Nucleophilicity
- Problem 6-16
- 6-10B Solvent Effects on Nucleophilicity
- 6-11 Reactivity of the Substrate in SN2 Reactions
- 6-11A Leaving-Group Effects on the Substrate
- Problem 6-17
- 6-11B Steric Effects on the Substrate
- Problem 6-18
- Problem 6-19
- 6-12 Stereochemistry of the SN2 Reaction
- Problem 6-20
- Problem 6-21
- 6-13 Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution: The SN1 Reaction
- Problem 6-22
- 6-13A Substituent Effects
- 6-13B Leaving-Group Effects
- Problem 6-23
- Problem 6-24
- 6-13C Solvent Effects on SN1 Reactions
- 6-14 Stereochemistry of the SN1 Reaction
- 6-15 Rearrangements in SN1 Reactions
- Problem 6-25
- Problem 6-26
- 6-16 Comparison of SN1 and SN2 Reactions
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 6
- Study Problems
- 7 Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes; Elimination
- Goals for Chapter 7
- 7-1 Introduction
- 7-2 The Orbital Description of the Alkene Double Bond
- 7-2A The Sigma Bond Framework
- 7-2B The Pi Bond
- 7-3 Elements of Unsaturation
- 7-3A Elements of Unsaturation in Hydrocarbons
- Problem 7-1
- Problem 7-2
- 7-3B Elements of Unsaturation with Heteroatoms
- Halogens
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- SOLUTION
- Problem 7-3
- Problem 7-4
- 7-4 Nomenclature of Alkenes
- 7-5 Nomenclature of Cis-Trans Isomers
- 7-5A Cis-Trans Nomenclature
- 7-5B E-Z Nomenclature
- Summary Rules for Naming Alkenes
- Problem 7-6
- Problem 7-7
- Problem 7-8
- Problem 7-9*
- 7-6 Commercial Importance of Alkenes
- Problem 7-10
- 7-7 Physical Properties of Alkenes
- 7-7A Boiling Points and Densities
- 7-7B Polarity
- Problem 7-11
- 7-8 Stability of Alkenes
- 7-8A Heats of Hydrogenation
- 7-8B Substitution Effects
- Problem 7-12
- 7-8C Energy Differences in cis-trans Isomers
- Problem 7-13
- 7-8D Stability of Cycloalkenes
- Cyclobutene
- Cyclopropene
- Trans Cycloalkenes
- 7-8E Bredt’s Rule
- SOLUTION
- Problem 7-14
- 7-8F Enhanced Stability of Conjugated Double Bonds
- Problem 7-15
- 7-9 Formation of Alkenes by Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides
- 7-10 Unimolecular Elimination: The E1 Reaction
- Problem 7-16
- 7-10A Competition between the E1 and SN1 Reactions
- Problem 7-17
- 7-10B Orbitals and Energetics of the E1 Reaction
- 7-10C Rearrangements in E1 Reactions
- PARTIAL SOLUTION
- Problem 7-18
- Problem 7-19
- Summary Carbocation Reactions
- Problem 7-20
- 7-11 Positional Orientation of Elimination: Zaitsev’s Rule
- SOLUTION
- Problem 7-21
- Problem 7-22
- 7-12 Bimolecular Elimination: The E2 Reaction
- Problem 7-23
- 7-13 Bulky Bases in E2 Eliminations; Hofmann Orientation
- 7-14 Stereochemistry of the E2 Reaction
- 7-14A Anti-Coplanar and Syn-Coplanar E2 Eliminations
- 7-14B Stereospecific E2 Reactions
- Problem 7-26
- Problem 7-27
- 7-15 E2 Reactions in Cyclohexane Systems
- SOLUTION
- Problem 7-28
- Problem 7-29
- Problem 7-30
- Problem 7-31
- 7-16 Comparison of E1 and E2 Elimination Mechanisms
- 7-17 Competition Between Substitutions and Eliminations
- 7-17A Bimolecular Substitution Versus Elimination (Strong Base or Nucleophile)
- 7-17B Unimolecular Substitution Versus Elimination (Weak Base or Nucleophile)
- SOLUTION
- SOLUTION
- Problem-Solving Strategy Predicting Substitutions and Eliminations
- Problem 7-33
- 7-18 Alkene Synthesis by Dehydration of Alcohols
- SOLUTION
- Partial Solution:
- Problem 7-34
- Problem 7-35
- 7-19 Alkene Synthesis by High-Temperature Industrial Methods
- 7-19A Catalytic Cracking of Alkanes
- 7-19B Dehydrogenation of Alkanes
- Problem 7-36
- Problem-Solving Strategy Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
- First, Classify the Reaction
- General Principles for Drawing Mechanisms
- Reactions Involving Strong Nucleophiles
- Reactions Involving Strong Electrophiles
- Problem 7-37
- Problem 7-38
- Problem 7-39
- Summary Methods for Synthesis of Alkenes
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 7
- Study Problems
- 8 Reactions of Alkenes
- Goals for Chapter 8
- 8-1 Reactivity of the Carbon–Carbon Double Bond
- 8-2 Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes
- 8-3 Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes
- 8-3A Orientation of Addition: Markovnikov’s Rule
- Markovnikov’s Rule
- Problem 8-1
- Problem 8-2
- 8-3B Free-Radical Addition of HBr: Anti-Markovnikov Addition
- Radical Addition of HBr to Unsymmetrical Alkenes
- Problem 8-3
- SOLUTION
- SOLUTION
- Problem 8-4
- 8-4 Addition of Water: Hydration of Alkenes
- 8-4A Mechanism of Hydration
- 8-4B Orientation of Hydration
- Problem 8-5
- Problem 8-6
- 8-5 Hydration by Oxymercuration–Demercuration
- 8-6 Alkoxymercuration–Demercuration
- SOLUTION
- Problem 8-7
- Problem 8-8
- Problem 8-9
- 8-7 Hydroboration of Alkenes
- 8-7A Mechanism of Hydroboration
- SOLUTION
- Problem 8-10
- Problem 8-11
- 8-7B Stoichiometry of Hydroboration
- 8-7C Stereochemistry of Hydroboration
- SOLUTION
- Problem 8-12
- Problem 8-13
- Problem 8-14
- Problem 8-15
- Problem 8-16
- 8-8 Addition of Halogens to Alkenes
- 8-8A Mechanism of Halogen Addition
- 8-8B Stereochemistry of Halogen Addition
- Problem 8-17
- Problem 8-18
- 8-9 Formation of Halohydrins
- 8-10 Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes
- Problem 8-23
- Problem 8-24
- Problem 8-25
- 8-11 Addition of Carbenes to Alkenes
- 8-11A The Simmons–Smith Reaction
- Problem 8-26
