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Table of Content:
- Part I Looking At Psychology from a Positive Perspective
- Chapter 1 Welcome to Positive Psychology
- Building Human Strength: Psychology’s Forgotten Mission
- Going From the Negative to the Positive
- A Positive Newspaper Story
- Reactions to This Positive Story
- Positive Psychology Seeks a Balanced, More Complete View of Human Functioning
- Views of Reality That Include Both the Positive and the Negative
- Where We Are Now and What We Will Ask
- Personal Mini-Experiments: What You Want to Experience
- A Guide to This Book
- Personal Mini-Experiments
- Life Enhancement Strategies
- The Big Picture
- Appendix: Movies for Review
- Key Terms
- Chapter 2 Eastern and Western Perspectives on Positive Psychology: How “ME + WE = US” Might Bridge the Gap
- A Matter of Perspective
- Historical and Philosophical Traditions
- Western Influences: Athenian, Judeo-Christian, Islamic, and Anishinaabe Traditions
- Athenian Views
- Judeo-Christianity
- Islam
- Anishinaabe Teachings
- Eastern Influences: Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and Hinduism
- Confucianism
- Taoism
- Buddhism
- Hinduism
- Summary of Eastern and Western Philosophies
- East Meets West
- Individualism: The Psychology of ME
- A Brief History of American Individualism
- Emphases in Individualism
- Collectivism: The Psychology of WE
- A Historical Comment on Collectivism: We Came Together Out of Necessity
- Emphases in Collectivism
- Demographics Related to Collectivism
- The Stories We Tell
- Orientation to Time
- Thought Processes
- East and West: Is One Best?
- Personal Mini-Experiments: Getting and Giving Help
- Different Ways to Positive Outcomes
- “The Rugged Individualist” and the Construct of Hope
- The Need for Uniqueness
- Eastern Values: Compassion and Harmony
- Where We Are Going: From ME to WE to US
- ME/WE Balance: The Positive Psychology of US
- Both the Individualistic and the Collectivistic Perspectives Are Viable
- Thinking About Your Own Life
- Suggestions for ME People (Individualists)
- Suggestions for WE People (Collectivists)
- Final Thoughts
- Appendix: The Need for Uniqueness Scale
- Key Terms
- Chapter 3 Classifications and Measures of Strengths and Positive Outcomes
- Classifications and Measures of Strengths
- Gallup’s Clifton StrengthsFinder
- The VIA Classification of Strengths
- The Search Institute’s 40 Developmental Assets
- Distinguishing Among the Measures of Psychological Strength
- Issues of Equivalence in Using Measures of Psychological Strength
- Identifying Your Personal Strengths
- Personal Mini-Experiments: Discovering and Capitalizing on Your Strengths
- The Case of Shane
- Positive Outcomes for All
- Dimensions of Well-Being
- Toward a Better Understanding of Positive Outcomes
- Identifying Strengths and Moving Toward a Vital Balance
- Note
- Key Terms
- Part II Positive Psychology in Context
- Chapter 4 The Role of Culture in Developing Strengths and Living Well
- Culture and Psychology
- Main Message: Culture Counts
- Understanding Culture: A Matter of Perspective
- Positive Psychology: Culture Is Everywhere
- Culturally Embedded Positive Psychology Research and Practice
- Personal Mini-Experiments: Culturally Embedded Daily Practice
- Situating Positive Psychology
- Putting Positive Psychology in a Cultural Context
- Examining the Equivalence of the “Positives” to Determine What Works
- Determining the Foundations of the Good Life
- Using Caution in Measuring “Universal” Strengths
- The Wise Man of the Gulf
- Multicultural Mindset as a Strength
- Final Thoughts on the Complexity of Cultural Influences
- Key Terms
- Chapter 5 Living Well at Every Stage of Life
- Resilience in Childhood
- The Case of Jackson
- What Is Resilience?
- The Roots of Resilience Research
- Resilience Resources
- An Excerpt From Finding Strength: How To Overcome Anything
- Positive Youth Development
- What Is Positive Youth Development?
- Positive Youth Development Programs That Work
- The Life Tasks of Adulthood
- The Trajectories of Precocious Children
- What Are the Primary Tasks of Adulthood?
- The Case of Keyonna
- Successful Aging
- What Is Successful Aging?
