This is completed downloadable of Test Bank for Principles of Human Physiology 6th Edition by Stanfield
Product Details:
- ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0134399412
- ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0134399416
- Author:Â Â
Principles of Human Physiology, Sixth Edition uses a precise and clear-cut writing style to offer lasting comprehension for Human Physiology students, extending to real-life application in the field. The Sixth Edition provides essential digital resources to foster critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The exceptional art program is consistent, scientifically accurate, and visually appealing. Stanfield’s renowned flexible pedagogy allows instructors to choose what is essential to students when mapping out their course.
MasteringA&P provides a framework for students to practice solving clinical problems, think conceptually, and apply new knowledge. Assigning interactive tutorials and coaching activities in MasteringA&P directs student learning on the toughest topics and provides a comprehensive and engaging learning environment.
Table of Content:
- 1 Introduction to Physiology
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- 1.1 Organization of the Body
- Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems
- Cells and Tissues
- Organs and Organ Systems
- Quick Check 1.1
- The Overall Body Plan: A Simplified View
- The Body’s External Environment
- The Body’s Internal Environment
- The Exchange of Materials Between the External and Internal Environments
- Body Fluid Compartments
- Quick Check 1.2
- 1.2 Homeostasis: A Central Organizing Principle of Physiology
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Negative Feedback Control in Homeostasis
- Quick Check 1.3
- 1.3 The Diabetes Epidemic
- Prevalence of Diabetes
- Obesity and Diabetes
- Classification of Diabetes
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Gestational Diabetes
- Prediabetes
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus
- Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
- Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 1.1 Organization of the Body, p. 2
- 1.2 Homeostasis: A Central Organizing Principle of Physiology, p. 9
- 1.3 The Diabetes Epidemic, p. 13
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 2 The Cell Structure and Function
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 2.1 Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides
- Synthesis and Breakdown of Saccharides
- Lipids
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Eicosanoids
- Steroids
- Amino Acids and Proteins
- Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
- Quick Check 2.1
- 2.2 Cell Structure
- Structure of the Plasma Membrane
- Phospholipid Bilayer
- Membrane Proteins
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Membrane Carbohydrates
- Structure of the Nucleus
- Contents of the Cytosol
- Structure of Membranous Organelles
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Mitochondria
- Lysosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Structure of Nonmembranous Organelles
- Ribosomes
- Vaults
- Centrioles
- Cytoskeleton
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Quick Check 2.2
- 2.3 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
- Tight Junctions
- Desmosomes
- Gap Junctions
- 2.4 General Cell Functions
- Metabolism
- Cellular Transport
- Intercellular Communication
- Quick Check 2.3
- 2.5 Protein Synthesis
- The Role of the Genetic Code
- Transcription
- Translation
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Destination of Proteins
- Post-translational Processing and Packaging of Proteins
- Regulation of Protein Synthesis
- Regulation of Transcription
- Regulation of Translation
- Protein Degradation
- Quick Check 2.4
- 2.6 Cell Division
- Replication of DNA
- The Cell Cycle
- Quick Check 2.5
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 2.1 Biomolecules, p. 19
- 2.2 Cell Structure, p. 29
- 2.3 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions, p. 39
- 2.4 General Cell Functions, p. 40
- 2.5 Protein Synthesis, p. 42
- 2.6 Cell Division, p. 50
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 3 Cell Metabolism
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 3.1 Types of Metabolic Reactions