- 8-11B Formation of Carbenes by Alpha Elimination
- Problem 8-27
- Problem 8-28
- 8-12 Epoxidation of Alkenes
- Problem 8-29
- 8-13 Acid-Catalyzed Opening of Epoxides
- Problem 8-30
- Problem 8-31
- Problem 8-32
- Problem 8-33
- 8-14 Syn Dihydroxylation of Alkenes
- 8-14A Osmium Tetroxide Dihydroxylation
- 8-14B Permanganate Dihydroxylation
- 8-14C Choosing a Reagent
- Problem 8-34
- Problem 8-35
- 8-15 Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes
- 8-15A Cleavage by Permanganate
- 8-15B Ozonolysis
- SOLUTION
- Problem 8-36
- 8-15C Comparison of Permanganate Cleavage and Ozonolysis
- Problem 8-37
- 8-16 Polymerization of Alkenes
- 8-16A Cationic Polymerization
- Problem 8-38
- Problem 8-39
- 8-16B Free-Radical Polymerization
- Problem 8-40
- Problem 8-41
- 8-16C Anionic Polymerization
- Problem 8-42
- 8-17 Olefin Metathesis
- 8-17A Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis
- 8-17B Mechanism of Olefin Metathesis
- Problem 8-43
- Problem 8-44
- Problem-Solving Strategy Organic Synthesis
- Problem 8-45
- Summary Reactions of Alkenes
- Summary Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes
- Summary Oxidation and Cyclopropanation Reactions of Alkenes
- Guide to Organic Reactions in Chapter 8
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 8
- Study Problems
- 9 Alkynes
- Goals for Chapter 9
- 9-1 Introduction
- Problem 9-1
- 9-2 Nomenclature of Alkynes
- 9-3 Physical Properties of Alkynes
- 9-4 Commercial Importance of Alkynes
- 9-4A Uses of Acetylene and Methylacetylene
- 9-4B Manufacture of Acetylene
- Problem 9-3
- 9-5 Electronic Structure of Alkynes
- 9-6 Acidity of Alkynes; Formation of Acetylide Ions
- Problem 9-4
- Problem 9-5
- 9-7 Synthesis of Alkynes from Acetylides
- 9-7A Alkylation of Acetylide Ions
- Solution
- Problem 9-6
- Problem 9-7
- 9-7B Addition of Acetylide Ions to Carbonyl Groups
- Solution
- Problem 9-8
- Problem 9-9
- 9-8 Synthesis of Alkynes by Elimination Reactions
- Problem 9-10
- Problem 9-11
- Summary Syntheses of Alkynes
- 9-9 Addition Reactions of Alkynes
- 9-9A Catalytic Hydrogenation to Alkanes
- 9-9B Partial Catalytic Hydrogenation to cis Alkenes
- 9-9C Metal–Ammonia Reduction to trans Alkenes
- Mechanism 9-1 Metal–Ammonia Reduction of an Alkyne
- Problem 9-12
- Problem 9-13
- 9-9D Addition of Halogens
- Problem 9-14
- 9-9E Addition of Hydrogen Halides
- Problem 9-15
- Problem 9-16
- Problem 9-17
- Problem 9-18
- 9-9F Hydration of Alkynes to Ketones and Aldehydes
- Mercuric Ion-Catalyzed Hydration
- Mechanism 9-2 Acid-Catalyzed Keto–Enol Tautomerism
- Problem 9-19
- Hydroboration–Oxidation
- Mechanism 9-3 Base-Catalyzed Keto–Enol Tautomerism
- Problem 9-20
- Problem 9-21
- Problem 9-22
- 9-10 Oxidation of Alkynes
- 9-10A Permanganate Oxidations
- Problem 9-23
- 9-10B Ozonolysis
- Problem 9-24
- Problem-Solving Strategy
- Multistep Synthesis
- Problem 9-25
- Summary Reactions of Alkynes
- Summary Reactions of Terminal Alkynes
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 9
- Study Problems
- 10 Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols
- Goals for Chapter 10
- 10-1 Introduction
- 10-2 Structure and Classification of Alcohols
- 10-3 Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols
- 10-3A IUPAC Names (“Alkanol” Names)
- SOLUTION
- Problem 10-1
- 10-3B Common Names of Alcohols
- Problem 10-2
- Problem 10-3
- 10-3C Names of Diols
- Problem 10-4
- 10-3D Names of Phenols
- 10-4 Physical Properties of Alcohols
- 10-4A Boiling Points of Alcohols
- 10-4B Solubility Properties of Alcohols
- Problem 10-5
- Problem 10-6
- 10-5 Commercially Important Alcohols
- 10-5A Methanol
- 10-5B Ethanol
- 10-5C Propan-2-ol
- 10-6 Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
- 10-6A Effects on Acidity
- Problem 10-7
- Problem 10-8
- 10-6B Formation of Sodium and Potassium Alkoxides
- 10-6C Acidity of Phenols
- Problem 10-9
- Problem 10-10
- 10-7 Synthesis of Alcohols: Introduction and Review
- Summary Previous Alcohol Syntheses
- 10-8 Organometallic Reagents for Alcohol Synthesis
- 10-8A Grignard Reagents
- 10-8B Organolithium Reagents
- Problem 10-11
- Problem 10-12
- 10-9 Reactions of Organometallic Compounds
- 10-9A Addition to Formaldehyde: Formation of Primary Alcohols
- Problem 10-13
- 10-9B Addition to Aldehydes: Formation of Secondary Alcohols
- Problem 10-14
- 10-9C Addition to Ketones: Formation of Tertiary Alcohols
- SOLUTION
- Problem 10-15
- 10-9D Addition to Acid Chlorides and Esters
- Problem 10-16
- Problem 10-17
- Problem 10-18
- 10-9E Ring-Opening with Ethylene Oxide
- Problem 10-19
- Problem 10-20
- Summary Grignard Reactions
- 10-9F Lithium Dialkylcuprates
- Problem 10-21
- 10-10 Side Reactions of Organometallic Reagents: Reduction of Alkyl Halides
- 10-10A Reactions with Acidic Compounds
- Problem 10-22
- 10-10B Reactions with Electrophilic Multiple Bonds
- Problem 10-23
- 10-11 Reduction of the Carbonyl Group: Synthesis of 1° and 2° Alcohols
- 10-11A Uses of Sodium Borohydride
- 10-11B Uses of Lithium Aluminum Hydride
- Problem 10-24
- Problem 10-25
- Problem 10-26
- 10-11C Catalytic Hydrogenation of Ketones and Aldehydes
- Summary Alcohol Syntheses by Nucleophilic Additions to Carbonyl Groups
- 10-12 Thiols (Mercaptans)
- Problem 10-27
- Problem 10-28
- Problem 10-29
- Summary Synthesis of Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 10
- Study Problems
- 11 Reactions of Alcohols
