This is completed downloadable of Test Bank for Physics for Scientists and Engineers 4th by Knight
Product Details:
- ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0134092503
- ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0134092508
- Author:Â Randy Knight
For the Fourth Edition ofPhysics for Scientists and Engineers, Knight continues to build on strong research-based foundations with fine-tuned and streamlined content, hallmark features, and an even more robust MasteringPhysics program, taking student learning to a new level. By extending problem-solving guidance to include a greater emphasis on modeling and significantly revised and more challenging problem sets, students gain confidence and skills in problem solving. A modified Table of Contents and the addition of advanced topics now accommodate different teaching preferences and course structures.
Table of Content:
- Part I Newton’s Laws
- 1 Concepts of Motion
- 1.1 Motion Diagrams
- Making a Motion Diagram
- 1.2 Models and Modeling
- The Particle Model
- 1.3 Position, Time, and Displacement
- Scalars and Vectors
- Displacement
- Motion Diagrams with Displacement Vectors
- Time Interval
- 1.4 Velocity
- Motion Diagrams with Velocity Vectors
- 1.5 Linear Acceleration
- Finding the Acceleration Vectors on a Motion Diagram
- The Complete Motion Diagram
- Examples of Motion Diagrams
- 1.6 Motion in One Dimension
- Determining the Signs of Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
- Position-versus-Time Graphs
- 1.7 Solving Problems in Physics
- Using Symbols
- Drawing Pictures
- Representations
- A Problem-Solving Strategy
- 1.8 Units and Significant Figures
- Time
- Length
- Mass
- Using Prefixes
- Unit Conversions
- Assessment
- Significant Figures
- Orders of Magnitude and Estimating
- Summary
- General Strategy
- Problem Solving
- Motion Diagrams
- Important Concepts
- Pictorial Representation
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 1.1 Motion Diagrams
- Section 1.2 Models and Modeling
- Section 1.3 Position, Time, and Displacement
- Section 1.4 Velocity
- Section 1.5 Linear Acceleration
- Section 1.6 Motion in One Dimension
- Section 1.7 Solving Problems in Physics
- Section 1.8 Units and Significant Figures
- Problems
- 2 Kinematics in One Dimension
- 2.1 Uniform Motion
- The Mathematics of Uniform Motion
- The Uniform-Motion Model
- 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity
- A Little Calculus: Derivatives
- 2.3 Finding Position from Velocity
- A Little More Calculus: Integrals
- 2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration
- Signs and Units
- The Kinematic Equations of Constant Acceleration
- The Constant-Acceleration Model
- 2.5 Free Fall
- 2.6 Motion on an Inclined Plane
- Thinking Graphically
- 2.7 Advanced Topic Instantaneous Acceleration
- Summary
- General Principles
- Solving Kinematics Problems
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 2.1 Uniform Motion
- Section 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity
- Section 2.3 Finding Position from Velocity
- Section 2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration
- Section 2.5 Free Fall
- Section 2.6 Motion on an Inclined Plane
- Section 2.7 Instantaneous Acceleration
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 3 Vectors and Coordinate Systems
- 3.1 Scalars and Vectors
- 3.2 Using Vectors
- Vector Addition
- More Vector Mathematics
- 3.3 Coordinate Systems and Vector Components
- Coordinate Systems
- Component Vectors
- Components
- 3.4 Unit Vectors and Vector Algebra
- Vector Math
- Tilted Axes and Arbitrary Directions
- Summary
- Important Concepts
- Unit Vectors
- Using Vectors
- Components
- Working Graphically
- Working Algebraically
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 3.1 Scalars and Vectors
- Section 3.2 Using Vectors
- Section 3.3 Coordinate Systems and Vector Components
- Section 3.4 Unit Vectors and Vector Algebra
- Problems
- 4 Kinematics in Two Dimensions
- 4.1 Motion in Two Dimensions
- Acceleration Graphically
- Acceleration Mathematically
- Constant Acceleration
- 4.2 Projectile Motion
- Reasoning About Projectile Motion
- The Projectile Motion Model
- 4.3 Relative Motion
- Reference Frames
- 4.4 Uniform Circular Motion
- Angular Position
- Angular Velocity
- 4.5 Centripetal Acceleration
- The Uniform Circular Motion Model
- 4.6 Nonuniform Circular Motion
- Tangential Acceleration
- Summary
- General Principles
- Relative Motion
- Important Concepts
- Uniform Circular Motion
- Nonuniform Circular Motion
- Applications
- Kinematics in two dimensions
- Circular motion kinematics
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 4.1 Motion in Two Dimensions
- Section 4.2 Projectile Motion
- Section 4.3 Relative Motion
- Section 4.4 Uniform Circular Motion
- Section 4.5 Centripetal Acceleration
- Section 4.6 Nonuniform Circular Motion
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 5 Force and Motion
- 5.1 Force
- Force Vectors
- Combining Forces
- 5.2 A Short Catalog of Forces
- Gravity
- Spring Force
- Tension Force
- Normal Force
- Friction
- Drag
- Thrust
- Electric and Magnetic Forces
- 5.3 Identifying Forces
- 5.4 What Do Forces Do?
- Mass
- 5.5 Newton’s Second Law
- Forces Are Interactions
- 5.6 Newton’s First Law
- What Good Is Newton’s First Law?
- Inertial Reference Frames
- Thinking About Force
- 5.7 Free-Body Diagrams
- Summary
- General Principles
- Important Concepts
- Key Skills
- Identifying Forces
- Free-Body Diagrams
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 5.3 Identifying Forces
- Problems
- 6 Dynamics I: Motion Along a Line
- 6.1 The Equilibrium Model
- 6.2 Using Newton’s Second Law
- 6.3 Mass, Weight, and Gravity
- Mass: An Intrinsic Property
- Gravity: A Force
- Weight: A Measurement
- Weightlessness
- 6.4 Friction
- Static Friction
- Kinetic Friction
- Rolling Friction
- A Model of Friction
- Causes of Friction
- 6.5 Drag
- Terminal Speed
- 6.6 More Examples of Newton’s Second Law
- Summary
- General Principles
- Two Explanatory Models
- A Problem-Solving Strategy
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 6.1 The Equilibrium Model
- Section 6.2 Using Newton’s Second Law
- Section 6.3 Mass, Weight, and Gravity
- Section 6.4 Friction
- Section 6.5 Drag
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 7 Newton’s Third Law
- 7.1 Interacting Objects
- Objects, Systems, and the Environment
- 7.2 Analyzing Interacting Objects
- Propulsion
- 7.3 Newton’s Third Law
- Reasoning with Newton’s Third Law
- Acceleration Constraints
- A Revised Strategy for Interacting-Objects Problems
- 7.4 Ropes and Pulleys
- Tension Revisited
- The Massless String Approximation
- Pulleys
- 7.5 Examples of Interacting-Objects Problems
- Summary
- General Principles
- Newton’s Third Law
- Solving Interacting-Objects Problems
- Important Concepts
- Objects, systems, and the environment
- Interaction diagram
- Applications
- Acceleration constraints
- Strings and pulleys
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 7.2 Analyzing Interacting Objects
- Section 7.3 Newton’s Third Law
- Section 7.4 Ropes and Pulleys
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 8 Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane
- 8.1 Dynamics in Two Dimensions
- Projectile Motion
- 8.2 Uniform Circular Motion
- Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
- The Central-Force Model
- 8.3 Circular Orbits
- Satellites
- 8.4 Reasoning About Circular Motion
- Centrifugal Force?
