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  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1118344391
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1118344392
  • Author: Gerard J Tortora

The 14th edition of the phenomenally successful Principles of Anatomy and Physiology continues to set the standard for the discipline. The authors have maintained a superb balance between structure and function and continue to emphasize the correlations between normal physiology and pathophysiology, normal anatomy and pathology, and homeostasis and homeostatic imbalances. No other text and package offers a teaching and learning environment as rich and complete. WileyPLUS sold separately from text.

 

Table of Content:

  1. 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY
  2. 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Defined
  3. 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems
  4. 1.3 Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
  5. Basic Life Processes
  6. 1.4 Homeostasis
  7. Homeostasis and Body Fluids
  8. Control of Homeostasis
  9. Homeostatic Imbalances
  10. 1.5 Basic Anatomical Terminology
  11. Body Positions
  12. Regional Names
  13. Directional Terms
  14. Planes and Sections
  15. Body Cavities
  16. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
  17. 1.6 Medical Imaging
  18. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  19. Critical Thinking Questions
  20. Answers to Figure Questions
  21. 2 THE CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
  22. 2.1 How Matter Is Organized
  23. Chemical Elements
  24. Structure of Atoms
  25. Atomic Number and Mass Number
  26. Atomic Mass
  27. Ions, Molecules, and Compounds
  28. 2.2 Chemical Bonds
  29. Ionic Bonds
  30. Covalent Bonds
  31. Hydrogen Bonds
  32. 2.3 Chemical Reactions
  33. Forms of Energy and Chemical Reactions
  34. Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions
  35. Types of Chemical Reactions
  36. 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions
  37. Water
  38. Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions
  39. Inorganic Acids, Bases, and Salts
  40. Acid-Base Balance: The Concept of pH
  41. Maintaining pH: Buffer Systems
  42. 2.5 Organic Compounds
  43. Carbon and Its Functional Groups
  44. Carbohydrates
  45. Lipids
  46. Proteins
  47. Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
  48. Adenosine Triphosphate
  49. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  50. Critical Thinking Questions
  51. Answers to Figure Questions
  52. 3 THE CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
  53. 3.1 Parts of a Cell
  54. 3.2 The Plasma Membrane
  55. Structure of the Plasma Membrane
  56. Functions of Membrane Proteins
  57. Membrane Fluidity
  58. Membrane Permeability
  59. Gradients across the Plasma Membrane
  60. 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane
  61. Passive Processes
  62. Active Processes
  63. 3.4 Cytoplasm
  64. Cytosol
  65. Organelles
  66. 3.5 Nucleus
  67. 3.6 Protein Synthesis
  68. Transcription
  69. Translation
  70. 3.7 Cell Division
  71. Somatic Cell Division
  72. Control of Cell Destiny
  73. Reproductive Cell Division
  74. 3.8 Cellular Diversity
  75. 3.9 Aging and Cells
  76. Medical Terminology
  77. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  78. Critical Thinking Questions
  79. Answers to Figure Questions
  80. 4 THE TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
  81. 4.1 Types of Tissues
  82. 4.2 Cell Junctions
  83. Tight Junctions
  84. Adherens Junctions
  85. Desmosomes
  86. Hemidesmosomes
  87. Gap Junctions
  88. 4.3 Comparison between Epithelial and Connective Tissues
  89. 4.4 Epithelial Tissue
  90. Classification of Epithelial Tissue
  91. Covering and Lining Epithelium
  92. Glandular Epithelium
  93. 4.5 Connective Tissue
  94. General Features of Connective Tissue
  95. Connective Tissue Cells
  96. Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix
  97. Classification of Connective Tissue
  98. Embryonic Connective Tissue
  99. Mature Connective Tissue
  100. 4.6 Membranes
  101. Epithelial Membranes
  102. Synovial Membranes
  103. 4.7 Muscular Tissue
  104. 4.8 Nervous Tissue
  105. 4.9 Excitable Cells
  106. 4.10 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis
  107. 4.11 Aging and Tissues
  108. Medical Terminology