- Goals for Chapter 11
- 11-1 Oxidation States of Alcohols and Related Functional Groups
- Problem 11-1
- 11-2 Oxidation of Alcohols
- 11-2A Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols
- 11-2B Oxidation of Primary Alcohols
- 11-2C Resistance of Tertiary Alcohols to Oxidation
- Problem 11-2
- 11-3 Additional Methods for Oxidizing Alcohols
- Problem 11-3
- Problem 11-4
- Problem 11-5
- SOLUTION
- SOLUTION
- Problem 11-6
- 11-4 Biological Oxidation of Alcohols
- Problem 11-7
- Problem 11-8
- 11-5 Alcohols as Nucleophiles and Electrophiles; Formation of Tosylates
- Summary SN2 Reactions of Tosylate Esters
- Problem 11-9
- Problem 11-10
- 11-6 Reduction of Alcohols
- Problem 11-11
- 11-7 Reactions of Alcohols with Hydrohalic Acids
- 11-7A Reactions with Hydrobromic Acid
- Problem 11-12
- 11-7B Reactions with Hydrochloric Acid
- Problem 11-13
- The Lucas Test
- Problem 11-14
- 11-7C Limitations on the Use of Hydrohalic Acids with Alcohols
- SOLUTION
- Problem 11-15
- Problem 11-16
- Problem 11-17
- 11-8 Reactions of Alcohols with Phosphorus Halides
- Problem 11-18
- 11-9 Reactions of Alcohols with Thionyl Chloride
- Problem 11-19
- Problem 11-20
- Problem 11-21
- 11-10 Dehydration Reactions of Alcohols
- 11-10A Formation of Alkenes
- SOLUTION
- SOLUTION
- Problem 11-22
- Problem 11-23
- 11-10B Bimolecular Condensation to Form Ethers (Industrial)
- Problem 11-24
- Problem 11-25
- Problem-Solving Strategy Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
- Determining the Type of Mechanism
- Reactions Involving Strong Electrophiles
- Common Mistakes to Avoid in Drawing Mechanisms
- Sample Problem
- Problem 11-26
- Problem 11-27
- 11-11 Unique Reactions of Diols
- 11-11A The Pinacol Rearrangement
- Problem 11-28
- Problem 11-29
- 11-11B Periodic Acid Cleavage of Glycols
- Problem 11-30
- 11-12 Esterification of Alcohols
- Problem 11-31
- 11-13 Esters of Inorganic Acids
- 11-13A Sulfate Esters
- Problem 11-32
- 11-13B Nitrate Esters
- 11-13C Phosphate Esters
- 11-14 Reactions of Alkoxides
- Problem 11-33
- Problem 11-34
- Problem 11-35
- Problem 11-36
- Problem-Solving Strategy Multistep Synthesis
- Sample Problem
- Problem 11-37
- Problem 11-38
- Summary Reactions of Alcohols
- Summary Reactions of Alcohols: O―H Cleavage
- Summary Reactions of Alcohols: C―O Cleavage
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 11
- Study Problems
- 12 Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
- Goals for Chapter 12
- 12-1 Introduction
- 12-2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
- 12-3 The Infrared Region
- Problem 12-1
- 12-4 Molecular Vibrations
- 12-5 IR-Active and IR-Inactive Vibrations
- Problem 12-2
- 12-6 Measurement of the IR Spectrum
- 12-7 Infrared Spectroscopy of Hydrocarbons
- 12-7A Carbon–Carbon Bond Stretching
- 12-7B Carbon–Hydrogen Bond Stretching
- 12-7C Interpreting the IR Spectra of Hydrocarbons
- Problem 12-3
- 12-8 Characteristic Absorptions of Alcohols and Amines
- 12-9 Characteristic Absorptions of Carbonyl Compounds
- 12-9A Simple Ketones, Aldehydes, and Acids
- SOLUTION
- Problem 12-4
- 12-9B Resonance Lowering of Carbonyl Frequencies
- 12-9C Carbonyl Absorptions Above 1725 cm-1
- 12-10 Characteristic Absorptions of C―N Bonds
- Problem 12-5
- 12-11 Simplified Summary of IR Stretching Frequencies
- 12-12 Reading and Interpreting IR Spectra (Solved Problems)
- 12-13 Introduction to Mass Spectrometry
- 12-13A The Mass Spectrometer
- Electron Impact Ionization
- Separation of Ions of Different Masses
- 12-13B The Mass Spectrum
- 12-13C Mass Spectrometry of Mixtures: The GC–MS
- 12-14 Determination of the Molecular Formula by Mass Spectrometry
- 12-14A High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
- 12-14B Use of Heavier Isotope Peaks
- Problem 12-7
- 12-15 Fragmentation Patterns in Mass Spectrometry
- 12-15A Mass Spectra of Alkanes
- Problem 12-8
- Problem 12-9
- 12-15B Fragmentation Giving Resonance-Stabilized Cations
- Problem 12-10
- 12-15C Fragmentation Splitting Out a Small Molecule; Mass Spectra of Alcohols
- Problem 12-11
- Summary Common Fragmentation Patterns
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 12
- Study Problems
- 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Goals for Chapter 13
- 13-1 Introduction
- 13-2 Theory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- SOLUTION
- 13-3 Magnetic Shielding by Electrons
- 13-4 The NMR Spectrometer
- 13-5 The Chemical Shift
- 13-5A Measurement of Chemical Shifts
- SOLUTION
- Problem 13-1
- 13-5B Characteristic Values of Chemical Shifts
- SOLUTION
- 13-6 The Number of Signals
- Problem 13-3
- Problem 13-4
- 13-7 Areas of the Peaks
- Problem 13-5
- Problem 13-6
- 13-8 Spin-Spin Splitting
- 13-8A Theory of Spin-Spin Splitting
- 13-8B The N + 1 Rule
- 13-8C The Range of Magnetic Coupling
- Problem-Solving Strategy Drawing an NMR Spectrum
- Problem 13-7
- 13-8D Coupling Constants
- Problem 13-8
- Problem 13-9
- Problem 13-10
- Problem 13-11
- 13-9 Complex Splitting
- Problem 13-12
- Problem 13-13
- Problem 13-14
- Problem 13-15
- 13-10 Stereochemical Nonequivalence of Protons
- Problem 13-16
- *Problem 13-17
- *Problem 13-18
- 13-11 Time Dependence of NMR Spectroscopy
- 13-11A Conformational Changes
- 13-11B Fast Proton Transfers
- Hydroxy Protons
- Problem 13-19
- N ― H Protons
- Problem 13-20
- Problem 13-21