- Gravity on a Rotating Earth
- Why Does the Water Stay in the Bucket?
- 8.5 Nonuniform Circular Motion
- Summary
- General Principles
- Newton’s Second Law
- Uniform Circular Motion
- Nonuniform Circular Motion
- Important Concepts
- rtz-coordinates
- Projectile motion
- Applications
- Orbits
- Circular motion on surfaces
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 8.1 Dynamics in Two Dimensions
- Section 8.2 Uniform Circular Motion
- Section 8.3 Circular Orbits
- Section 8.4 Reasoning About Circular Motion
- Section 8.5 Nonuniform Circular Motion
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- Part I Knowledge Structure Newton’s Laws
- Key Findings What are the overarching findings of Part I?
- Laws What laws of physics govern motion?
- Models What are the most common models for applying the laws of physics to moving objects?
- Constant force/Uniform acceleration
- Central force/Uniform circular motion
- Tools What are the most important tools for analyzing the physics of motion?
- Part II Conservation Laws
- 9 Work and Kinetic Energy
- 9.1 Energy Overview
- The Energy Principle
- The Basic Energy Model
- 9.2 Work and Kinetic Energy for a Single Particle
- Work
- Signs of Work
- Extending the Model
- 9.3 Calculating the Work Done
- Constant Force
- Work as a Dot Product of Two Vectors
- Zero-Work Situations
- Variable Force
- 9.4 Restoring Forces and the Work Done by a Spring
- Work Done by Springs
- 9.5 Dissipative Forces and Thermal Energy
- Energy at the Microscopic Level
- Dissipative Forces
- 9.6 Power
- Summary
- General Principles
- Basic Energy Model
- The Energy Principle
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Hooke’s law
- Dot product
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 9.2 Work and Kinetic Energy for a Single Particle
- Section 9.3 Calculating the Work Done
- Section 9.4 Restoring Forces and the Work Done by a Spring
- Section 9.5 Dissipative Forces and Thermal Energy
- Section 9.6 Power
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 10 Interactions and Potential Energy
- 10.1 Potential Energy
- Systems Matter
- 10.2 Gravitational Potential Energy
- The Zero of Potential Energy
- Energy Bar Charts
- Digging Deeper into Gravitational Potential Energy
- Motion with Gravity and Friction
- 10.3 Elastic Potential Energy
- Including Gravity
- 10.4 Conservation of Energy
- It Depends on the System
- A Strategy for Energy Problems
- Where Is Potential Energy?
- 10.5 Energy Diagrams
- Equilibrium Positions
- 10.6 Force and Potential Energy
- 10.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
- Nonconservative Forces
- 10.8 The Energy Principle Revisited
- Energy Bar Charts Expanded
- Summary
- General Principles
- The Energy Principle Revisited
- Solving Energy Problems
- Law of Conservation of Energy
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 10.1 Potential Energy
- Section 10.2 Gravitational Potential Energy
- Section 10.3 Elastic Potential Energy
- Section 10.4 Conservation of Energy
- Section 10.5 Energy Diagrams
- Section 10.6 Force and Potential Energy
- Section 10.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
- Section 10.8 The Energy Principle Revisited
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 11 Impulse and Momentum
- 11.1 Momentum and Impulse
- Momentum
- Impulse
- An Analogy with the Energy Principle
- Momentum Bar Charts
- Solving Impulse and Momentum Problems
- 11.2 Conservation of Momentum
- Systems of Particles
- Isolated Systems
- A Strategy for Conservation of Momentum Problems
- It Depends on the System
- 11.3 Collisions
- Inelastic Collisions
- Elastic Collisions
- Using Reference Frames
- Two Collision Models
- 11.4 Explosions
- 11.5 Momentum in Two Dimensions
- 11.6 Advanced Topic Rocket Propulsion
- Summary
- General Principles
- Law of Conservation of Momentum
- Newton’s Second Law
- Solving Momentum Conservation Problems
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 11.1 Momentum and Impulse
- Section 11.2 Conservation of Momentum
- Section 11.3 Collisions
- Section 11.4 Explosions
- Section 11.5 Momentum in Two Dimensions
- Section 11.6 Rocket Propulsion
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- Part II Knowledge Structure Conservation Laws
- Key Findings What are the overarching findings of Part II?
- Laws What laws of physics govern energy and momentum?
- Models What are the most common models for using conservation laws?
- Basic energy model
- Collision model
- Other models and approximations
- Tools What are the most important tools for using energy and momentum?