  109. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  110. Critical Thinking Questions
  111. Answers to Figure Questions
  112. 5 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
  113. 5.1 Structure of the Skin
  114. Epidermis
  115. Keratinization and Growth of the Epidermis
  116. Dermis
  117. The Structural Basis of Skin Color
  118. Tattooing and Body Piercing
  119. 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
  120. Hair
  121. Skin Glands
  122. Nails
  123. 5.3 Types of Skin
  124. 5.4 Functions of the Skin
  125. Thermoregulation
  126. Blood Reservoir
  127. Protection
  128. Cutaneous Sensations
  129. Excretion and Absorption
  130. Synthesis of Vitamin D
  131. 5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing
  132. Epidermal Wound Healing
  133. Deep Wound Healing
  134. 5.6 Development of the Integumentary System
  135. 5.7 Aging and the Integumentary System
  136. Medical Terminology
  137. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  138. Critical Thinking Questions
  139. Answers to Figure Questions
  140. 6 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: BONE TISSUE
  141. 6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System
  142. 6.2 Structure of Bone
  143. 6.3 Histology of Bone Tissue
  144. Compact Bone Tissue
  145. Spongy Bone Tissue
  146. 6.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone
  147. 6.5 Bone Formation
  148. Initial Bone Formation in an Embryo and Fetus
  149. Bone Growth during Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence
  150. Remodeling of Bone
  151. Factors Affecting Bone Growth and Bone Remodeling
  152. 6.6 Fracture and Repair of Bone
  153. 6.7 Bone’s Role in Calcium Homeostasis
  154. 6.8 Exercise and Bone Tissue
  155. 6.9 Aging and Bone Tissue
  156. Medical Terminology
  157. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  158. Critical Thinking Questions
  159. Answers to Figure Questions
  160. 7 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE AXIAL SKELETON
  161. 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
  162. 7.2 Types of Bones
  163. 7.3 Bone Surface Markings
  164. 7.4 Skull
  165. General Features and Functions
  166. Nasal Septum
  167. Orbits
  168. Foramina
  169. Unique Features of the Skull
  170. 7.5 Hyoid Bone
  171. 7.6 Vertebral Column
  172. Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column
  173. Intervertebral Discs
  174. Parts of a Typical Vertebra
  175. Regions of the Vertebral Column
  176. Age-related Changes in the Vertebral Column
  177. 7.7 Thorax
  178. Medical Terminology
  179. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  180. Critical Thinking Questions
  181. Answers to Figure Questions
  182. 8 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
  183. 8.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
  184. 8.2 Upper Limb (Extremity)
  185. 8.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
  186. 8.4 False and True Pelves
  187. 8.5 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves
  188. 8.6 Lower Limb (Extremity)
  189. 8.7 Development of the Skeletal System
  190. Medical Terminology
  191. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  192. Critical Thinking Questions
  193. Answers to Figure Questions
  194. 9 JOINTS
  195. 9.1 Joint Classifications
  196. 9.2 Fibrous Joints
  197. Sutures
  198. Syndesmoses
  199. Interosseous Membranes
  200. 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
  201. Synchondroses
  202. Symphyses
  203. 9.4 Synovial Joints
  204. Structure of Synovial Joints
  205. Nerve and Blood Supply
  206. Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
  207. 9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
  208. Gliding
  209. Angular Movements
  210. Rotation
  211. Special Movements
  212. 9.6 Types of Synovial Joints
  213. Plane Joints
  214. Hinge Joints
  215. Pivot Joints
  216. Condyloid Joints
  217. Saddle Joints
  218. Ball-and-Socket Joints
  219. 9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints
  220. 9.8 Selected Joints of the Body
  221. 9.9 Aging and Joints
  222. 9.10 Arthroplasty
  223. Hip Replacements
  224. Knee Replacements
  225. Medical Terminology
  226. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  227. Critical Thinking Questions
  228. Answers to Figure Questions