- Problem-Solving Strategy Interpreting Proton NMR Spectra
- Problem 13-22
- SOLUTION
- Problem 13-23
- Problem 13-24
- 13-12 Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy
- 13-12A Sensitivity of Carbon NMR
- 13-12B Fourier Transform NMR Spectroscopy
- 13-12C Carbon Chemical Shifts
- 13-12D Important Differences Between Proton and Carbon Techniques
- Operating Frequency
- Peak Areas
- 13-12E Spin-Spin Splitting
- Proton Spin Decoupling
- Problem 13-25
- Off-Resonance Decoupling
- Problem 13-26
- Problem 13-27
- 13-12F DEPT 13C NMR
- Problem 13-28
- 13-13 Interpreting Carbon NMR Spectra
- Problem 13-29
- Problem 13-30
- Problem 13-31
- 13-14 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Problem-Solving Strategy Spectroscopy Problems
- Problem 13-32 (PARTIALLY SOLVED)
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 13
- Study Problems
- 14 Ethers, Epoxides, and Thioethers
- Goals for Chapter 14
- 14-1 Introduction
- 14-2 Physical Properties of Ethers
- 14-2A Structure and Polarity of Ethers
- 14-2B Boiling Points of Ethers; Hydrogen Bonding
- 14-2C Ethers as Polar Solvents
- Problem 14-1
- 14-2D Stable Complexes of Ethers with Reagents
- Complexes with Electrophiles
- Problem 14-2
- Crown Ether Complexes
- Problem 14-3
- 14-3 Nomenclature of Ethers
- 14-3A Common Names (Alkyl Alkyl Ether Names)
- 14-3B IUPAC Names (Alkoxy Alkane Names)
- Problem 14-4
- 14-3C Nomenclature of Cyclic Ethers
- Epoxides (Oxiranes)
- Oxetanes
- Furans (Oxolanes)
- Pyrans (Oxanes)
- Dioxanes
- Problem 14-5
- Problem 14-6
- 14-4 Spectroscopy of Ethers
- 14-5 The Williamson Ether Synthesis
- SOLUTION
- Problem 14-8
- 14-6 Synthesis of Ethers by Alkoxymercuration–Demercuration
- Problem 14-10
- 14-7 Industrial Synthesis: Bimolecular Condensation of Alcohols
- Problem 14-11
- Problem 14-12
- Problem 14-13
- Summary Syntheses of Ethers (Review)
- 14-8 Cleavage of Ethers by HBr and HI
- Problem 14-14
- 14-9 Autoxidation of Ethers
- Summary Reactions of Ethers
- 14-10 Thioethers (Sulfides) and Silyl Ethers
- 14-10A Thioethers (Sulfides)
- Problem 14-17
- Problem 14-18
- 14-10B Silyl Ethers as Alcohol-Protecting Groups
- Problem 14-19
- 14-11 Synthesis of Epoxides
- 14-11A Peroxyacid Epoxidation
- 14-11B Base-Promoted Cyclization of Halohydrins
- Problem 14-20
- Problem 14-21
- Summary Epoxide Syntheses
- 14-12 Acid-Catalyzed Ring Opening of Epoxides
- 14-13 Base-Catalyzed Ring Opening of Epoxides
- Problem 14-25
- Problem 14-26
- 14-14 Orientation of Epoxide Ring Opening
- Summary Orientation of Epoxide Ring Opening
- SOLUTION
- Problem 14-27
- 14-15 Reactions of Epoxides with Grignard and Organolithium Reagents
- Problem 14-28
- 14-16 Epoxy Resins: The Advent of Modern Glues
- Summary Reactions of Epoxides
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 14
- Study Problems
- 15 Conjugated Systems, Orbital Symmetry, and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
- Goals for Chapter 15
- 15-1 Introduction
- 15-2 Stabilities of Dienes
- Problem 15-1
- Problem 15-2
- Problem 15-3
- 15-3 Molecular Orbital Picture of a Conjugated System
- 15-3A Structure and Bonding of Buta-1,3-diene
- 15-3B Constructing the Molecular Orbitals of Buta-1,3-diene
- 15-4 Allylic Cations
- Problem 15-4
- Problem 15-5
- 15-5 1,2- and 1,4-Addition to Conjugated Dienes
- Problem 15-6
- Problem 15-7
- 15-6 Kinetic Versus Thermodynamic Control in the Addition of HBr to Buta-1,3-diene
- 15-7 Allylic Radicals
- 15-8 Molecular Orbitals of the Allylic System
- 15-9 Electronic Configurations of the Allyl Radical, Cation, and Anion
- Problem 15-12
- 15-10 SN2 Displacement Reactions of Allylic Halides and Tosylates
- Problem 15-13
- 15-11 The Diels–Alder Reaction
- Problem 15-14
- Problem 15-15
- 15-11A Stereochemical Requirements of the Diels–Alder Transition State
- s-cis Conformation of the Diene
- syn Stereochemistry
- The Endo Rule
- SOLUTION
- Problem 15-16
- 15-11B Diels–Alder Reactions Using Unsymmetrical Reagents
- SOLUTION
- Problem 15-17
- Problem 15-18
- 15-12 The Diels–Alder as an Example of a Pericyclic Reaction
- 15-12A Conservation of Orbital Symmetry in the Diels–Alder Reaction
- 15-12B The “Forbidden” [2 + 2] Cycloaddition
- 15-12C Photochemical Induction of Cycloadditions
- Problem 15-19
- Problem 15-20
- 15-13 Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy
- 15-13A Spectral Region
- 15-13B Ultraviolet Light and Electronic Transitions
- 15-13C Obtaining an Ultraviolet Spectrum
- Problem 15-21
- 15-13D Interpreting UV–Visible Spectra
- SOLUTION
- Problem 15-22
- 15-14 Colored Organic Compounds
- Problem 15-23
- 15-15 UV-Visible Analysis in Biology and Medicine
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 15
- Study Problems
- 16 Aromatic Compounds
- Goals for Chapter 16
- 16-1 Introduction: The Discovery of Benzene
- 16-2 The Structure and Properties of Benzene
- 16-3 The Molecular Orbitals of Benzene
- 16-4 The Molecular Orbital Picture of Cyclobutadiene
- 16-5 Aromatic, Antiaromatic, and Nonaromatic Compounds
- 16-6 Hückel’s Rule
- Problem 16-6
- 16-7 Molecular Orbital Derivation of Hückel’s Rule
- Problem 16-9
- 16-8 Aromatic Ions
- 16-8A The Cyclopentadienyl Ions
- Problem 16-10
- Problem 16-11
- 16-8B The Cycloheptatrienyl Ions
- 16-8C The Cyclooctatetraene Dianion
- Problem 16-12
- Problem 16-13
- Problem 16-14
- Problem 16-15
- 16-8D Summary of Annulenes and Their Ions