- The Case of Tony
- The MacArthur Foundation Study of Successful Aging
- The Adult Development Study
- One Man’s View of Aging
- Personal Mini-Experiments: Finding Amazing People of All Ages
- A More Developmental Focus in Positive Psychology
- Key Terms
- Part III Positive Emotional States and Processes
- Chapter 6 The Principles of Pleasure: Understanding Positive Affect, Positive Emotions, Happiness, and Well-Being
- Defining Emotional Terms
- Affect
- Emotion
- Happiness
- Subjective Well-Being
- Distinguishing the Positive and the Negative
- The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
- Positive Emotions: Expanding the Repertoire of Pleasure
- Personal Mini-Experiments: In Search of Joy and Lasting Happiness
- Positive Emotion Styles Linked to the Common Cold
- Happiness and Subjective Well-Being: Living a Pleasurable Life
- Age-Old Definitions of Happiness
- Subjective Well-Being as a Synonym for Happiness
- The Satisfaction With Life Scale
- Determinants of Subjective Well-Being
- Happiness + Meaning = Well-Being
- Twenty-First-Century Definitions of Happiness
- Excerpts From Authentic Happiness
- Happiest American is Still Hawaiian, Jewish And Chill
- Complete Mental Health: Emotional, Social, and Psychological Well-Being
- Increasing Happiness in Your Life
- Moving Toward the Positive
- Life Enhancement Strategies
- Key Terms
- Chapter 7 Making the Most of Emotional Experiences: Emotion-Focused Coping, Emotional Intelligence, Socioemotional Selectivity, and Emotional Storytelling
- Emotion-Focused Coping: Discovering the Adaptive Potential of Emotional Approach
- The Case of a Hurricane Survivor
- Emotional Intelligence: Learning the Skills That Make a Difference
- Who Is Emotionally Intelligent—And Does It Matter?
- Socioemotional Selectivity: Focusing in Later Life on Positive Emotions and Emotion-Related Goals
- Emotional Storytelling: The Pennebaker Paradigm as a Means of Processing Intense Negative Emotions
- Emotional Storytelling After a Traumatic Event
- Emotions and Context
- Working With Emotions to Bring About Positive Change
- Personal Mini-Experiments: Making the Most of Emotions in Everyday Life
- An Emotional Balancing Act
- Life Enhancement Strategies
- Key Terms
- Part IV Positive Cognitive States and Processes
- Chapter 8 Seeing our Futures Through Self-Efficacy, Optimism, and Hope
- Fascination With the Future
- Being Busy Not an End in Itself
- Self-Efficacy
- I Think I Can, I Think I Can …
- A Definition
- Childhood Antecedents: Where Does Self-Efficacy Come From?
- Cultural Context and Self-Efficacy
- The Neurobiology of Self-Efficacy
- Scales: Can Self-Efficacy Be Measured?
- Self-Efficacy’s Influence in Life Arenas
- The Latest Frontier: Collective Self-Efficacy
- Changing Behavior Through TV Heroes
- Optimism
- Learned Optimism—Seligman and Colleagues
- The CAVE and Predicting Baseball Outcomes
- Optimism—Scheier and Carver
- Hope
- A Definition
- Childhood Antecedents of Hope
- The Neurobiology of Hope
- Scales: Can Hope Be Measured?
- What Hope Predicts
- The Latest Frontier—Collective Hope
- Hope in Our Current Times
- Life Enhancement Strategies
- Putting Temporal Futures in Perspective
- Personal Mini-Experiments: Balancing Your Perspective on Time
- Cultural Caveats About Temporal Perspective
- Appendix A: A Summary of Hope Theories
- Appendix B: Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory Items
- Note
- Key Terms
- Chapter 9 Wisdom and Courage: Characteristics of the Wise and the Brave
- Wisdom and Courage: Two of a Kind
- Wisdom Difficult to Define, Attain
- Theories of Wisdom
- Implicit Theories of Wisdom
- Explicit Theories of Wisdom
- Becoming and Being Wise
- Developing Wisdom
- Wise People and Their Characteristics
- The Measurement of Wisdom
- Benefits of Wisdom
- The Neurobiology of Wisdom
- Future Study of Wisdom
- Theories of Courage
- Implicit Theories of Courage
- Malala Yousafzai’s Courage The New York Times
- Amputee a Driving Force in Getting People With Disabilities Moving
- Becoming and Being Courageous
- U.S. Senator John McCain’s View on Strengthening Courage—April 2004
- Courage Research
- The Measurement of Courage
- Relationships Between Fear and Courage
- Neurological Factors in Courage
- Benefits of Courage
- Courage and Culture
- Finding Wisdom and Courage in Daily Life
- Can Courage Be Learned?