- Part III Applications of Newtonian Mechanics
- 12 Rotation of a Rigid Body
- 12.1 Rotational Motion
- Brief Review of Rotational Kinematics
- 12.2 Rotation About the Center of Mass
- Finding the Center of Mass by Integration
- 12.3 Rotational Energy
- 12.4 Calculating Moment of Inertia
- The Parallel-Axis Theorem
- 12.5 Torque
- Interpreting Torque
- Net Torque
- Gravitational Torque
- 12.6 Rotational Dynamics
- 12.7 Rotation About a Fixed Axis
- Constraints Due to Ropes and Pulleys
- The Constant-Torque Model
- 12.8 Static Equilibrium
- Balance and Stability
- 12.9 Rolling Motion
- Kinetic Energy of a Rolling Object
- The Great Downhill Race
- 12.10 The Vector Description of Rotational Motion
- The Angular Velocity Vector
- The Cross Product of Two Vectors
- Torque
- 12.11 Angular Momentum
- Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body
- Conservation of Angular Momentum
- Angular Momentum and Angular Velocity
- 12.12 Advanced Topic Precession of a Gyroscope
- Summary
- General Principles
- Solving Rotational Dynamics Problems
- Conservation Laws
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 12.1 Rotational Motion
- Section 12.2 Rotation About the Center of Mass
- Section 12.3 Rotational Energy
- Section 12.4 Calculating Moment of Inertia
- Section 12.5 Torque
- Section 12.6 Rotational Dynamics
- Section 12.7 Rotation About a Fixed Axis
- Section 12.8 Static Equilibrium
- Section 12.9 Rolling Motion
- Section 12.10 The Vector Description of Rotational Motion
- Section 12.11 Angular Momentum
- Section 12.12 Precession of a Gyroscope
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 13 Newton’s Theory of Gravity
- 13.1 A Little History
- Tycho and Kepler
- 13.2 Isaac Newton
- 13.3 Newton’s Law of Gravity
- Gravitational Force and Weight
- The Principle of Equivalence
- Newton’s Theory of Gravity
- 13.4 Little g and Big G
- Decrease of g with Distance
- Weighing the Earth
- 13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy
- The Flat-Earth Approximation
- 13.6 Satellite Orbits and Energies
- Kepler’s Third Law
- Kepler’s Second Law
- Orbital Energetics
- Summary
- General Principles
- Newton’s Theory of Gravity
- Important Concepts
- Conservation of angular momentum
- Orbital energetics
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 13.3 Newton’s Law of Gravity
- Section 13.4 Little g and Big G
- Section 13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy
- Section 13.6 Satellite Orbits and Energies
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 14 Fluids and Elasticity
- 14.1 Fluids
- Volume and Density
- 14.2 Pressure
- Causes of Pressure
- Pressure in Gases
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Pressure in Liquids
- 14.3 Measuring and Using Pressure
- Solving Hydrostatic Problems
- Manometers and Barometers
- Pressure Units
- Blood Pressure
- The Hydraulic Lift
- 14.4 Buoyancy
- Float or Sink?
- Boats
- 14.5 Fluid Dynamics
- The Equation of Continuity
- Bernoulli’s Equation
- Two Applications
- 14.6 Elasticity
- Tensile Stress and Young’s Modulus
- Volume Stress and the Bulk Modulus
- Summary
- General Principles
- Fluid Statics
- Gases
- Liquids
- Fluid Dynamics
- Ideal-fluid model
- Important Concepts
- Equation of continuity
- Bernoulli’s equation
- Applications
- Archimedes’ principle
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 14.1 Fluids
- Section 14.2 Pressure
- Section 14.3 Measuring and Using Pressure
- Section 14.4 Buoyancy
- Section 14.5 Fluid Dynamics
- Section 14.6 Elasticity
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- Part III Knowledge Structure Applications of Newtonian Mechanics
- Key Findings What are the overarching findings of Part III?
- Laws What laws of physics govern these applications?
- Models What are the most important models of Part III?
- Rotation models
- Fluid models
- Tools What are the most important tools introduced in Part III?
- Rotation
- Gravity
- Fluids
- Part IV Oscillations and Waves
- 15 Oscillations
- 15.1 Simple Harmonic Motion
- Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion
- 15.2 SHM and Circular Motion
- Initial Conditions: The Phase Constant
- 15.3 Energy in SHM
- Conservation of Energy
- 15.4 The Dynamics of SHM
- Solving the Equation of Motion
- 15.5 Vertical Oscillations
- 15.6 The Pendulum
- The Small-Angle Approximation
- The Simple-Harmonic-Motion Model
- The Physical Pendulum
- 15.7 Damped Oscillations
- Lightly Damped Oscillators
- 15.8 Driven Oscillations and Resonance
- Summary
- General Principles
- Dynamics
- Horizontal spring
- Vertical spring
- Simple pendulum
- Physical pendulum
- Energy
- Important Concepts
- Frequency
- Angular frequency
- Applications
- Resonance
- Damping
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 15.1 Simple Harmonic Motion
- Section 15.2 SHM and Circular Motion
- Section 15.3 Energy in SHM
- Section 15.4 The Dynamics of SHM
- Section 15.5 Vertical Oscillations
- Section 15.6 The Pendulum
- Section 15.7 Damped Oscillations
- Section 15.8 Driven Oscillations and Resonance
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 16 Traveling Waves
- 16.1 An Introduction to Waves
- Wave Speed
- 16.2 One-Dimensional Waves
- Longitudinal Waves
- The Displacement
- 16.3 Sinusoidal Waves
- The Fundamental Relationship for Sinusoidal Waves
- The Mathematics of Sinusoidal Waves
- The Velocity of a Particle in the Medium
- 16.4 Advanced Topic The Wave Equation on a String
- Traveling Wave Solutions
- 16.5 Sound and Light
- Sound Waves
- Electromagnetic Waves
- The Index of Refraction
- The Wave Model
- 16.6 Advanced Topic The Wave Equation in a Fluid
- Predicting the Speed of Sound
- 16.7 Waves in Two and Three Dimensions
- Phase and Phase Difference
- 16.8 Power, Intensity, and Decibels
- Sound Intensity Level
- 16.9 The Doppler Effect
- A Stationary Source and a Moving Observer
- The Doppler Effect for Light Waves
- Summary
- General Principles
- The Wave Model
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 16.1 An Introduction to Waves
- Section 16.2 One-Dimensional Waves
- Section 16.3 Sinusoidal Waves
- Section 16.4 The Wave Equation on a String
- Section 16.5 Sound and Light
- Section 16.6 The Wave Equation in a Fluid
- Section 16.7 Waves in Two and Three Dimensions
- Section 16.8 Power, Intensity, and Decibels
- Section 16.9 The Doppler Effect
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 17 Superposition
- 17.1 The Principle of Superposition
- 17.2 Standing Waves
- Nodes and Antinodes
- The Mathematics of Standing Waves
- 17.3 Standing Waves on a String
- Creating Standing Waves
- Standing Electromagnetic Waves
- 17.4 Standing Sound Waves and Musical Acoustics
- Tubes with Openings
- Musical Instruments
- 17.5 Interference in One Dimension
- The Phase Difference
- 17.6 The Mathematics of Interference
- Application: Thin-Film Optical Coatings
- 17.7 Interference in Two and Three Dimensions
- Identical Sources
- A Problem-Solving Strategy for Interference Problems
- 17.8 Beats
- Summary
- General Principles
- Principle of Superposition
- Important Concepts
- Standing Waves
- Solving Interference Problems
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 17.1 The Principle of Superposition
- Section 17.2 Standing Waves
- Section 17.3 Standing Waves on a String
- Section 17.4 Standing Sound Waves and Musical Acoustics
- Section 17.5 Interference in One Dimension
- Section 17.6 The Mathematics of Interference
- Section 17.7 Interference in Two and Three Dimensions
- Section 17.8 Beats
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- Part IV Knowledge Structure Oscillations and Waves
- Key Findings What are the overarching findings of Part IV?