  229. 10 MUSCULAR TISSUE
  230. 10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue
  231. Types of Muscular Tissue
  232. Functions of Muscular Tissue
  233. Properties of Muscular Tissue
  234. 10.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
  235. Connective Tissue Components
  236. Nerve and Blood Supply
  237. Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
  238. Muscle Proteins
  239. 10.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
  240. The Sliding Filament Mechanism
  241. The Neuromuscular Junction
  242. 10.4 Muscle Metabolism
  243. Production of ATP in Muscle Fibers
  244. Muscle Fatigue
  245. Oxygen Consumption after Exercise
  246. 10.5 Control of Muscle Tension
  247. Motor Units
  248. Twitch Contraction
  249. Frequency of Stimulation
  250. Motor Unit Recruitment
  251. Muscle Tone
  252. Isotonic and Isometric Contractions
  253. 10.6 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
  254. Slow Oxidative Fibers
  255. Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers
  256. Fast Glycolytic Fibers
  257. Distribution and Recruitment of Different Types of Fibers
  258. 10.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue
  259. Effective Stretching
  260. Strength Training
  261. 10.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
  262. 10.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue
  263. Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth Muscle
  264. Physiology of Smooth Muscle
  265. 10.10 Regeneration of Muscular Tissue
  266. 10.11 Development of Muscle
  267. 10.12 Aging and Muscular Tissue
  268. Medical Terminology
  269. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  270. Critical Thinking Questions
  271. Answers to Figure Questions
  272. 11 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
  273. 11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements
  274. Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and Insertion
  275. Lever Systems and Leverage
  276. Effects of Fascicle Arrangement
  277. Coordination among Muscles
  278. 11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named
  279. 11.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles
  280. Medical Terminology
  281. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  282. Critical Thinking Questions
  283. Answers to Figure Questions
  284. 12 NERVOUS TISSUE
  285. 12.1 Overview of the Nervous System
  286. Organization of the Nervous System
  287. Functions of the Nervous System
  288. 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue
  289. Neurons
  290. Neuroglia
  291. Myelination
  292. Collections of Nervous Tissue
  293. 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons
  294. Ion Channels
  295. Resting Membrane Potential
  296. Graded Potentials
  297. Generation of Action Potentials
  298. Propagation of Action Potentials
  299. Encoding of Stimulus Intensity
  300. Comparison of Electrical Signals Produced by Excitable Cells
  301. 12.4 Signal Transmission at Synapses
  302. Electrical Synapses
  303. Chemical Synapses
  304. Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
  305. Structure of Neurotransmitter Receptors
  306. Removal of Neurotransmitter
  307. Spatial and Temporal Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
  308. 12.5 Neurotransmitters
  309. Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters
  310. Neuropeptides
  311. 12.6 Neural Circuits
  312. 12.7 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue
  313. Neurogenesis in the CNS
  314. Damage and Repair in the PNS
  315. Medical Terminology
  316. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  317. Critical Thinking Questions
  318. Answers to Figure Questions
  319. 13 THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES
  320. 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy
  321. Protective Structures
  322. Vertebral Column
  323. External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
  324. Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
  325. 13.2 Spinal Nerves
  326. Connective Tissue Coverings of Spinal Nerves
  327. Distribution of Spinal Nerves
  328. Dermatomes
  329. 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology
  330. Sensory and Motor Tracts
  331. Reflexes and Reflex Arcs
  332. Medical Terminology
  333. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  334. Critical Thinking Questions