- Hydrolysis and Condensation Reactions
- Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation Reactions
- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Quick Check 3.1
- 3.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy
- Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics
- Energy Changes in Reactions
- How the Energy Change of a Reaction Determines Its Direction
- Chemical Equilibrium
- The Law of Mass Action
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Activation Energy
- Quick Check 3.2
- 3.3 Reaction Rates
- Factors Affecting the Rates of Chemical Reactions
- Reactant and Product Concentrations
- Temperature
- The Height of the Activation Energy Barrier
- The Role of Enzymes in Chemical Reactions
- Mechanisms of Enzyme Action
- Substrate Specificity
- Cofactors and Coenzymes
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Factors Affecting the Rates of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
- Catalytic Rate
- Substrate Concentration
- Enzyme Concentration
- Affinity
- Other Factors Affecting the Rate of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
- Regulation of Enzyme Activity
- Allosteric Regulation
- Covalent Regulation
- Feedback Inhibition
- Feedforward Activation
- Quick Check 3.3
- 3.4 ATP: The Medium of Energy Exchange
- 3.5 Glucose Oxidation: The Central Reaction of Energy Metabolism
- Coupling Glucose Oxidation to ATP Synthesis
- Quick Check 3.4
- 3.6 Stages of Glucose Oxidation: Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Glycolysis
- The Krebs Cycle
- The Linking Step
- Reactions of the Krebs Cycle
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- The Electron Transport Chain
- Chemiosmotic Coupling
- Summary of Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Summary of Glucose Oxidation
- Glucose Catabolism in the Absence of Oxygen
- Quick Check 3.5
- 3.7 Energy Storage and Use: Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins
- Glycogen Metabolism
- Gluconeogenesis: Formation of New Glucose
- Fat Metabolism
- Protein Metabolism
- Quick Check 3.6
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 3.1 Types of Metabolic Reactions, p. 57
- 3.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy, p. 59
- 3.3 Reaction Rates, p. 63
- 3.4 ATP: The Medium of Energy Exchange, p. 72
- 3.5 Glucose Oxidation: The Central Reaction of Energy Metabolism, p. 73
- 3.6 Stages of Glucose Oxidation: Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation, p. 74
- 3.7 Energy Storage and Use: Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins, p. 84
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 4 Cell Membrane Transport
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 4.1 Factors Affecting the Direction of Transport
- Passive Transport Versus Active Transport
- Driving Forces Acting on Molecules
- Chemical Driving Forces
- Quick Check 4.1
- Electrical Driving Forces
- The Membrane Potential
- How the Membrane Potential Creates an Electrical Driving Force That Acts on Ions
- Electrochemical Driving Forces
- Determining the Direction of the Electrochemical Driving Force
- Significance of the Electrochemical Driving Force
- Quick Check 4.2
- 4.2 Rate of Transport
- 4.3 Passive Transport
- Simple Diffusion: Passive Transport Through the Lipid Bilayer
- The Basis for Simple Diffusion
- Factors Affecting Rates of Simple Diffusion
- The Magnitude of the Driving Force
- Membrane Surface Area
- Membrane Permeability
- Quick Check 4.3
- Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Utilizing Membrane Proteins
- Carriers in Facilitated Diffusion
- Factors Affecting the Rate of Facilitated Diffusion
- Diffusion Through Channels
- Diffusion of Water Through Aquaporins
- Diffusion Through Ion Channels
- Factors Affecting the Rate of Transport Through Ion Channels
- Quick Check 4.4
- 4.4 Active Transport
- Primary Active Transport
- Secondary Active Transport
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Factors Affecting Rates of Active Transport
- Coexistence of Active and Passive Transport Mechanisms in Cells
- Quick Check 4.5
- 4.5 Osmosis: Passive Transport of Water Across Membranes
- Osmolarity
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Osmotic Pressure
- Tonicity
- Apply Your Knowledge
- 4.6 Transport of Material Within Membrane-Bound Compartments