- Personal Mini-Experiments: In Search of the Wisdom and Courage of Everyday People … Including Yourself
- Life Enhancement Strategies
- The Value of Wisdom and Courage
- Key Terms
- Chapter 10 Mindfulness, Flow, and Spirituality: In Search of Optimal Experiences
- Moment-to-Moment Searches
- Mindfulness: In Search of Novelty
- Mindfulness as a State of Mind
- Living With Mindfulness: The Women’s Heart Foundation
- The Benefits of Mindfulness
- Neurological Findings With Mindfulness
- Cultivating Mindfulness
- Flow: In Search of Absorption
- Personal Mini-Experiments: In Search of Optimal Experiences
- The Flow State
- The Autotelic Personality
- Cultural Comparisons and Considerations in the Flow Experience
- Neurological Research on Flow
- Fostering Flow and Its Benefits
- New Areas of Investigation Involving Flow: Gaming and Internet Use
- Life Enhancement Strategies
- Spirituality: In Search of the Sacred
- The True Benefits of Spirituality?
- Spirituality and Cultural Context
- The Search Continues
- Key Terms
- Part V Prosocial Behavior
- Chapter 11 Empathy and Egotism: Portals to Altruism and Gratitude
- Altruism
- Defining Altruism
- The Egotism Motive
- Forms of Egotism-Motivated Altruism
- The Empathy Motive and the Empathy–Altruism Hypothesis
- Correlates of Altruism
- Genetic and Neural Foundations Related to Altruism Empathy
- Cultural Variations in Altruism
- Cultivating Altruism
- Personal Mini-Experiments: Exercises in Altruism and Gratitude
- Measuring Altruism
- Future Directions
- Gratitude
- Defining Gratitude
- Correlates of Gratitude
- Cultural Variations in Gratitude
- Cultivating Gratitude
- Thanking Your Heroes
- Measuring Gratitude
- The Psychophysiological Underpinnings of Gratitude
- The Societal Implications of Altruism and Gratitude
- Empathy/Egotism and Altruism
- Empathy/Egotism and Gratitude
- Life Enhancement Strategies
- “I Have a Dream”: Toward a Kinder, Gentler Humankind
- Appendix A: The Helping Attitude Scale
- Appendix B: The Gratitude Questionnaire—Six Items From GQ-6
- Key Terms
- Chapter 12 Attachment, Love, Flourishing Relationships, and Forgiveness
- Infant Attachment
- Personal Mini-Experiments: In Search of Love and Flourishing Relationships
- Adult Attachment Security
- Love
- Passionate and Companionate Aspects of Romantic Love
- The Triangular Theory of Love
- The Self-Expansion Theory of Romantic Love
- Flourishing Relationships: A Series of Purposeful Positive Relationship Behaviors
- Building a Mindful Relationship Connection
- Life Enhancement Strategies
- Creating a Culture of Appreciation
- A Lot of Love in the Lovemaking: Avoiding Chaos, Relationshipwise
- Capitalizing on Positive Events
- Praise: Encouraging Signs
- The Neurobiology of Interpersonal Connection
- More on Flourishing Relationships
- Future of Love
- When Loves Ends
- Forgiveness
- Defining Forgiveness
- Individual and Cultural Variations in Forgiveness
- Cultivating Forgiveness
- Measuring Forgiveness
- The Evolutionary and Neurobiological Bases of Forgiveness
- Physical Health and Forgiveness
- Attachment, Love, and Forgiveness: Building a Positive Psychology of Close Relationships
- Appendix A: The Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS)
- Appendix B: The Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Scale (TRIM)
- Key Terms
- Part VI Understanding And Changing Human Behavior
- Chapter 13 Balanced Conceptualizations of Mental Health and Behavior
- Moving Toward Balanced Conceptualizations
- Our Fascination With Abnormal Behavior
- Neglect of the Environment and of the Positive
- Asking Questions: The Four-Front Approach
- The Case of Michael
- The Lack of a Developmental Emphasis
- Normalizing Negative and Positive Behavior
- The Case of Michael
- Difficulties Understanding Behavior in a Cultural Context
- Determining How “Culture Counts”
- The Case of Michael
- The Limits of the Categorical Diagnostic System
- Considering New Personality Dimensions
- The Case of Michael
- Going Beyond the DSM-5 Framework
- Attending to All Behavior
- Key Terms
- Chapter 14 Preventing the Bad and Promoting the Good
- In the Words of a Psychotherapy Client …
- Primary Prevention: “Stop the Bad Before It Happens”
- Is Primary Prevention Effective?