- Laws What laws of physics govern oscillations and waves?
- Models What are the most important models of Part IV?
- Simple harmonic motion
- Waves
- Tools What are the most important tools introduced in Part IV?
- Part V Thermodynamics
- 18 A Macroscopic Description of Matter
- 18.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases
- State Variables
- 18.2 Atoms and Moles
- Atomic Mass and Atomic Mass Number
- Moles and Molar Mass
- 18.3 Temperature
- Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
- 18.4 Thermal Expansion
- 18.5 Phase Changes
- Phase Diagrams
- 18.6 Ideal Gases
- The Ideal-Gas Law
- 18.7 Ideal-Gas Processes
- The pV Diagram
- Quasi-Static Processes
- Constant-Volume Process
- Constant-Pressure Process
- Constant-Temperature Process
- Summary
- General Principles
- Three Common Phases of Matter
- Important Concepts
- Ideal-Gas Model
- Ideal-Gas Law
- Counting atoms and moles
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 18.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases
- Section 18.2 Atoms and Moles
- Section 18.3 Temperature
- Section 18.4 Thermal Expansion
- Section 18.5 Phase Changes
- Section 18.6 Ideal Gases
- Section 18.7 Ideal-Gas Processes
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 19 Work, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics
- 19.1 It’s All About Energy
- Energy Transfer
- The Missing Piece: Heat
- 19.2 Work in Ideal-Gas Processes
- Isochoric Process
- Isobaric Process
- Isothermal Process
- Work Depends on the Path
- 19.3 Heat
- Thermal Interactions
- Units of Heat
- Heat, Temperature, and Thermal Energy
- 19.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
- Three Special Ideal-Gas Processes
- 19.5 Thermal Properties of Matter
- Temperature Change and Specific Heat
- Phase Change and Heat of Transformation
- 19.6 Calorimetry
- 19.7 The Specific Heats of Gases
- CP and CV
- Heat Depends on the Path
- Adiabatic Processes
- Proof of Equation 19.35
- 19.8 Heat-Transfer Mechanisms
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
- Summary
- General Principles
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Energy
- Thermal energy Eth
- Work W
- Heat Q
- Important Concepts
- Solving Problems of Work on an Ideal Gas
- Solving Calorimetry Problems
- Summary of Basic Gas Processes
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 19.1 It’s All About Energy
- Section 19.2 Work in Ideal-Gas Processes
- Section 19.3 Heat
- Section 19.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
- Section 19.5 Thermal Properties of Matter
- Section 19.6 Calorimetry
- Section 19.7 The Specific Heats of Gases
- Section 19.8 Heat-Transfer Mechanisms
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 20 The Micro/Macro Connection
- 20.1 Molecular Speeds and Collisions
- Mean Free Path
- 20.2 Pressure in a Gas
- Force Due to Collisions
- The Root-Mean-Square Speed
- 20.3 Temperature
- 20.4 Thermal Energy and Specific Heat
- Monatomic Gases
- The Equipartition Theorem
- Solids
- Diatomic Molecules
- 20.5 Thermal Interactions and Heat
- The Systems Exchange Energy
- 20.6 Irreversible Processes and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Which Way to Equilibrium?
- Order, Disorder, and Entropy
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Summary
- General Principles
- The Equipartition Theorem
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 20.1 Molecular Speeds and Collisions
- Section 20.2 Pressure in a Gas
- Section 20.3 Temperature
- Section 20.4 Thermal Energy and Specific Heat
- Section 20.5 Thermal Interactions and Heat
- Section 20.6 Irreversible Processes and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 21 Heat Engines and Refrigerators
- 21.1 Turning Heat into Work
- Work Done by the System
- Energy-Transfer Diagrams
- Work into Heat and Heat into Work
- 21.2 Heat Engines and Refrigerators
- A Heat-Engine Example
- Refrigerators
- No Perfect Heat Engines
- 21.3 Ideal-Gas Heat Engines
- Ideal-Gas Summary
- A Strategy for Heat-Engine Problems
- The Brayton Cycle
- 21.4 Ideal-Gas Refrigerators
- 21.5 The Limits of Efficiency
- A Perfectly Reversible Engine Has Maximum Efficiency
- Conditions for a Perfectly Reversible Engine
- 21.6 The Carnot Cycle
- Designing a Carnot Engine
- The Maximum Efficiency
- Summary
- General Principles
- Heat Engines
- Thermal efficiency
- Refrigerators
- Coefficient of performance
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 21.1 Turning Heat into Work
- Section 21.2 Heat Engines and Refrigerators
- Section 21.3 Ideal-Gas Heat Engines
- Section 21.4 Ideal-Gas Refrigerators
- Section 21.5 The Limits of Efficiency
- Section 21.6 The Carnot Cycle
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- Part V Knowledge Structure Thermodynamics
- Key Findings What are the overarching findings of Part V?
- Laws What laws of physics govern thermodynamics?
- Models What are the most important models of Part V?
- Thermodynamic energy model
- Ideal-gas model
- Phases of matter
- Carnot engine
- Tools What are the most important tools introduced in Part V?
- pV diagrams show
- Four fundamental gas processes
- Work in gas processes
- Heat and thermal energy
- Heat is transferred by
- Heating and cooling
- Heat engines and refrigerators
- Part VI Electricity and Magnetism
- 22 Electric Charges and Forces
- 22.1 The Charge Model
- Experimenting with Charges
- Electric Properties of Materials
- 22.2 Charge
- Atoms and Electricity
- The Micro/Macro Connection
- Charge Conservation and Charge Diagrams
- 22.3 Insulators and Conductors
- Charging
- Discharging
- Charge Polarization
- The Electric Dipole
- Charging by Induction
- 22.4 Coulomb’s Law
- Units of Charge
- Using Coulomb’s Law
- 22.5 The Electric Field
- The Concept of a Field
- The Field Model
- The Electric Field of a Point Charge
- Unit Vector Notation
- Summary
- General Principles
- Coulomb’s Law
- Important Concepts
- The Charge Model
- The Field Model
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 22.1 The Charge Model
- Section 22.2 Charge
- Section 22.3 Insulators and Conductors
- Section 22.4 Coulomb’s Law
- Section 22.5 The Electric Field
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 23 The Electric Field
- 23.1 Electric Field Models
- 23.2 The Electric Field of Point Charges
- Multiple Point Charges
- Limiting Cases
- The Electric Field of a Dipole
- Electric Field Lines
- 23.3 The Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution
- Integration Is Summation
- A Problem-Solving Strategy
- An Infinite Line of Charge
- 23.4 The Electric Fields of Rings, Disks, Planes, and Spheres
- A Disk of Charge
- Limiting Cases
- A Plane of Charge
- A Sphere of Charge
- 23.5 The Parallel-Plate Capacitor
- Uniform Electric Fields
- 23.6 Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field
- Motion in a Uniform Field
- 23.7 Motion of a Dipole in an Electric Field
- Dipoles in a Uniform Field
- Dipoles in a Nonuniform Field
- Summary
- General Principles
- Sources of
- Multiple point charges
- Continuous distribution of charge
- Consequences of
- Applications
- Four Key Electric Field Models
- Electric dipole
- Parallel-plate capacitor
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 23.2 The Electric Field of Point Charges
- Section 23.3 The Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution
- Section 23.4 The Electric Fields of Rings, Disks, Planes, and Spheres
- Section 23.5 The Parallel-Plate Capacitor
- Section 23.6 Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field
- Section 23.7 Motion of a Dipole in an Electric Field
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 24 Gauss’s Law
- 24.1 Symmetry
- What Good Is Symmetry?