- Transport of Molecules into Cells by Endocytosis
- Transport of Molecules Out of Cells by Exocytosis
- Quick Check 4.6
- 4.7 Epithelial Transport: Movement of Molecules Across Two Membranes
- Epithelial Structure
- Epithelial Solute Transport
- Epithelial Water Transport
- Transcytosis
- Quick Check 4.7
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 4.1 Factors Affecting the Direction of Transport, p. 94
- 4.2 Rate of Transport, p. 100
- 4.3 Passive Transport, p. 101
- 4.4 Active Transport, p. 106
- 4.5 Osmosis: Passive Transport of Water Across Membranes, p. 110
- 4.6 Transport of Material Within Membrane-Bound Compartments, p. 114
- 4.7 Epithelial Transport: Movement of Molecules Across Two Membranes, p. 117
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 5 Chemical Messengers
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 5.1 Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication
- Direct Communication Through Gap Junctions
- Indirect Communication Through Chemical Messengers
- 5.2 Chemical Messengers
- Functional Classification of Chemical Messengers
- Chemical Classification of Messengers
- Amino Acid Messengers
- Amine Messengers
- Peptide/Protein Messengers
- Steroid Messengers
- Eicosanoid Messengers
- Quick Check 5.1
- Synthesis and Release of Chemical Messengers
- Amino Acids
- Amines
- Catecholamines
- Serotonin
- Histamine
- Peptides and Proteins
- Steroids
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Eicosanoids
- Transport of Messengers
- Quick Check 5.2
- 5.3 Signal Transduction Mechanisms
- Properties of Receptors
- The Relationship Between Receptor Binding and the Magnitude of the Target Cell Response
- Receptor Agonists and Antagonists
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Signal Transduction Mechanisms for Responses Mediated by Intracellular Receptors
- Mechanism of Action for Steroid Hormones
- Mechanism of Action for Thyroid Hormones and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3
- Signal Transduction Mechanisms for Responses Mediated by Membrane-Bound Receptors
- Channel-Linked Receptors
- Enzyme-Linked Receptors
- G Protein–Linked Receptors
- cAMP Second Messenger System
- Apply Your Knowledge
- cGMP Second Messenger System
- Phosphatidylinositol Second Messenger System
- Signal Amplification in Chemical Messenger Systems
- Quick Check 5.3
- 5.4 Long-Distance Communication via the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 5.1 Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication, p. 125
- 5.2 Chemical Messengers, p. 126
- 5.3 Signal Transduction Mechanisms, p. 134
- 5.4 Long-Distance Communication via the Nervous and Endocrine Systems, p. 144
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 6 The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 6.1 Primary Endocrine Organs
- Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
- Neural Connection Between the Hypothalamus and the Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Blood Connection Between the Hypothalamus and the Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Anatomy of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal System
- Tropic Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary
- Quick Check 6.1
- Pineal Gland
- Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands
- Thymus
- Adrenal Glands
- Pancreas
- Gonads
- 6.2 Secondary Endocrine Organs
- Quick Check 6.2
- 6.3 Hormone Actions at the Target Cell
- Control of Hormone Levels in Blood
- Rate of Hormone Secretion
- Transport of Hormones Bound to Carrier Proteins
- Rate of Hormone Metabolism
- 6.4 Abnormal Secretion of Hormones
- Apply Your Knowledge
- 6.5 Hormone Interactions
- Quick Check 6.3
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 6.1 Primary Endocrine Organs, p. 149
- 6.2 Secondary Endocrine Organs, p. 156
- 6.3 Hormone Actions at the Target Cell, p. 158
- 6.4 Abnormal Secretion of Hormones, p. 161
- 6.5 Hormone Interactions, p. 162
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 7 Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 7.1 Overview of the Nervous System
- 7.2 Cells of the Nervous System
- Neurons
- Localization of Ion Channels in Neurons
- Structural Classification of Neurons
- Functional Classification of Neurons