  335. Answers to Figure Questions
  336. 14 THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
  337. 14.1 Brain Organization, Protection, and Blood Supply
  338. Major Parts of the Brain
  339. Protective Coverings of the Brain
  340. Brain Blood Flow and the Blood-Brain Barrier
  341. 14.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid
  342. Functions of CSF
  343. Formation of CSF in the Ventricles
  344. Circulation of CSF
  345. 14.3 The Brain Stem and Reticular Formation
  346. Medulla Oblongata
  347. Pons
  348. Midbrain
  349. Reticular Formation
  350. 14.4 The Cerebellum
  351. 14.5 The Diencephalon
  352. Thalamus
  353. Hypothalamus
  354. Epithalamus
  355. Circumventricular Organs
  356. 14.6 The Cerebrum
  357. Cerebral Cortex
  358. Lobes of the Cerebrum
  359. Cerebral White Matter
  360. Basal Nuclei
  361. The Limbic System
  362. 14.7 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
  363. Sensory Areas
  364. Motor Areas
  365. Association Areas
  366. Hemispheric Lateralization
  367. Brain Waves
  368. 14.8 Cranial Nerves
  369. 14.9 Development of the Nervous System
  370. 14.10 Aging and the Nervous System
  371. Medical Terminology
  372. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  373. Critical Thinking Questions
  374. Answers to Figure Questions
  375. 15 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
  376. 15.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
  377. Somatic Nervous System
  378. Autonomic Nervous System
  379. Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Motor Neurons
  380. 15.2 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways
  381. Anatomical Components
  382. Structure of the Sympathetic Division
  383. Structure of the Parasympathetic Division
  384. Structure of the Enteric Division
  385. 15.3 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors
  386. Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors
  387. Adrenergic Neurons and Receptors
  388. Receptor Agonists and Antagonists
  389. 15.4 Physiology of the ANS
  390. Autonomic Tone
  391. Sympathetic Responses
  392. Parasympathetic Responses
  393. 15.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions
  394. Autonomic Reflexes
  395. Autonomic Control by Higher Centers
  396. Medical Terminology
  397. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  398. Critical Thinking Questions
  399. Answers to Figure Questions
  400. 16 SENSORY, MOTOR, AND INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS
  401. 16.1 Sensation
  402. Sensory Modalities
  403. The Process of Sensation
  404. Sensory Receptors
  405. 16.2 Somatic Sensations
  406. Tactile Sensations
  407. Thermal Sensations
  408. Pain Sensations
  409. Proprioceptive Sensations
  410. 16.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways
  411. Posterior Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway to the Cortex
  412. Anterolateral Pathway to the Cortex
  413. Trigeminothalamic Pathway to the Cortex
  414. Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area
  415. Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum
  416. 16.4 Somatic Motor Pathways
  417. Organization of Upper Motor Neuron Pathways
  418. Roles of the Basal Nuclei
  419. Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum
  420. 16.5 Integrative Functions of the Cerebrum
  421. Wakefulness and Sleep
  422. Learning and Memory
  423. Medical Terminology
  424. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  425. Critical Thinking Questions
  426. Answers to Figure Questions
  427. 17 THE SPECIAL SENSES
  428. 17.1 Olfaction: Sense of Smell
  429. Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors
  430. Physiology of Olfaction
  431. Odor Thresholds and Adaptation
  432. The Olfactory Pathway
  433. 17.2 Gustation: Sense of Taste
  434. Anatomy of Taste Buds and Papillae
  435. Physiology of Gustation
  436. Taste Thresholds and Adaptation
  437. The Gustatory Pathway
  438. 17.3 Vision
  439. Electromagnetic Radiation
  440. Accessory Structures of the Eye
  441. Anatomy of the Eyeball
  442. Image Formation
  443. Convergence
  444. Physiology of Vision
  445. The Visual Pathway
  446. 17.4 Hearing and Equilibrium
  447. Anatomy of the Ear
  448. The Nature of Sound Waves
  449. Physiology of Hearing