- Three Fundamental Symmetries
- 24.2 The Concept of Flux
- 24.3 Calculating Electric Flux
- The Basic Definition of Flux
- The Electric Flux of a Nonuniform Electric Field
- The Flux Through a Curved Surface
- The Electric Flux Through a Closed Surface
- 24.4 Gauss’s Law
- Electric Flux Is Independent of Surface Shape and Radius
- Charge Outside the Surface
- Multiple Charges
- What Does Gauss’s Law Tell Us?
- 24.5 Using Gauss’s Law
- 24.6 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
- At the Surface of a Conductor
- Charges and Fields Within a Conductor
- Summary
- General Principles
- Gauss’s Law
- Symmetry
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Conductors in electrostatic equilibrium
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 24.1 Symmetry
- Section 24.2 The Concept of Flux
- Section 24.3 Calculating Electric Flux
- Section 24.4 Gauss’s Law
- Section 24.5 Using Gauss’s Law
- Section 24.6 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 25 The Electric Potential
- 25.1 Electric Potential Energy
- A Gravitational Analogy
- A Uniform Electric Field
- 25.2 The Potential Energy of Point Charges
- Charged-Particle Interactions
- The Electric Force Is a Conservative Force
- Multiple Point Charges
- 25.3 The Potential Energy of a Dipole
- 25.4 The Electric Potential
- Using the Electric Potential
- 25.5 The Electric Potential Inside a Parallel-Plate Capacitor
- Visualizing Electric Potential
- 25.6 The Electric Potential of a Point Charge
- Visualizing the Potential of a Point Charge
- The Electric Potential of a Charged Sphere
- 25.7 The Electric Potential of Many Charges
- A Continuous Distribution of Charge
- Summary
- General Principles
- Sources of Potential
- For multiple point charges
- For a continuous distribution of charge
- Electric Potential Energy
- Point charges and dipoles
- Solving conservation of energy problems
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 25.1 Electric Potential Energy
- Section 25.2 The Potential Energy of Point Charges
- Section 25.3 The Potential Energy of a Dipole
- Section 25.4 The Electric Potential
- Section 25.5 The Electric Potential Inside a Parallel-Plate Capacitor
- Section 25.6 The Electric Potential of a Point Charge
- Section 25.7 The Electric Potential of Many Charges
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 26 Potential and Field
- 26.1 Connecting Potential and Field
- 26.2 Finding the Electric Field from the Potential
- Field Parallel to a Coordinate Axis
- The Geometry of Potential and Field
- Kirchhoff’s Loop Law
- 26.3 A Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium
- 26.4 Sources of Electric Potential
- Batteries and emf
- Batteries in Series
- 26.5 Capacitance and Capacitors
- The Parallel-Plate Capacitor
- Charging a Capacitor
- Combinations of Capacitors
- 26.6 The Energy Stored in a Capacitor
- The Energy in the Electric Field
- 26.7 Dielectrics
- Inserting a Dielectric into a Capacitor
- Summary
- General Principles
- Connecting V and
- The Geometry of Potential and Field
- Conservation of Energy
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 26.1 Connecting Potential and Field
- Section 26.2 Finding the Electric Field from the Potential
- Section 26.4 Sources of Electric Potential
- Section 26.5 Capacitance and Capacitors
- Section 26.6 The Energy Stored in a Capacitor
- Section 26.7 Dielectrics
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 27 Current and Resistance
- 27.1 The Electron Current
- Charge Carriers
- Discharging a Capacitor
- 27.2 Creating a Current
- Establishing the Electric Field in a Wire
- A Model of Conduction
- 27.3 Current and Current Density
- The Current Density in a Wire
- Charge Conservation and Current
- 27.4 Conductivity and Resistivity
- Superconductivity
- 27.5 Resistance and Ohm’s Law
- Batteries and Current
- Resistors and Ohmic Materials
- Summary
- General Principles
- Conservation of Charge
- Electron current
- Conventional current
- Current density
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 27.1 The Electron Current
- Section 27.2 Creating a Current
- Section 27.3 Current and Current Density
- Section 27.4 Conductivity and Resistivity
- Section 27.5 Resistance and Ohm’s Law
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 28 Fundamentals of Circuits
- 28.1 Circuit Elements and Diagrams
- 28.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws and the Basic Circuit
- The Basic Circuit
- 28.3 Energy and Power
- Energy Dissipation in Resistors
- Kilowatt Hours
- 28.4 Series Resistors
- Ammeters
- 28.5 Real Batteries
- A Short Circuit
- 28.6 Parallel Resistors
- Voltmeters
- 28.7 Resistor Circuits
- 28.8 Getting Grounded
- 28.9 RC Circuits
- Charging a Capacitor
- Summary
- General Strategy
- Solving Circuit Problems
- Kirchhoff’s loop law
- Kirchhoff’s junction law
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Equivalent resistance
- Series resistors
- Parallel resistors
- RC circuits
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 28.1 Circuit Elements and Diagrams
- Section 28.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws and the Basic Circuit
- Section 28.3 Energy and Power
- Section 28.4 Series Resistors
- Section 28.5 Real Batteries
- Section 28.6 Parallel Resistors
- Section 28.8 Getting Grounded
- Section 28.9 RC Circuits
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 29 The Magnetic Field
- 29.1 Magnetism
- Compasses and Geomagnetism
- 29.2 The Discovery of the Magnetic Field
- The Magnetic Field
- Two Kinds of Magnetism?