- Structural Organization of Neurons in the Nervous System
- Glial Cells
- Quick Check 7.1
- 7.3 Establishment of the Resting Membrane Potential
- Determining the Equilibrium Potentials for Potassium and Sodium Ions
- Membrane Potential of a Cell Permeable Only to Potassium
- Membrane Potential of a Cell Permeable Only to Sodium
- Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Neurons at Rest
- Apply Your Knowledge
- 7.4 Electrical Signaling Through Changes in Membrane Potential
- Describing Changes in Membrane Potential
- Graded Potentials
- Graded Potentials Are Decremental
- Graded Potentials Can Be Depolarizations or Hyperpolarizations
- Summation of Graded Potentials
- Action Potentials
- Ionic Basis of an Action Potential
- The Role of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in Action Potentials
- The All-or-None Principle of Action Potentials
- Quick Check 7.4
- Refractory Periods
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Quick Check 7.5
- Propagation of Action Potentials
- Propagation of Action Potentials in Unmyelinated Axons
- Action Potential Propagation in Myelinated Axons
- Apply Your Knowledge
- 7.5 Maintaining Neural Stability
- Quick Check 7.6
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 7.1 Overview of the Nervous System, p. 167
- 7.2 Cells of the Nervous System, p. 168
- 7.3 Establishment of the Resting Membrane Potential, p. 174
- 7.4 Electrical Signaling Through Changes in Membrane Potential, p. 179
- 7.5 Maintaining Neural Stability, p. 192
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 8 Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 8.1 Electrical Synapses
- 8.2 Chemical Synapses
- Functional Anatomy of Chemical Synapses
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Quick Check 8.1
- Signal Transduction Mechanisms at Chemical Synapses
- Excitatory Synapses
- Inhibitory Synapses
- Quick Check 8.2
- 8.3 Neural Integration
- Summation
- Temporal Summation
- Spatial Summation
- Frequency Coding
- Quick Check 8.3
- 8.4 Presynaptic Modulation
- Presynaptic Facilitation
- Presynaptic Inhibition
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Quick Check 8.4
- 8.5 Neurotransmitters: Structure, Synthesis, and Degradation
- Acetylcholine
- Biogenic Amines
- Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
- Purines
- Neuropeptides
- Unique Neurotransmitters
- Quick Check 8.5
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 8.1 Electrical Synapses, p. 197
- 8.2 Chemical Synapses, p. 197
- 8.3 Neural Integration, p. 203
- 8.4 Presynaptic Modulation, p. 205
- 8.5 Neurotransmitters: Structure, Synthesis, and Degradation, p. 207
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 9 The Nervous System: Central Nervous System
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 9.1 General Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
- Glial Cells
- Astrocytes
- Microglia
- Physical Support of the Central Nervous System
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Blood Supply to the Central Nervous System
- The Blood-Brain Barrier
- Gray Matter and White Matter
- Quick Check 9.1
- 9.2 The Spinal Cord
- Spinal Nerves
- Spinal Cord Gray and White Matter
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Quick Check 9.2
- 9.3 The Brain
- Cerebral Cortex
- Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
- Brain Lateralization
- Subcortical Nuclei
- Diencephalon
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Limbic System
- Quick Check 9.3
- 9.4 Integrated CNS Function: Involuntary Movement Through Reflexes
- Stretch Reflex
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Withdrawal and Crossed-Extensor Reflexes
- Pupillary Light Reflex
- Quick Check 9.4
- 9.5 Integrated CNS Function: Voluntary Motor Control
- Neural Components for Smooth Voluntary Movements
- Lateral Pathways Control Voluntary Movement
- Ventromedial Pathways Control Voluntary and Involuntary Movements
- The Control of Posture by the Brainstem
- The Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Coordination
- The Basal Nuclei in Motor Control
- Quick Check 9.5
- 9.6 Integrated CNS Function: Language
- 9.7 Integrated CNS Function: Sleep
- Functions of Sleep
- Sleep-Wake Cycles
- Electrical Activity During Wakefulness and Sleep
- Quick Check 9.6
- 9.8 Integrated CNS Function: Emotions and Motivation