  450. The Auditory Pathway
  451. Physiology of Equilibrium
  452. Equilibrium Pathways
  453. 17.5 Development of the Eyes and Ears
  454. Eyes
  455. Ears
  456. 17.6 Aging and the Special Senses
  457. Medical Terminology
  458. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  459. Critical Thinking Questions
  460. Answers to Figure Questions
  461. 18 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
  462. 18.1 Comparison of Control by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
  463. 18.2 Endocrine Glands
  464. 18.3 Hormone Activity
  465. The Role of Hormone Receptors
  466. Circulating and Local Hormones
  467. Chemical Classes of Hormones
  468. Hormone Transport in the Blood
  469. 18.4 Mechanisms of Hormone Action
  470. Action of Lipid-Soluble Hormones
  471. Action of Water-Soluble Hormones
  472. Hormone Interactions
  473. 18.5 Control of Hormone Secretion
  474. 18.6 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
  475. Anterior Pituitary
  476. Posterior Pituitary
  477. 18.7 Thyroid Gland
  478. Formation, Storage, and Release of Thyroid Hormones
  479. Actions of Thyroid Hormones
  480. Control of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
  481. Calcitonin
  482. 18.8 Parathyroid Glands
  483. Parathyroid Hormone
  484. Control of Secretion of Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone
  485. 18.9 Adrenal Glands
  486. Adrenal Cortex
  487. Adrenal Medulla
  488. 18.10 Pancreatic Islets
  489. Cell Types in the Pancreatic Islets
  490. Control of Secretion of Glucagon and Insulin
  491. 18.11 Ovaries and Testes
  492. 18.12 Pineal Gland and Thymus
  493. 18.13 Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs, Eicosanoids, and Growth Factors
  494. Hormones from Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs
  495. Eicosanoids
  496. Growth Factors
  497. 18.14 The Stress Response
  498. The Fight-or-Flight Response
  499. The Resistance Reaction
  500. Exhaustion
  501. Stress and Disease
  502. 18.15 Development of the Endocrine System
  503. 18.16 Aging and the Endocrine System
  504. Medical Terminology
  505. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  506. Critical Thinking Questions
  507. Answers to Figure Questions
  508. 19 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE BLOOD
  509. 19.1 Functions and Properties of Blood
  510. Functions of Blood
  511. Physical Characteristics of Blood
  512. Components of Blood
  513. 19.2 Formation of Blood Cells
  514. 19.3 Red Blood Cells
  515. RBC Anatomy
  516. RBC Physiology
  517. Erythropoiesis: Productino of RBCs
  518. 19.4 White Blood Cells
  519. Types of White Blood Cells
  520. Functions of White Blood Cells
  521. 19.5 Platelets
  522. 19.6 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord Blood
  523. 19.7 Hemostasis
  524. Vascular Spasm
  525. Platelet Plug Formation
  526. Blood Clotting
  527. Role of Vitamin K in Clotting
  528. Homeostatic Control of Blood Clotting
  529. Intravascular Clotting
  530. 19.8 Blood Groups and Blood Types
  531. ABO Blood Group
  532. Transfusions
  533. Rh Blood Group
  534. Typing and Cross-Matching Blood for Transfusion
  535. Medical Terminology
  536. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  537. Critical Thinking Questions
  538. Answers to Figure Questions
  539. 20 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART
  540. 20.1 Anatomy of the Heart
  541. Location of the Heart
  542. Pericardium
  543. Layers of the Heart Wall
  544. Chambers of the Heart
  545. Myocardial Thickness and Function
  546. Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart
  547. 20.2 Heart Valves and Circulation of Blood
  548. Operation of the Atrioventricular Valves
  549. Operation of the Semilunar Valves
  550. Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
  551. Coronary Circulation
  552. 20.3 Cardiac Muscle Tissue and the Cardiac Conduction System
  553. Histology of Cardiac Muscle Tissue
  554. Autorhythmic Fibers: The Conduction System
  555. Action Potential and Contraction of Contractile Fibers
  556. ATP Production in Cardiac Muscle
  557. Electrocardiogram
  558. Correlation of ECG Waves with Atrial and Ventricular Systole
  559. 20.4 The Cardiac Cycle
  560. Pressure and Volume Changes during the Cardiac Cycle
  561. Heart Sounds
  562. 20.5 Cardiac Output
  563. Regulation of Stroke Volume