- 29.3 The Source of the Magnetic Field: Moving Charges
- Superposition
- The Vector Cross Product
- 29.4 The Magnetic Field of a Current
- 29.5 Magnetic Dipoles
- A Current Loop Is a Magnetic Dipole
- The Magnetic Dipole Moment
- 29.6 Ampère’s Law and Solenoids
- Line Integrals
- Ampère’s Law
- The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
- 29.7 The Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge
- Magnetic Force
- Cyclotron Motion
- The Cyclotron
- The Hall Effect
- 29.8 Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires
- Force Between Two Parallel Wires
- 29.9 Forces and Torques on Current Loops
- An Electric Motor
- 29.10 Magnetic Properties of Matter
- Atomic Magnets
- The Electron Spin
- Ferromagnetism
- Induced Magnetic Dipoles
- Summary
- General Principles
- Magnetic Fields
- Magnetic field of a current
- Magnetic Forces
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 29.3 The Source of the Magnetic Field: Moving Charges
- Section 29.4 The Magnetic Field of a Current
- Section 29.5 Magnetic Dipoles
- Section 29.6 Ampère’s Law and Solenoids
- Section 29.7 The Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge
- Section 29.8 Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires
- Section 29.9 Forces and Torques on Current Loops
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 30 Electromagnetic Induction
- 30.1 Induced Currents
- 30.2 Motional emf
- Induced Current in a Circuit
- Energy Considerations
- Eddy Currents
- 30.3 Magnetic Flux
- Magnetic Flux in a Nonuniform Field
- 30.4 Lenz’s Law
- Using Lenz’s Law
- 30.5 Faraday’s Law
- Using Faraday’s Law
- What Does Faraday’s Law Tell Us?
- 30.6 Induced Fields
- Calculating the Induced Field
- Maxwell’s Theory of Electromagnetic Waves
- 30.7 Induced Currents: Three Applications
- Generators
- Transformers
- Metal Detectors
- 30.8 Inductors
- The Potential Difference Across an Inductor
- Energy in Inductors and Magnetic Fields
- 30.9 LC Circuits
- 30.10 LR Circuits
- Summary
- General Principles
- Lenz’s Law
- Faraday’s Law
- Using Electromagnetic Induction
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 30.2 Motional emf
- Section 30.3 Magnetic Flux
- Section 30.4 Lenz’s Law
- Section 30.5 Faraday’s Law
- Section 30.6 Induced Fields
- Section 30.7 Induced Currents: Three Applications
- Section 30.8 Inductors
- Section 30.9 LC Circuits
- Section 30.10 LR Circuits
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 31 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves
- 31.1 E or B? It Depends on Your Perspective
- Reference Frames
- The Transformation of Electric and Magnetic Fields
- Almost Relativity
- Faraday’s Law Revisited
- 31.2 The Field Laws Thus Far
- 31.3 The Displacement Current
- Something Is Missing
- The Induced Magnetic Field
- 31.4 Maxwell’s Equations
- 31.5 Advanced Topic Electromagnetic Waves
- The Structure of Electromagnetic Waves
- Faraday’s Law
- The Ampère-Maxwell Law
- The Wave Equation
- Connecting E and B
- 31.6 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
- Energy and Intensity
- Radiation Pressure
- Antennas
- 31.7 Polarization
- Malus’s Law
- Summary
- General Principles
- Maxwell’s Equations
- Lorentz Force
- Field Transformations
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 31.1 E or B? It Depends on Your Perspective
- Section 31.2 The Field Laws Thus Far
- Section 31.3 The Displacement Current
- Section 31.5 Electromagnetic Waves
- Section 31.6 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
- Section 31.7 Polarization
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 32 AC Circuits
- 32.1 AC Sources and Phasors
- Resistor Circuits
- 32.2 Capacitor Circuits
- Capacitive Reactance
- 32.3 RC Filter Circuits
- Frequency Dependence
- Filters
- 32.4 Inductor Circuits
- 32.5 The Series RLC Circuit
- Impedance
- Phase Angle
- Resonance
- 32.6 Power in AC Circuits
- Resistors
- Capacitors and Inductors
- The Power Factor
- Summary
- Important Concepts
- Basic circuit elements
- Key Skills
- Using phasor diagrams
- Instantaneous and peak quantities
- Applications
- RC filter circuits
- Series RLC circuits
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 32.1 AC Sources and Phasors
- Section 32.2 Capacitor Circuits
- Section 32.3 RC Filter Circuits
- Section 32.4 Inductor Circuits
- Section 32.5 The Series RLC Circuit
- Section 32.6 Power in AC Circuits
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- Part VI Knowledge Structure Electricity and Magnetism
- Key Findings What are the overarching findings of Part VI?
- Laws What laws of physics govern electricity and magnetism?
- Models What are the most important models of electricity and magnetism?
- Charge model
- Electric field model
- Magnetic field models
- Electromagnetic waves
- Tools What are the most important tools introduced in Part VI?
- Electric potential and potential energy
- Circuits
- Uniform fields
- Induced currents
- Part VII Optics
- 33 Wave Optics
- 33.1 Models of Light
- Three Views
- 33.2 The Interference of Light
- A Brief Review of Interference
- Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
- Analyzing Double-Slit Interference
- Positions of the Fringes
- Intensity of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern
- 33.3 The Diffraction Grating
- Reflection Gratings
- 33.4 Single-Slit Diffraction
- Huygens’ Principle
- Analyzing Single-Slit Diffraction
- The Width of a Single-Slit Diffraction Pattern
- 33.5 Advanced Topic A Closer Look at Diffraction
- The Single Slit Revisited
- The Complete Double-Slit Intensity
- 33.6 Circular-Aperture Diffraction
- 33.7 The Wave Model of Light
- 33.8 Interferometers
- The Michelson Interferometer
- Holography
- Summary
- General Principles
- Important Concepts
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 33.2 The Interference of Light
- Section 33.3 The Diffraction Grating
- Section 33.4 Single-Slit Diffraction
- Section 33.5 A Closer Look at Diffraction
- Section 33.6 Circular-Aperture Diffraction
- Section 33.8 Interferometers
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 34 Ray Optics
- 34.1 The Ray Model of Light
- Objects
- Ray Diagrams
- Apertures
- 34.2 Reflection
- Diffuse Reflection
- The Plane Mirror
- 34.3 Refraction
- The Index of Refraction
- Examples of Refraction
- Total Internal Reflection
- Fiber Optics
- 34.4 Image Formation by Refraction at a Plane Surface
- 34.5 Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing
- Converging Lenses
- Real Images
- Lateral Magnification
- Virtual Images
- Diverging Lenses
- 34.6 Thin Lenses: Refraction Theory
- Lenses
- Thin-Lens Image Formation
- 34.7 Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors
- Concave Mirrors
- Convex Mirrors
- The Mirror Equation
- Summary
- General Principles
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Important Concepts
- The ray model of light
- Image formation
- Applications
- Ray tracing
- Thin lenses
- Spherical mirrors
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 34.1 The Ray Model of Light
- Section 34.2 Reflection
- Section 34.3 Refraction
- Section 34.4 Image Formation by Refraction at a Plane Surface
- Section 34.5 Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing
- Section 34.6 Thin Lenses: Refraction Theory
- Section 34.7 Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 35 Optical Instruments
- 35.1 Lenses in Combination
- 35.2 The Camera
- Zoom Lenses
- Controlling the Exposure
- The Detector
- 35.3 Vision
- Focusing and Accommodation
- Vision Defects and Their Correction
- 35.4 Optical Systems That Magnify
- The Microscope
- The Telescope
- 35.5 Color and Dispersion
- Color
- Dispersion
- Rainbows
- Colored Filters and Colored Objects
- Light Scattering: Blue Skies and Red Sunsets
- 35.6 The Resolution of Optical Instruments
- Diffraction Again
- Resolution
- Summary
- Important Concepts
- Lens Combinations
- Resolution
- Applications
- Cameras
- Magnifiers
- Vision
- Microscopes
- Focusing and spatial resolution
- Telescopes
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 35.1 Lenses in Combination
- Section 35.2 The Camera
- Section 35.3 Vision
- Section 35.4 Optical Systems That Magnify
- Section 35.5 Color and Dispersion
- Section 35.6 The Resolution of Optical Instruments
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- Part VII Knowledge Structure Optics
- Key Findings What are the overarching findings of Part VII?