- 9.9 Integrated CNS Function: Learning and Memory
- Learning
- Memory
- Plasticity in the Nervous System
- Quick Check 9.7
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 9.1 General Anatomy of the Central Nervous System, p. 216
- 9.2 The Spinal Cord, p. 224
- 9.3 The Brain, p. 229
- 9.4 Integrated CNS Function: Involuntary Movement Through Reflexes, p. 236
- 9.5 Integrated CNS Function: Voluntary Motor Control, p. 238
- 9.6 Integrated CNS Function: Language, p. 242
- 9.7 Integrated CNS Function: Sleep, p. 242
- 9.8 Integrated CNS Function: Emotions and Motivation, p. 245
- 9.9 Integrated CNS Function: Learning and Memory, p. 247
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 10 The Nervous System: Sensory Systems
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 10.1 General Principles of Sensory Physiology
- Receptor Physiology
- Sensory Transduction
- Receptor Adaptation
- Sensory Pathways
- Quick Check 10.1
- Sensory Coding
- Coding for Stimulus Type
- Coding for Stimulus Intensity
- Coding for Stimulus Location
- Quick Check 10.2
- 10.2 The Somatosensory System
- Somatosensory Receptors
- Mechanoreceptors in the Skin
- Thermoreceptors in the Skin
- Nociceptors in the Skin
- The Somatosensory Cortex
- Somatosensory Pathways
- The Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal Pathway
- Apply Your Knowledge
- The Spinothalamic Tract
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Pain Perception
- The Pain Response
- Visceral Pain
- Modulation of Pain Signals
- Quick Check 10.3
- 10.3 Vision
- Anatomy of the Eye
- The Nature and Behavior of Light Waves
- Accommodation
- Clinical Defects in Vision
- Regulating the Amount of Light Entering the Eye
- Apply Your Knowledge
- The Retina
- Quick Check 10.4
- Phototransduction
- Rods versus Cones
- Color Vision
- Light Input to Circadian Rhythms
- Bleaching of Photoreceptors in Light
- Neural Processing in the Retina
- Bipolar Cell Receptive Fields
- Ganglion Cell Receptive Fields
- Neural Pathways for Vision
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Parallel Processing in the Visual System
- Depth Perception
- Quick Check 10.5
- 10.4 The Ear and Hearing
- Anatomy of the Ear
- The Nature of Sound Waves
- Sound Amplification in the Middle Ear
- Signal Transduction for Sound
- Functional Anatomy of the Cochlea
- Functional Anatomy of the Organ of Corti
- Sound Transduction by Inner Hair Cells
- Coding of Sound Intensity and Pitch in the Cochlea
- Neural Pathways for Sound
- Quick Check 10.6
- 10.5 The Ear and Equilibrium
- Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus
- The Semicircular Canals and the Transduction of Rotation
- The Utricle and Saccule and the Transduction of Linear Acceleration
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Neural Pathways for Equilibrium
- Quick Check 10.7
- 10.6 Taste
- Anatomy of Taste Buds
- Signal Transduction in Taste
- Neural Pathway for Taste
- 10.7 Olfaction
- Anatomy of the Olfactory System
- Olfactory Signal Transduction
- Neural Pathway for Olfaction
- Quick Check 10.8
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 10.1 General Principles of Sensory Physiology, p. 254
- 10.2 The Somatosensory System, p. 262
- 10.3 Vision, p. 269
- 10.4 The Ear and Hearing, p. 285
- 10.5 The Ear and Equilibrium, p. 292
- 10.6 Taste, p. 295
- 10.7 Olfaction, p. 297
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 11 The Nervous System: Autonomic and Motor Systems
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 11.1 The Autonomic Nervous System
- Dual Innervation in the Autonomic Nervous System
- Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System
- Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System
- Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
- The Mixed Composition of Autonomic Nerves
- Quick Check 11.1
- Autonomic Neurotransmitters and Receptors
- Types of Cholinergic Receptors
- Types of Adrenergic Receptors
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Autonomic Neuroeffector Junctions
- Regulation of Autonomic Function
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Quick Check 11.2
- 11.2 The Somatic Nervous System
- Anatomy of the Somatic Nervous System
- The Neuromuscular Junction
- Quick Check 11.3