  564. Regulation of Heart Rate
  565. 20.6 Exercise and the Heart
  566. 20.7 Help for Failing Hearts
  567. 20.8 Development of the Heart
  568. Medical Terminology
  569. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  570. Critical Thinking Questions
  571. Answers to Figure Questions
  572. 21 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS AND HEMODYNAMICS
  573. 21.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
  574. Basic Structure of a Blood Vessel
  575. Arteries
  576. Anastomoses
  577. Arterioles
  578. Capillaries
  579. Venules
  580. Veins
  581. Blood Distribution
  582. 21.2 Capillary Exchange
  583. Diffusion
  584. Transcytosis
  585. Bulk Flow: Filtration and Reabsorption
  586. 21.3 Hemodynamics: Factors Affecting Blood Flow
  587. Blood Pressure
  588. Vascular Resistance
  589. Venous Return
  590. Velocity of Blood Flow
  591. 21.4 Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
  592. Role of the Cardiovascular Center
  593. Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure
  594. Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure
  595. Autoregulation of Blood Flow
  596. 21.5 Checking Circulation
  597. Pulse
  598. Measuring Blood Pressure
  599. 21.6 Shock and Homeostasis
  600. Types of Shock
  601. Homeostatic Responses to Shock
  602. Signs and Symptoms of Shock
  603. 21.7 Circulatory Routes
  604. The Systemic Circulation
  605. The Hepatic Portal Circulation
  606. The Pulmonary Circulation
  607. The Fetal Circulation
  608. 21.8 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood
  609. 21.9 Aging and the Cardiovascular System
  610. Medical Terminology
  611. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  612. Critical Thinking Questions
  613. Answers to Figure Questions
  614. 22 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY
  615. 22.1 Lymphatic System Structure and Function
  616. Functions of the Lymphatic System
  617. Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation
  618. Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
  619. 22.2 Development of Lymphatic Tissues
  620. 22.3 Innate Immunity
  621. First Line of Defense: Skin and Mucous Membranes
  622. Second Line of Defense: Internal Defenses
  623. 22.4 Adaptive Immunity
  624. Maturation of T Cells and B Cells
  625. Types of Adaptive Immunity
  626. Clonal Selection: The Principle
  627. Antigens and Antigen Receptors
  628. Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigens
  629. Pathways of Antigen Processing
  630. Cytokines
  631. 22.5 Cell-Mediated Immunity
  632. Activation of T Cells
  633. Activation and Clonal Selection of Helper T Cells
  634. Activation and Clonal Selection of Cytotoxic T Cells
  635. Elimination of Invaders
  636. Immunological Surveillance
  637. 22.6 Antibody-Mediated Immunity
  638. Activation and Clonal Selection of B Cells
  639. Antibodies
  640. Immunological Memory
  641. 22.7 Self-Recognition and Self-Tolerance
  642. 22.8 Stress and Immunity
  643. 22.9 Aging and the Immune System
  644. Medical Terminology
  645. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  646. Critical Thinking Questions
  647. Answers to Figure Questions
  648. 23 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
  649. 23.1 Respiratory System Anatomy
  650. Nose
  651. Pharynx
  652. Larynx
  653. The Structures of Voice Production
  654. Trachea
  655. Bronchi
  656. Lungs
  657. Patency of the Respiratory System
  658. 23.2 Pulmonary Ventilation
  659. Pressure Changes during Pulmonary Ventilation
  660. Other Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation
  661. Breathing Patterns and Modified Respiratory Movements
  662. 23.3 Lung Volumes and Capacities
  663. 23.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
  664. Gas Laws: Dalton’s Law and Henry’s Law
  665. External and Internal Respiration
  666. 23.5 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
  667. Oxygen Transport
  668. Carbon Dioxide Transport
  669. Summary of Gas Exchange and Transport in Lungs and Tissues
  670. 23.6 Control of Breathing
  671. Respiratory Center
  672. Regulation of the Respiratory Center
  673. 23.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System
  674. 23.8 Development of the Respiratory System
  675. 23.9 Aging and the Respiratory System
  676. Medical Terminology