- 16-9 Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds
- 16-9A Pyridine
- 16-9B Pyrrole
- Problem 16-16
- 16-9C Pyrimidine and Imidazole
- Problem 16-17
- Problem 16-18
- 16-9D Furan and Thiophene
- Problem 16-19
- Problem 16-20
- 16-10 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- 16-11 Aromatic Allotropes of Carbon
- 16-11A Allotropes of Carbon: Diamond
- 16-11B Graphite
- 16-11C Fullerenes
- 16-12 Fused Heterocyclic Compounds
- Problem 16-22
- 16-13 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives
- Problem 16-23
- Problem 16-24
- 16-14 Physical Properties of Benzene and Its Derivatives
- 16-15 Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 16
- Study Problems
- 17 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
- Goals for Chapter 17
- 17-1 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
- Problem 17-1
- 17-2 Halogenation of Benzene
- 17-3 Nitration of Benzene
- Problem 17-3
- 17-4 Sulfonation of Benzene
- Problem 17-4
- 17-5 Nitration of Toluene: The Effect of Alkyl Substitution
- 17-6 Activating, Ortho, Para-Directing Substituents
- 17-6A Alkyl Groups
- Problem 17-5
- Problem 17-6
- 17-6B Substituents with Nonbonding Electrons
- Alkoxy Groups
- Problem 17-7
- Amine Groups
- Problem 17-8
- Problem 17-9
- 17-7 Deactivating, Meta-Directing Substituents
- Summary Deactivating, Meta-Directors
- Problem 17-10
- 17-8 Halogen Substituents: Deactivating, but Ortho, Para-Directing
- Problem 17-11
- Summary Directing Effects of Substituents
- 17-9 Effects of Multiple Substituents on Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
- Problem 17-12
- SOLUTION
- Problem 17-13
- Problem 17-14
- 17-10 The Friedel–Crafts Alkylation
- Problem 17-15
- Problem 17-16
- 17-11 The Friedel–Crafts Acylation
- 17-11A Mechanism of Acylation
- Summary Comparison of Friedel–Crafts Alkylation and Acylation
- 17-11B The Clemmensen Reduction: Synthesis of Alkylbenzenes
- 17-11C The Gatterman–Koch Formylation: Synthesis of Benzaldehydes
- Problem 17-20
- 17-12 Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
- 17-12A The Addition–Elimination Mechanism
- Problem 17-21
- 17-12B The Benzyne Mechanism: Elimination–Addition
- Problem 17-22
- Problem 17-23
- Problem 17-24
- 17-13 Aromatic Substitutions Using Organometallic Reagents
- 17-13A Couplings Using Organocuprate Reagents
- Problem 17-25
- Problem 17-26
- 17-13B The Heck Reaction
- Problem 17-27
- Problem 17-28
- 17-13C The Suzuki Reaction (Suzuki Coupling)
- Problem 17-29
- Problem 17-30
- 17-14 Addition Reactions of Benzene Derivatives
- 17-14A Chlorination
- 17-14B Catalytic Hydrogenation of Aromatic Rings
- 17-14C Birch Reduction
- Problem 17-31
- Problem 17-32
- 17-15 Side-Chain Reactions of Benzene Derivatives
- 17-15A Permanganate Oxidation
- Problem 17-33
- 17-15B Side-Chain Halogenation
- Problem 17-34
- Problem 17-35
- Problem 17-36
- 17-15C Nucleophilic Substitution at the Benzylic Position
- First-Order Reactions
- Problem 17-37
- Second-Order Reactions
- Problem 17-38
- Problem 17-39
- 17-16 Reactions of Phenols
- 17-16A Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones
- Problem 17-40
- 17-16B Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution of Phenols
- Problem 17-41
- Problem 17-42
- Problem-Solving Strategy Synthesis Using Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
- Problem 17-43
- Problem 17-44
- Problem 17-45
- Problem 17-46
- Problem 17-47
- Problem 17-48
- Problem 17-49
- Summary Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
- Summary Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution of Benzene
- Summary Substitutions of Aryl Halides
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 17
- Study Problems
- 18 Ketones and Aldehydes
- Goals for Chapter 18
- 18-1 Carbonyl Compounds
- 18-2 Structure of the Carbonyl Group
- 18-3 Nomenclature of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 18-4 Physical Properties of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 18-5 Spectroscopy of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 18-5A Infrared Spectra of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 18-5B Proton NMR Spectra of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 18-5C Carbon NMR Spectra of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 18-5D Mass Spectra of Ketones and Aldehydes
- Problem 18-2
- McLafferty Rearrangement of Ketones and Aldehydes
- Problem 18-3
- Problem 18-4
- 18-5E Ultraviolet Spectra of Ketones and Aldehydes
- The π→π* Transition
- The n→π* Transition
- Problem 18-5
- 18-6 Industrial Importance of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 18-7 Review of Syntheses of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 18-7A Ketones and Aldehydes from Oxidation of Alcohols (Section 11-2)
- 18-7B Ketones and Aldehydes from Ozonolysis of Alkenes (Section 8-15B)
- 18-7C Phenyl Ketones and Aldehydes: Friedel–Crafts Acylation (Section 17-11)
- 18-7D Ketones and Aldehydes from Hydration of Alkynes (Section 9-9F)
- Catalyzed by Acid and Mercuric Salts
- Hydroboration–Oxidation of Alkynes
- SOLUTION
- Problem 18-6
- 18-8 Synthesis of Ketones from Carboxylic Acids
- Problem 18-7
- 18-9 Synthesis of Ketones and Aldehydes from Nitriles
- Problem 18-8
- Problem 18-9
- 18-10 Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones from Acid Chlorides and Esters
- Problem 18-10