- Laws What laws of physics govern optics?
- Models What are the most important models of Part VII?
- Wave model
- Ray model
- Tools What are the most important tools introduced in Part VII?
- Diffraction
- Double-slit interference
- Diffraction gratings
- Ray tracing
- Images
- Thin lenses and mirrors
- Optical instruments
- Vision
- Resolution
- Part VIII Relativity and Quantum Physics
- 36 Relativity
- 36.1 Relativity: What’s It All About?
- What’s Special About Special Relativity?
- 36.2 Galilean Relativity
- Reference Frames
- The Galilean Transformations
- The Galilean Principle of Relativity
- 36.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity
- The Constancy of the Speed of Light
- How Can This Be?
- 36.4 Events and Measurements
- Events
- Measurements
- Clock Synchronization
- Events and Observations
- Simultaneity
- 36.5 The Relativity of Simultaneity
- Resolving the Paradox
- 36.6 Time Dilation
- Proper Time
- Experimental Evidence
- The Twin Paradox
- 36.7 Length Contraction
- Another Paradox?
- The Spacetime Interval
- 36.8 The Lorentz Transformations
- Using Relativity
- Length
- The Binomial Approximation
- The Lorentz Velocity Transformations
- 36.9 Relativistic Momentum
- The Cosmic Speed Limit
- 36.10 Relativistic Energy
- Rest Energy and Total Energy
- Mass-Energy Equivalence
- Conservation of Energy
- Summary
- General Principles
- Principle of Relativity
- Solving Relativity Problems
- Important Concepts
- Space
- Momentum
- Time
- Energy
- Mass-energy equivalence
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 36.2 Galilean Relativity
- Section 36.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity
- Section 36.4 Events and Measurements
- Section 36.5 The Relativity of Simultaneity
- Section 36.6 Time Dilation
- Section 36.7 Length Contraction
- Section 36.8 The Lorentz Transformations
- Section 36.9 Relativistic Momentum
- Section 36.10 Relativistic Energy
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 37 The Foundations of Modern Physics
- 37.1 Matter and Light
- 37.2 The Emission and Absorption of Light
- Continuous Spectra and Blackbody Radiation
- Discrete Spectra
- 37.3 Cathode Rays and X Rays
- Crookes Tubes
- X Rays
- 37.4 The Discovery of the Electron
- Thomson’s Crossed-Field Experiment
- The Electron
- 37.5 The Fundamental Unit of Charge
- 37.6 The Discovery of the Nucleus
- The First Nuclear Physics Experiment
- The Electron Volt
- Using the Nuclear Model
- 37.7 Into the Nucleus
- The Neutron
- 37.8 Classical Physics at the Limit
- Summary
- Important Concepts/Experiments
- Cathode Rays and Atomic Structure
- Atomic Spectra and the Nature of Light
- Blackbody Radiation
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 37.2 The Emission and Absorption of Light
- Section 37.3 Cathode Rays and X Rays
- Section 37.4 The Discovery of the Electron
- Section 37.5 The Fundamental Unit of Charge
- Section 37.6 The Discovery of the Nucleus
- Section 37.7 Into the Nucleus
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 38 Quantization
- 38.1 The Photoelectric Effect
- Characteristics of the Photoelectric Effect
- Classical Interpretation of the Photoelectric Effect
- The Stopping Potential
- Limits of the Classical Interpretation
- 38.2 Einstein’s Explanation
- Einstein’s Postulates
- A Prediction
- 38.3 Photons
- The Photon Model of Light
- The Photon Rate
- Advanced Topic: Compton Scattering
- 38.4 Matter Waves and Energy Quantization
- Quantization of Energy
- 38.5 Bohr’s Model of Atomic Quantization
- Energy-Level Diagrams
- 38.6 The Bohr Hydrogen Atom
- The Stationary States of the Hydrogen Atom
- Hydrogen Atom Energy Levels
- Binding Energy and Ionization Energy
- Quantization of Angular Momentum
- 38.7 The Hydrogen Spectrum
- The Hydrogen Energy-Level Diagram
- The Emission Spectrum
- Hydrogen-Like Ions
- Success and Failure
- Summary
- General Principles
- Light has particle-like properties
- Matter has wave-like properties
- Important Concepts
- The Photon Model of Light
- Bohr’s Model of the Atom
- Applications
- Photoelectric effect
- Particle in a box
- The Bohr hydrogen atom
- Compton scattering
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 38.1 The Photoelectric Effect
- Section 38.2 Einstein’s Explanation
- Section 38.3 Photons
- Section 38.4 Matter Waves and Energy Quantization
- Section 38.5 Bohr’s Model of Atomic Quantization
- Section 38.6 The Bohr Hydrogen Atom
- Section 38.7 The Hydrogen Spectrum
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 39 Wave Functions and Uncertainty
- 39.1 Waves, Particles, and the Double-Slit Experiment
- A Wave Analysis of Interference
- Probability
- A Photon Analysis of Interference
- 39.2 Connecting the Wave and Photon Views
- Probability Density
- 39.3 The Wave Function
- A Little Science Methodology
- 39.4 Normalization
- 39.5 Wave Packets
- Bandwidth
- Uncertainty
- 39.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
- What Does It Mean?