- Components of Effective Primary Preventions
- Head Start: An Example of Primary Prevention
- Primary Preventions for Children
- Primary Preventions for the Elderly
- Caveats About Primary Preventions
- Secondary Prevention (Psychotherapy): “Fix the Problem”
- Is Secondary Prevention Effective?
- Common Components of Secondary Preventions
- Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults
- Secondary Preventions for Racial and Ethnic Minorities
- Secondary Preventions for Children
- Secondary Preventions for the Elderly
- A Caveat About Secondary Preventions
- Primary Enhancement: “Make Life Good”
- Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health
- Primary Enhancement: Physical Health
- A Caveat About Primary Enhancement
- Secondary Enhancement: “Make Life the Best Possible”
- Secondary Enhancement: Psychological Health
- Personal Mini-Experiments: Enhancing Your Daily Life
- Secondary Enhancement: Physical Health
- Caveats About Secondary Enhancement
- The Balance of Prevention and Enhancement Systems
- Appendix A: Effective Secondary Preventions (Psychotherapies) for Adult Problems
- Appendix B: Hope Therapy Worksheet
- Key Terms
- Part VII Positive Environments
- Chapter 15 Positive Schooling and Good Work: The Psychology of Gainful Employment and the Education That Gets Us There
- Positive Schooling
- “Teachers Can’t Get Jobs in the Real World!”
- Negative Psychology: “Those Who Can’t, Shouldn’t Be Teaching”
- “No Child Left Behind” and Beyond
- Personal Mini-Experiments: The Power of Positive (and Negative) Teachers
- The Components of Positive Schooling
- Care, Trust, and Respect for Diversity
- Goals (Content)
- Plans
- Motivation (Plus Enlivening the Course Contents for Students)
- Hope
- Societal Contributions
- Teaching as a Calling
- 2016 National Teacher of the Year: “I Was a Teenage Mom, and Teachers Changed My Life”
- Giving Back to Teachers
- Gainful Employment
- Gainful Employment: Happiness, Satisfaction, and Beyond
- Performing Well and Meeting Goals
- Deriving Purpose by Providing a Product or Service
- Engagement and Involvement
- Variety in Job Duties
- Income for Family and Self
- Companionship and Loyalty to Coworkers and Bosses: Friends at Work
- Safe Work Environments
- Respect and Appreciation for Diversity in the Workplace
- Having or Being a Good Boss
- The Strengths-Based Approach to Work
- Match People, Don’t Fix Them
- The Stages of This Approach
- Does It Work?
- Capital at Work
- Traditional Economic Capital
- Human Capital
- Social Capital
- Positive Psychological Capital
- The Dark Side: Workaholics, Burnouts, and Jobs Lost
- Workaholics
- Burnout
- Losing Your Job
- What Can Be Done to Improve Your Work?
- Making the Job Better
- Personal Mini-Experiments: Becoming Gainfully Employed
- Applying for a New Job
- The Power to Change
- When Work Becomes a Calling: The Tale of a Hospital Orderly
- The Psychology of Gainful Employment and the Education That Gets Us There
- Appendix A: Example of Positive Schooling: The StrengthsQuest Program
- Appendix B: Positive Workplaces in Hong Kong: Building Positive Organizations, Engaging the Heart of Employees
- Key Terms
- Part VIII Finding Strengths in Others: Embodying Strengths in Everyday Life
- Chapter 16 Remembering Shane: Real Strengths in a Real Person
- “Strengths are all around you”
- “Strengths are also within you”
- “Strengths can be shared and borrowed”
- Remembering Shane J. Lopez
- Lisa M. Edwards, Marquette University
- Jeana L. Magyar, University of Wisconsin, Steven’s Point
- Heather Rasmussen, University of Kansas
- Danny Singley, The Center for Men’s Excellence
- Ryon McDermott, University of Alabama
- Cynthia Pury, Clemson University
- Kevin Rand, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis
- Connie Clifton Rath, Gallup
- Barbara L. Fredrickson, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
- Sarah Pressman, University of California, Irvine
- Kristin Koetting O’Byrne, Abilene Christian University
- Matt Englar-Carlson, California State University, Fullerton
- Brian Cole, University of Kansas
- Matthew Gallagher, University of Houston
- Jennifer Teramoto Pedrotti, California Polytechnic State University
- References
- Glossary of Key Terms
- Author Index
- Subject Index
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