- Summary Syntheses of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 18-11 Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes: Introduction to Nucleophilic Addition
- Problem 18-11
- Problem 18-12
- 18-12 Hydration of Ketones and Aldehydes
- Problem 18-13
- Problem 18-14
- 18-13 Formation of Cyanohydrins
- Problem 18-15
- Problem 18-16
- 18-14 Formation of Imines
- Problem 18-17
- Problem 18-18
- Problem 18-19
- Problem 18-20
- 18-15 Condensations with Hydroxylamine and Hydrazines
- Summary Condensations of Amines with Ketones and Aldehydes
- Problem 18-21
- Problem 18-22
- Problem 18-23
- 18-16 Formation of Acetals
- Problem 18-24
- 18-17 Use of Acetals as Protecting Groups
- 18-18 The Wittig Reaction
- Problem 18-30
- Problem 18-31
- 18-19 Oxidation of Aldehydes
- Problem 18-34
- 18-20 Reductions of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 18-20A Hydride Reductions (Review)
- 18-20B Catalytic Hydrogenation
- 18-20C Deoxygenation of Ketones and Aldehydes
- Clemmensen Reduction (Review)
- Wolff–Kishner Reduction
- Problem 18-35
- Problem 18-36
- Summary Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes
- Summary Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 18
- Study Problems
- 19 Amines
- Goals for Chapter 19
- 19-1 Introduction
- 19-2 Nomenclature of Amines
- 19-2A Common Names
- Problem 19-1
- 19-2B IUPAC Names
- Problem 19-2
- Problem 19-3
- 19-3 Structure of Amines
- Problem 19-4
- 19-4 Physical Properties of Amines
- Problem 19-5
- 19-5 Basicity of Amines
- 19-6 Factors that Affect Amine Basicity
- 19-7 Salts of Amines
- 19-8 Spectroscopy of Amines
- 19-8A Infrared Spectroscopy
- Problem 19-7
- 19-8B Proton NMR Spectroscopy
- 19-8C Carbon NMR Spectroscopy
- Problem 19-8
- Problem 19-9
- 19-8D Mass Spectrometry
- Problem 19-10
- 19-9 Reactions of Amines with Ketones and Aldehydes (Review)
- 19-10 Aromatic Substitution of Arylamines and Pyridine
- 19-10A Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution of Arylamines
- 19-10B Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution of Pyridine
- Problem 19-11
- Problem 19-12
- 19-10C Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Pyridine
- Problem 19-13
- Problem 19-14
- 19-11 Alkylation of Amines by Alkyl Halides
- Problem 19-15
- Problem 19-16
- 19-12 Acylation of Amines by Acid Chlorides
- SOLUTION
- Problem 19-17
- 19-13 Formation of Sulfonamides
- Problem 19-18
- Problem 19-19
- 19-14 Amines as Leaving Groups: The Hofmann Elimination
- SOLUTION
- Problem 19-20
- 19-15 Oxidation of Amines; The Cope Elimination
- SOLUTION
- Problem 19-21
- Problem 19-22
- 19-16 Reactions of Amines with Nitrous Acid
- 19-17 Reactions of Arenediazonium Salts
- 19-18 Synthesis of Amines by Reductive Amination
- 19-19 Synthesis of Amines by Acylation–Reduction
- SOLUTION
- Problem 19-27
- 19-20 Syntheses Limited to Primary Amines
- 19-20A Direct Alkylation and Gabriel Synthesis
- Problem 19-28
- Problem 19-29
- 19-20B Reduction of Azides and Nitriles
- Formation and Reduction of Azides
- Formation and Reduction of Nitriles
- Problem 19-30
- 19-20C Reduction of Nitro Compounds
- Problem 19-31
- Summary
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 19
- Study Problems
- 20 Carboxylic Acids
- Goals for Chapter 20
- 20-1 Introduction
- 20-2 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
- 20-2A Common Names
- 20-2B IUPAC Names
- 20-2C Nomenclature of Dicarboxylic Acids
- Common Names of Dicarboxylic Acids
- IUPAC Names of Dicarboxylic Acids
- Problem 20-1
- Problem 20-2
- 20-3 Structure and Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- 20-4 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
- 20-4A Measurement of Acidity
- 20-4B Substituent Effects on Acidity
- Problem 20-3
- 20-5 Salts of Carboxylic Acids
- 20-6 Commercial Sources of Carboxylic Acids
- 20-7 Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids
- 20-7A Infrared Spectroscopy
- Problem 20-7
- 20-7B NMR Spectroscopy
- Problem 20-8
- 20-7C Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
- 20-7D Mass Spectrometry
- Problem 20-9
- Problem 20-10
- 20-8 Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids
- 20-8A Review of Previous Syntheses
- 20-8B Carboxylation of Grignard Reagents
- 20-8C Formation and Hydrolysis of Nitriles
- Problem 20-11
- Summary
- 20-9 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives; Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
- 20-10 Condensation of Acids with Alcohols: The Fischer Esterification
- Problem 20-12
- Problem 20-13
- Problem 20-14
- Problem 20-15
- Problem 20-16
- SOLUTION
- Problem 20-17
- 20-11 Esterification Using Diazomethane
- 20-12 Condensation of Acids with Amines: Direct Synthesis of Amides
- Problem 20-18
- 20-13 Reduction of Carboxylic Acids
- 20-14 Alkylation of Carboxylic Acids to Form Ketones
- Problem 20-20
- Problem 20-21
- 20-15 Synthesis and Use of Acid Chlorides
- *Problem 20-22
- Problem 20-23
- Problem 20-24
- Summary
- Summary
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 20
- Study Problems
- 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
- Goals for Chapter 21
- 21-1 Introduction
- 21-2 Structure and Nomenclature of Acid Derivatives
- 21-2A Esters of Carboxylic Acids
- Lactones
- 21-2B Amides
- Lactams
- 21-2C Nitriles
- 21-2D Acid Halides
- 21-2E Acid Anhydrides
- 21-2F Nomenclature of Multifunctional Compounds