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 11.1 The Autonomic Nervous System, p. 304
- 11.2 The Somatic Nervous System, p. 315
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 12 Muscle Physiology
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 12.1 Skeletal Muscle Structure
- Structure at the Cellular Level
- Structure at the Molecular Level
- Quick Check 12.1
- 12.2 The Mechanism of Force Generation in Muscle
- The Sliding-Filament Model
- The Crossbridge Cycle: How Muscles Generate Force
- Excitation-Contraction Coupling: How Muscle Contractions Are Turned On and Off
- The Role of the Neuromuscular Junction in Excitation-Contraction Coupling
- The Roles of Calcium, Troponin, and Tropomyosin in Excitation- Contraction Coupling
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Quick Check 12.2
- 12.3 The Mechanics of Skeletal Muscle Contraction
- The Twitch
- Phases of the Twitch
- Isometric and Isotonic Twitches
- Factors Affecting the Force Generated by Individual Muscle Fibers
- Frequency of Stimulation
- Fiber Diameter
- Changes in Fiber Length
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Regulation of the Force Generated by Whole Muscles
- Recruitment
- The Size Principle
- Velocity of Shortening
- Quick Check 12.3
- 12.4 Skeletal Muscle Metabolism
- Muscle Cell Metabolism: How Muscle Cells Generate ATP
- The Role of the Creatine/Creatine Phosphate System
- How Muscle Cell Metabolism Changes with Exercise Intensity
- Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
- Differences in Speed of Contraction: Fast-Twitch Fibers and Slow-Twitch Fibers
- Differences in the Primary Mode of ATPÂ Production: Glycolytic Fibers and Oxidative Fibers
- Slow Oxidative, Fast Glycolytic, and Fast Oxidative Fibers
- Response of the Three Fiber Types to Exercise
- Resistance to Fatigue
- Long-Term Responses of Muscles to Exercise
- Quick Check 12.4
- 12.5 Control of Skeletal Muscle Activity
- Muscle Activity Across Joints
- Muscle Receptors for Coordinated Activity
- Muscle Spindles
- Golgi Tendon Organs
- Quick Check 12.5
- 12.6 Smooth and Cardiac Muscle
- Smooth Muscle
- The Mechanism of Excitation-Contraction Coupling
- Neural Regulation of Contraction
- Multi-unit and Single-unit Smooth Muscle
- Spontaneous Changes in Membrane Potential
- Cardiac Muscle
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Quick Check 12.6
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 12.1 Skeletal Muscle Structure, p. 323
- 12.2 The Mechanism of Force Generation in Muscle, p. 326
- 12.3 The Mechanics of Skeletal Muscle Contraction, p. 331
- 12.4 Skeletal Muscle Metabolism, p. 340
- 12.5 Control of Skeletal Muscle Activity, p. 347
- 12.6 Smooth and Cardiac Muscle, p. 350
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 13 The Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Function
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 13.1 An Overview of the Cardiovascular System
- The Heart
- Blood Vessels
- Blood
- Quick Check 13.1
- 13.2 The Path of Blood Flow Through the Heart and Vasculature
- Series Flow Through the Cardiovascular System
- Parallel Flow Within the Systemic or Pulmonary Circuit
- Quick Check 13.2
- 13.3 Anatomy of the Heart
- Myocardium and the Heart Wall
- Valves and Unidirectional Blood Flow
- Quick Check 13.3
- 13.4 Electrical Activity of the Heart
- The Conduction System of the Heart
- Pacemaker Cells of the Myocardium
- Conduction Fibers of the Myocardium
- Spread of Excitation Between Cells
- Initiation and Conduction of an Impulse During a Heartbeat
- Control of the Heartbeat by Pacemakers
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Spread of Excitation Through the Heart Muscle
- The Ionic Basis of Electrical Activity in the Heart
- Electrical Activity in Pacemaker Cells
- Electrical Activity in Cardiac Contractile Cells
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Cardiac Contractile Cells
- Recording the Electrical Activity of the Heart with an Electrocardiogram
- Quick Check 13.4
- 13.5 The Cardiac Cycle
- Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
- Atrial and Ventricular Pressure
- Aortic Pressure
- Ventricular Volume
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Pressure-Volume Curve
- Heart Sounds
- Quick Check 13.5
- 13.6 Cardiac Output and Its Control