  677. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  678. Critical Thinking Questions
  679. Answers to Figure Questions
  680. 24 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
  681. 24.1 Overview of the Digestive System
  682. 24.2 Layers of the GI Tract
  683. Mucosa
  684. Submucosa
  685. Muscularis
  686. Serosa
  687. 24.3 Neural Innervation of the GI Tract
  688. Enteric Nervous System
  689. Autonomic Nervous System
  690. Gastrointestinal Reflex Pathways
  691. 24.4 Peritoneum
  692. 24.5 Mouth
  693. Salivary Glands
  694. Tongue
  695. Teeth
  696. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion in the Mouth
  697. 24.6 Pharynx
  698. 24.7 Esophagus
  699. Histology of the Esophagus
  700. Physiology of the Esophagus
  701. 24.8 Deglutition
  702. 24.9 Stomach
  703. Anatomy of the Stomach
  704. Histology of the Stomach
  705. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion in the Stomach
  706. 24.10 Pancreas
  707. Anatomy of the Pancreas
  708. Histology of the Pancreas
  709. Composition and Functions of Pancreatic Juice
  710. 24.11 Liver and Gallbladder
  711. Anatomy of the Liver and Gallbladder
  712. Histology of the Liver and Gallbladder
  713. Blood Supply of the Liver
  714. Functions of the Liver and Gallbladder
  715. 24.12 Small Intestine
  716. Anatomy of the Small Intestine
  717. Histology of the Small Intestine
  718. Role of Intestinal Juice and Brush-Border Enzymes
  719. Mechanical Digestion in the Small Intestine
  720. Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
  721. Absorption in the Small Intestine
  722. 24.13 Large Intestine
  723. Anatomy of the Large Intestine
  724. Histology of the Large Intestine
  725. Mechanical Digestion in the Large Intestine
  726. Chemical Digestion in the Large Intestine
  727. Absorption and Feces Formation in the Large Intestine
  728. The Defecation Reflex
  729. 24.14 Phases of Digestion
  730. Cephalic Phase
  731. Gastric Phase
  732. Intestinal Phase
  733. Other Hormones of the Digestive System
  734. 24.15 Development of the Digestive System
  735. 24.16 Aging and the Digestive System
  736. Medical Terminology
  737. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  738. Critical Thinking Questions
  739. Answers to Figure Questions
  740. 25 METABOLISM AND NUTRITION
  741. 25.1 Metabolic Reactions
  742. Coupling of Catabolism and Anabolism by ATP
  743. 25.2 Energy Transfer
  744. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
  745. Mechanisms of ATP Generation
  746. 25.3 Carbohydrate Metabolism
  747. The Fate of Glucose
  748. Glucose Movement into Cells
  749. Glucose Catabolism
  750. Glucose Anabolism
  751. 25.4 Lipid Metabolism
  752. Transport of Lipids by Lipoproteins
  753. Sources and Significance of Blood Cholesterol
  754. The Fate of Lipids
  755. Triglyceride Storage
  756. Lipid Catabolism: Lipolysis
  757. Lipid Anabolism: Lipogenesis
  758. 25.5 Protein Metabolism
  759. The Fate of Proteins
  760. Protein Catabolism
  761. Protein Anabolism
  762. 25.6 Key Molecules at Metabolic Crossroads
  763. The Role of Glucose 6-Phosphate
  764. The Role of Pyruvic Acid
  765. The Role of Acetyl Coenzyme A
  766. 25.7 Metabolic Adaptations
  767. Metabolism during the Absorptive State
  768. Metabolism during the Postabsorptive State
  769. Metabolism during Fasting and Starvation
  770. 25.8 Heat and Energy Balance
  771. Metabolic Rate
  772. Body Temperature Homeostasis
  773. Energy Homeostasis and Regulation of Food Intake
  774. 25.9 Nutrition
  775. Guidelines for Healthy Eating
  776. Minerals
  777. Vitamins
  778. Medical Terminology
  779. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  780. Critical Thinking Questions
  781. Answers to Figure Questions
  782. 26 THE URINARY SYSTEM
  783. 26.1 Overview of Kidney Functions
  784. 26.2 Anatomy and Histology of the Kidneys
  785. External Anatomy of the Kidneys
  786. Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys
  787. Blood and Nerve Supply of the Kidneys
  788. The Nephron
  789. 26.3 Overview of Renal Physiology
  790. 26.4 Glomerular Filtration
  791. The Filtration Membrane
  792. Net Filtration Pressure
  793. Glomerular Filtration Rate
  794. 26.5 Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion
  795. Principles of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