- Summary
- General Principles
- Wave Functions and the Probability Density
- Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
- Important Concepts
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 39.1 Waves, Particles, and the Double-Slit Experiment
- Section 39.2 Connecting the Wave and Photon Views
- Section 39.3 The Wave Function
- Section 39.4 Normalization
- Section 39.5 Wave Packets
- Section 39.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 40 One-Dimensional Quantum Mechanics
- 40.1 The Schrödinger Equation
- Justifying the Schrödinger Equation
- Quantum-Mechanical Models
- 40.2 Solving the Schrödinger Equation
- Restrictions and Boundary Conditions
- Quantization
- Problem Solving in Quantum Mechanics
- 40.3 A Particle in a Rigid Box: Energies and Wave Functions
- Model: Identify a Potential-Energy Function
- Visualize: Establish Boundary Conditions
- Solve I: Find the Wave Functions
- Solve II: Find the Allowed Energies
- Solve III: Normalize the Wave Functions
- 40.4 A Particle in a Rigid Box: Interpreting the Solution
- Zero-Point Motion
- 40.5 The Correspondence Principle
- 40.6 Finite Potential Wells
- The Classically Forbidden Region
- Quantum-Well Devices
- Nuclear Physics
- 40.7 Wave-Function Shapes
- 40.8 The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
- Molecular Vibrations
- 40.9 More Quantum Models
- A Particle in a Capacitor
- The Covalent Bond
- 40.10 Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling
- The Scanning Tunneling Microscope
- Summary
- General Principles
- The Schrödinger Equation
- Solving Quantum-Mechanics Problems
- Boundary conditions
- Shapes of wave functions
- Important Concepts
- Quantum-mechanical tunneling
- Applications
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Sections 40.3– 40.4 A Particle in a Rigid Box
- Section 40.6 Finite Potential Wells
- Section 40.7 Wave-Function Shapes
- Section 40.8 The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
- Section 40.9 More Quantum Models
- Section 40.10 Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 41 Atomic Physics
- 41.1 The Hydrogen Atom: Angular Momentum and Energy
- Stationary States of Hydrogen
- Angular Momentum Is Quantized
- Energy Levels of the Hydrogen Atom
- 41.2 The Hydrogen Atom: Wave Functions and Probabilities
- Radial Wave Functions
- Angular Momentum and Orbit Shapes
- 41.3 The Electron’s Spin
- The Discovery of Spin
- 41.4 Multielectron Atoms
- The Pauli Exclusion Principle
- 41.5 The Periodic Table of the Elements
- The First Two Rows
- Elements with Z > 10
- Ionization Energies
- 41.6 Excited States and Spectra
- Excitation by Absorption
- Collisional Excitation
- Emission Spectra
- Color in Solids
- 41.7 Lifetimes of Excited States
- The Decay Equation
- 41.8 Stimulated Emission and Lasers
- Lasers
- The Ruby Laser
- The Helium-Neon Laser
- Summary
- Important Concepts
- Hydrogen Atom
- Multielectron Atoms
- Electron spin
- Applications
- Lifetimes of excited states
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Sections 41.1–41.2 The Hydrogen Atom
- Section 41.3 The Electron’s Spin
- Section 41.4 Multielectron Atoms
- Section 41.5 The Periodic Table of the Elements
- Section 41.6 Excited States and Spectra
- Section 41.7 Lifetimes of Excited States
- Section 41.8 Stimulated Emission and Lasers
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- 42 Nuclear Physics
- 42.1 Nuclear Structure
- Nucleons
- Isotopes and Isobars
- Atomic Mass
- Nuclear Size and Density
- 42.2 Nuclear Stability
- Binding Energy
- 42.3 The Strong Force
- Potential Energy
- 42.4 The Shell Model
- Low-Z Nuclei
- High-Z Nuclei
- 42.5 Radiation and Radioactivity
- Ionizing Radiation
- Nuclear Decay and Half-Lives
- Activity
- Radioactive Dating
- 42.6 Nuclear Decay Mechanisms
- Alpha Decay
- Beta Decay
- The Weak Interaction
- Gamma Decay
- Decay Series
- 42.7 Biological Applications of Nuclear Physics
- Radiation Dose
- Medical Uses of Radiation
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Summary
- General Principles
- The Nucleus
- Nuclear forces
- Nuclear Stability
- Important Concepts
- Shell model
- Curve of binding energy
- Applications
- Radioactive decay
- Measuring radiation
- Terms and Notation
- Conceptual Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Exercises
- Section 42.1 Nuclear Structure
- Section 42.2 Nuclear Stability
- Section 42.3 The Strong Force
- Section 42.4 The Shell Model
- Section 42.5 Radiation and Radioactivity
- Section 42.6 Nuclear Decay Mechanisms
- Section 42.7 Biological Applications of Nuclear Physics
- Problems
- Challenge Problems
- Appendix A Mathematics Review
- Algebra
- Geometry and Trigonometry
- Expansions and Approximations
- Calculus
- Derivatives
- Integrals
- Appendix B Periodic Table of Elements
- Appendix C Atomic and Nuclear Data
- Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 1
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 2
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 3
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 4
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 5
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 6
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 7
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 8
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 9
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 10
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 11
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 12
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 13
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 14
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 15
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 16
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 17
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 18
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 19
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 20
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 21
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 22
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 23
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 24
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 25
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 26
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 27
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 28
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 29
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 30
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 31
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 32
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 33
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 34
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 35
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 36
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 37
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 38
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 39
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 40
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 41
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Chapter 42
- Stop to Think Questions
- Exercises and Problems
- Credits
- Chapter 1
- Chapter 2
- Chapter 3
- Chapter 4
- Chapter 5
- Chapter 6
- Chapter 7
- Chapter 8
- Chapter 9
- Chapter 10
- Chapter 11
- Chapter 12
- Chapter 13
- Chapter 14
- Chapter 15
- Chapter 16
- Chapter 17
- Chapter 18
- Chapter 19
- Chapter 20
- Chapter 21
- Chapter 22
- Chapter 23
- Chapter 24
- Chapter 25
- Chapter 26
- Chapter 27
- Chapter 28
- Chapter 29
- Chapter 30
- Chapter 31
- Chapter 32
- Chapter 33
- Chapter 34
- Chapter 35
- Chapter 36
- Chapter 37
- Chapter 38
- Chapter 39
- Chapter 40
- Chapter 41
- Chapter 42
- Index
People Also Search:
physics for scientists and engineers
physics for scientists and engineers 4th by knight
physics for scientists and engineers 4th testbank download pdf
physics for scientists and engineers 4th download scribd