- Problem 21-1
- 21-3 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
- 21-3A Boiling Points and Melting Points
- 21-3B Solubility
- 21-4 Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
- 21-4A Infrared Spectroscopy
- Esters
- Problem 21-2
- Problem 21-3
- Amides
- Lactones and Lactams
- Nitriles
- Acid Halides and Anhydrides
- Problem 21-4
- 21-4B NMR Spectroscopy
- Proton NMR
- Carbon NMR
- Problem 21-5
- 21-5 Interconversion of Acid Derivatives by Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
- 21-5A Reactivity of Acid Derivatives
- 21-5B Favorable Interconversions of Acid Derivatives
- Problem 21-6
- 21-5C Leaving Groups in Nucleophilic Acyl Substitutions
- Problem 21-7
- Problem 21-8
- Problem 21-9
- Problem 21-10
- Problem 21-11
- 21-6 Transesterification
- Problem-Solving Strategy Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
- Base-Catalyzed Transesterification
- Problem 21-12
- Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification
- Problem 21-13
- Problem 21-14
- Problem 21-15
- 21-7 Hydrolysis of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
- 21-7A Hydrolysis of Acid Halides and Anhydrides
- 21-7B Hydrolysis of Esters
- Problem 21-16
- Problem 21-17
- Problem 21-18
- 21-7C Hydrolysis of Amides
- Problem 21-19
- Problem 21-20
- Problem 21-21
- 21-7D Hydrolysis of Nitriles
- Problem 21-22
- Problem 21-23
- 21-8 Reduction of Acid Derivatives
- 21-8A Reduction to Alcohols
- 21-8B Reduction to Aldehydes
- 21-8C Reduction to Amines
- Problem 21-25
- 21-9 Reactions of Acid Derivatives with Organometallic Reagents
- 21-10 Summary of the Chemistry of Acid Chlorides
- 21-11 Summary of the Chemistry of Anhydrides
- 21-12 Summary of the Chemistry of Esters
- 21-13 Summary of the Chemistry of Amides
- 21-14 Summary of the Chemistry of Nitriles
- 21-15 Thioesters
- 21-16 Esters and Amides of Carbonic Acid
- Problem 21-40
- Problem 21-41
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 21
- Study Problems
- 22 Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl Compounds
- Goals for Chapter 22
- 22-1 Introduction
- 22-2 Enols and Enolate Ions
- 22-2A Keto–Enol Tautomerism
- Problem 22-1
- Problem 22-2
- 22-2B Formation and Stability of Enolate Ions
- Problem 22-3
- 22-3 Alkylation of Enolate Ions
- Problem 22-4
- Problem 22-5
- 22-4 Formation and Alkylation of Enamines
- Problem 22-6
- Problem 22-7
- Problem 22-8
- Problem 22-9
- 22-5 Alpha Halogenation of Ketones
- 22-5A Base-Promoted α Halogenation
- SOLUTION
- Problem 22-10
- Multiple Halogenation
- Problem 22-11
- 22-5B The Haloform Reaction
- Problem 22-12
- Problem 22-13
- Problem 22-14
- 22-5C Acid-Catalyzed Alpha Halogenation
- SOLUTION
- Problem 22-15
- Problem 22-16
- 22-6 Alpha Bromination of Acids: The HVZ Reaction
- Problem 22-17
- 22-7 The Aldol Condensation of Ketones and Aldehydes
- 22-7A Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensations
- SOLUTION
- Problem 22-18
- Problem 22-19
- Problem 22-20
- 22-7B Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Condensations
- Problem 22-21
- 22-8 Dehydration of Aldol Products
- Problem 22-22
- Problem 22-23
- Problem 22-24
- 22-9 Crossed Aldol Condensations
- Problem 22-25
- Problem 22-26
- Problem 22-27
- Problem 22-28
- Problem 22-29
- 22-10 Aldol Cyclizations
- Problem 22-30
- Problem 22-31
- 22-11 Planning Syntheses Using Aldol Condensations
- Problem 22-32
- Problem 22-33
- 22-12 The Claisen Ester Condensation
- SOLUTION
- Problem 22-34
- Problem 22-35
- Problem 22-36
- SOLUTION
- Problem 22-37
- Problem 22-38
- 22-13 The Dieckmann Condensation: A Claisen Cyclization
- Problem 22-39
- Problem 22-40
- 22-14 Crossed Claisen Condensations
- Problem 22-41
- Problem 22-42
- SOLUTION
- Problem 22-43
- Problem 22-44
- Problem 22-45
- 22-15 Syntheses Using β-Dicarbonyl Compounds
- 22-16 The Malonic Ester Synthesis
- SOLUTION
- Problem 22-47
- Problem 22-48
- 22-17 The Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis
- SOLUTION
- Problem 22-49
- Problem 22-50
- Problem 22-51
- 22-18 Conjugate Additions: The Michael Reaction
- SOLUTION
- Problem 22-52
- Problem 22-53
- Problem 22-54
- Problem 22-55
- Problem 22-56
- 22-19 The Robinson Annulation
- Problem 22-57
- Problem 22-58
- Problem 22-59
- Summary
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 22
- Study Problems
- 23 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids
- Goals for Chapter 23
- 23-1 Introduction
- 23-2 Classification of Carbohydrates
- Problem 23-1
- 23-3 Monosaccharides
- 23-3A Classification of Monosaccharides
- Problem 23-2
- Problem 23-3
- 23-3B The d and l Configurations of Sugars
- Problem 23-4
- Problem 23-5
- 23-3C Epimers
- Problem 23-6
- 23-4 Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides
- 23-5 Anomers of Monosaccharides; Mutarotation
- Problem 23-12
- 23-6 Reactions of Monosaccharides: Reduction
- Problem 23-14
- Problem 23-15
- 23-7 Oxidation of Monosaccharides; Reducing Sugars
- 23-8 Nonreducing Sugars: Formation of Glycosides
- Problem 23-20
- Problem 23-21
- 23-9 Ether and Ester Formation
- Problem 23-25
- Problem 23-26
- Problem 23-27
- 23-10 Chain Shortening: The Ruff Degradation
- Problem 23-29
- Problem 23-30
- Problem 23-31
- 23-11 Chain Lengthening: The Kiliani–Fischer Synthesis
- Problem 23-32
- Problem 23-33
- Problem 23-34
- Problem 23-35
- Summary Reactions of Sugars