  796. Reabsorption and Secretion in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  797. Reabsorption in the Nephron Loop
  798. Reabsorption in the Early Distal Convoluted Tubule
  799. Reabsorption and Secretion in the Late Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct
  800. Homeostatic Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion
  801. 26.6 Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine
  802. Formation of Dilute Urine
  803. Formation of Concentrated Urine
  804. 26.7 Evaluation of Kidney Function
  805. Urinalysis
  806. Blood Tests
  807. Renal Plasma Clearance
  808. 26.8 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination
  809. Ureters
  810. Urinary Bladder
  811. Urethra
  812. 26.9 Waste Management in Other Body Systems
  813. 26.10 Development of the Urinary System
  814. 26.11 Aging and the Urinary System
  815. Medical Terminology
  816. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  817. Critical Thinking Questions
  818. Answers to Figure Questions
  819. 27 FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS
  820. 27.1 Fluid Compartments and Fluid Homeostasis
  821. Sources of Body Water Gain and Loss
  822. Regulation of Body Water Gain
  823. Regulation of Water and Solute Loss
  824. Movement of Water between Body Fluid Compartments
  825. 27.2 Electrolytes in Body Fluids
  826. Concentrations of Electrolytes in Body Fluids
  827. Sodium
  828. Chloride
  829. Potassium
  830. Bicarbonate
  831. Calcium
  832. Phosphate
  833. Magnesium
  834. 27.3 Acid-Base Balance
  835. The Actions of Buffer Systems
  836. Exhalation of Carbon Dioxide
  837. Kidney Excretion of H+
  838. Acid-Base Imbalances
  839. 27.4 Aging and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis
  840. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  841. Critical Thinking Questions
  842. Answers to Figure Questions
  843. 28 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
  844. 28.1 Male Reproductive System
  845. Scrotum
  846. Testes
  847. Reproductive System Ducts in Males
  848. Accessory Sex Glands
  849. Semen
  850. Penis
  851. 28.2 Female Reproductive System
  852. Ovaries
  853. Uterine Tubes
  854. Uterus
  855. Vagina
  856. Vulva
  857. Perineum
  858. Mammary Glands
  859. 28.3 The Female Reproductive Cycle
  860. Homeostatic Control of the Female Reproductive Cycle
  861. Phases of the Female Reproductive Cycle
  862. 28.4 Birth Control Methods and Abortion
  863. Birth Control Methods
  864. Abortion
  865. 28.5 Development of the Reproductive Systems
  866. 28.6 Aging and the Reproductive Systems
  867. Medical Terminology
  868. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  869. Critical Thinking Questions
  870. Answers to Figure Questions
  871. 29 DEVELOPMENT AND INHERITANCE
  872. 29.1 Embryonic Period
  873. First Week of Development
  874. Second Week of Development
  875. Third Week of Development
  876. Fourth Week of Development
  877. Fifth through Eighth Weeks of Development
  878. 29.2 Fetal Period
  879. 29.3 Teratogens
  880. Chemicals and Drugs
  881. Cigarette Smoking
  882. Irradiation
  883. 29.4 Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
  884. Fetal Ultrasonography
  885. Amniocentesis
  886. Chorionic Villi Sampling
  887. Noninvasive Prenatal Tests
  888. 29.5 Maternal Changes during Pregnancy
  889. Hormones of Pregnancy
  890. Changes during Pregnancy
  891. 29.6 Exercise and Pregnancy
  892. 29.7 Labor
  893. 29.8 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth
  894. Respiratory Adjustments
  895. Cardiovascular Adjustments
  896. 29.9 The Physiology of Lactation
  897. 29.10 Inheritance
  898. Genotype and Phenotype
  899. Variations on Dominant-Recessive Inheritance
  900. Autosomes, Sex Chromosomes, and Sex Determination
  901. Sex-Linked Inheritance
  902. Medical Terminology
  903. Chapter Review and Resource Summary
  904. Critical Thinking Questions
  905. Answers to Figure Questions
  906. APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENTS
  907. APPENDIX B: PERIODIC TABLE
  908. APPENDIX C: NORMAL VALUES FOR SELECTED BLOOD TESTS
  909. APPENDIX D: NORMAL VALUES FOR SELECTED URINE TESTS
  910. APPENDIX E: ANSWERS TO CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
  911. GLOSSARY
  912. CREDITS
  913. INDEX
  914. EULA

 

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