- 23-12 Disaccharides
- 23-12A The 1,4′ Linkage: Cellobiose, Maltose, and Lactose
- Cellobiose: A β-1,4′ Glucosidic Linkage
- Maltose: An α-1,4′ Glucosidic Linkage
- Problem 23-36
- Problem 23-37
- Lactose: A β-1,4′ Galactosidic Linkage
- Problem 23-38
- 23-12B The 1,6′ Linkage: Gentiobiose
- Problem 23-39
- 23-12C Linkage of Two Anomeric Carbons: Sucrose
- SOLUTION
- Problem 23-40
- Problem 23-41
- 23-13 Polysaccharides
- 23-13A Cellulose
- Problem 23-42
- 23-13B Starches: Amylose, Amylopectin, and Glycogen
- Amylose
- Amylopectin
- Glycogen
- 23-13C Chitin: A Polymer of N-Acetylglucosamine
- 23-14 Nucleic Acids: Introduction
- 23-15 Ribonucleosides and Ribonucleotides
- Problem 23-43
- Problem 23-44
- 23-16 The Structures of RNA and DNA
- 23-16A The Structure of Ribonucleic Acid
- 23-16B Deoxyribose and the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- 23-16C Base Pairing
- Problem 23-45
- 23-16D The Double Helix of DNA
- 23-17 Additional Functions of Nucleotides
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 23
- Study Problems
- 24 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
- Goals for Chapter 24
- 24-1 Introduction
- 24-2 Structure and Stereochemistry of the α−Amino Acids
- 24-2A The Standard Amino Acids of Proteins
- Problem 24-1
- Problem 24-2
- 24-2B Essential Amino Acids
- Problem 24-3
- 24-2C Rare and Unusual Amino Acids
- 24-3 Acid–Base Properties of Amino Acids
- 24-4 Isoelectric Points and Electrophoresis
- Problem 24-4
- Problem 24-5
- Problem 24-6
- Problem 24-7
- Problem 24-8
- 24-5 Synthesis of Amino Acids
- 24-5A Reductive Amination
- Problem 24-9
- 24-5B Amination of an α−Halo Acid
- Problem 24-10
- 24-5C The Strecker Synthesis
- SOLUTION
- Problem 24-11
- Problem 24-12
- Summary Syntheses of Amino Acids
- 24-6 Resolution of Amino Acids
- Problem 24-13
- 24-7 Reactions of Amino Acids
- 24-7A Esterification of the Carboxyl Group
- Problem 24-14
- Problem 24-15
- 24-7B Acylation of the Amino Group: Formation of Amides
- Problem 24-16
- 24-7C Reaction with Ninhydrin
- Problem 24-17
- Summary Reactions of Amino Acids
- 24-8 Structure and Nomenclature of Peptides and Proteins
- 24-8A Peptide Structure
- 24-8B Peptide Nomenclature
- Problem 24-18
- 24-8C Disulfide Linkages
- 24-9 Peptide Structure Determination
- 24-9A Cleavage of Disulfide Linkages
- 24-9B Determination of the Amino Acid Composition
- Sequencing the Peptide: Terminal Residue Analysis
- 24-9C Sequencing from the N Terminus: The Edman Degradation
- Problem 24-19
- Problem 24-20
- Problem 24-21
- 24-9D C-Terminal Residue Analysis
- 24-9E Breaking the Peptide into Shorter Chains: Partial Hydrolysis
- Problem 24-22
- Problem 24-23
- 24-10 Laboratory Peptide Synthesis
- 24-10A The Individual Reactions
- Attaching the Peptide to the Solid Support
- Using the 9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) Protecting Group
- Use of DCC as a Peptide Coupling Agent
- Problem 24-24
- 24-10B An Example of Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis
- 24-11 Classification of Proteins
- 24-12 Levels of Protein Structure
- 24-12A Primary Structure
- 24-12B Secondary Structure
- 24-12C Tertiary Structure
- 24-12D Quaternary Structure
- 24-13 Protein Denaturation
- 24-13A Reversible and Irreversible Denaturation
- 24-13B Prion Diseases
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 24
- Study Problems
- 25 Lipids
- Goals for Chapter 25
- 25-1 Introduction
- 25-2 Waxes
- 25-3 Triglycerides
- Problem 25-1
- 25-3A Hydrogenation of Triglycerides; Trans Fats
- Problem 25-2
- 25-3B Transesterification of Fats and Oils to Biodiesel
- Problem 25-3
- 25-4 Saponification of Fats and Oils: Soaps and Detergents
- Problem 25-4
- Problem 25-5
- Problem 25-6
- Problem 25-7
- 25-5 Phospholipids
- Problem 25-8
- 25-6 Steroids
- Problem 25-9
- Problem 25-10
- 25-7 Prostaglandins
- 25-8 Terpenes
- 25-8A Characteristics and Nomenclature of Terpenes
- Problem 25-11
- 25-8B Classification of Terpenes
- Problem 25-12
- Problem 25-13
- 25-8C Terpenoids
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 25
- Study Problems
- 26 Synthetic Polymers
- Goals for Chapter 26
- 26-1 Introduction
- 26-2 Chain-Growth Polymers
- 26-2A Free-Radical Polymerization
- Problem 26-1
- Problem 26-2
- Chain Branching by Hydrogen Abstraction
- Problem 26-3
- 26-2B Cationic Polymerization
- Problem 26-4
- Problem 26-5
- Problem 26-6
- 26-2C Anionic Polymerization
- Problem 26-7
- Problem 26-8
- Problem 26-9
- 26-3 Stereochemistry of Polymers
- Problem 26-10
- 26-4 Stereochemical Control of Polymerization: Ziegler–Natta Catalysts
- 26-5 Natural and Synthetic Rubbers
- 26-6 Copolymers of Two or More Monomers
- Problem 26-12
- 26-7 Step-Growth Polymers
- 26-7A Polyamides: Nylon
- Problem 26-13
- 26-7B Polyesters
- Problem 26-14
- Problem 26-15
- 26-7C Polycarbonates
- Problem 26-16
- Problem 26-17
- 26-7D Polyurethanes
- Problem 26-18
- Problem 26-19
- Problem 26-20
- 26-8 Polymer Structure and Properties
- 26-8A Polymer Crystallinity
- 26-8B Thermal Properties
- 26-8C Plasticizers
- 26-9 Recycling of Plastics
- Essential Terms
- Essential Problem-Solving Skills in Chapter 26
- Study Problems
- Appendices
- Answers to Selected Problems
- Photo Credits
- Index
- Numbered
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- X
- Y
- Z
- Useful References
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