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Autonomic Input to the Heart
- Factors Affecting Cardiac Output: Changes in Heart Rate
- Neural Control of Heart Rate
- Hormonal Control of Heart Rate
- Integration of Heart Rate Control
- Quick Check 13.6
- Factors Affecting Cardiac Output: Changes in Stroke Volume
- The Influence of Ventricular Contractility on Stroke Volume
- Sympathetic Nervous Control of Ventricular Contractility
- Hormonal Control of Ventricular Contractility
- The Influence of End-Diastolic Volume on Stroke Volume: Starling’s Law
- The Starling Curve
- Significance of Starling’s Law
- Factors Affecting End-Diastolic Volume
- The Influence of Afterload on Stroke Volume
- Summary of Factors Affecting Stroke Volume
- Integration of Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
- Quick Check 13.7
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 13.1 An Overview of the Cardiovascular System, p. 360
- 13.2 The Path of Blood Flow Through the Heart and Vasculature, p. 362
- 13.3 Anatomy of the Heart, p. 365
- 13.4 Electrical Activity of the Heart, p. 367
- 13.5 The Cardiac Cycle, p. 377
- 13.6 Cardiac Output and Its Control, p. 382
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 14 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 14.1 Physical Laws Governing Blood Flow and Blood Pressure
- Pressure Gradients in the Cardiovascular System
- The Role of Pressure Gradients in Driving Blood Flow
- Pressure Gradients Across the Systemic and Pulmonary Circuits
- Resistance in the Cardiovascular System
- Resistance of Individual Blood Vessels
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Resistance of Blood Vessel Networks: Total Peripheral Resistance
- Relating Pressure Gradients and Resistance in the Systemic Circulation
- Quick Check 14.1
- 14.2 Overview of the Vasculature
- 14.3 Arteries
- Arteries: A Pressure Reservoir
- Arterial Blood Pressure
- Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
- Quick Check 14.2
- 14.4 Arterioles
- Arterioles and Resistance to Blood Flow
- Intrinsic Control of Blood Flow Distribution to Organs
- Regulation in Response to Changes in Metabolic Activity: Active Hyperemia
- Regulation in Response to Changes in Blood Flow: Reactive Hyperemia
- Regulation in Response to Stretch of Arteriolar Smooth Muscle: Myogenic Response
- Regulation by Locally Secreted Chemical Messengers
- Extrinsic Control of Arteriole Radius and Mean Arterial Pressure
- Sympathetic Control of Arteriolar Radius
- Hormonal Control of Arteriolar Resistance
- Vasopressin (ADH)
- Angiotensin II
- Quick Check 14.3
- 14.5 Capillaries and Venules
- Capillary Anatomy
- Continuous Capillaries
- Fenestrated Capillaries
- Discontinuous Capillaries and Sinusoids
- Local Control of Blood Flow Through Capillary Beds
- Movement of Material Across Capillary Walls
- Exchange Across Capillary Walls
- Bulk Flow Across Capillary Walls
- Hydrostatic Pressures
- Osmotic Pressures
- Net Filtration Pressure
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Factors Affecting Filtration and Absorption Across Capillaries
- Venules
- Quick Check 14.4
- 14.6 Veins
- Veins: A Volume Reservoir
- Factors That Influence Venous Pressure and Venous Return
- The Skeletal Muscle Pump
- The Respiratory Pump
- Blood Volume
- Venomotor Tone
- Quick Check 14.5
- 14.7 The Lymphatic System
- 14.8 Mean Arterial Pressure and Its Regulation
- Determinants of Mean Arterial Pressure: Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, and Total Peripheral Resistance
- Regulation of Mean Arterial Pressure
- Neural Control of Mean Arterial Pressure
- Arterial Baroreceptors: Sensors of Mean Arterial Pressure
- Cardiovascular Control Center of the Medulla Oblongata
- Autonomic Inputs to Cardiovascular Effectors
- The Baroreceptor Reflex
- Hormonal Control of Mean Arterial Pressure
- Control of Blood Pressure by Low-Pressure Baroreceptors (Volume Receptors)
- Quick Check 14.6
- 14.9 Other Cardiovascular Regulatory Processes
- Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
- Chemoreceptor Reflexes
- Thermoregulatory Responses
- Quick Check 14.7
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 14.1 Physical Laws Governing Blood Flow and Blood Pressure, p. 395
- 14.2 Overview of the Vasculature, p. 398
- 14.3 Arteries, p. 399
- 14.4 Arterioles, p. 402
- 14.5 Capillaries and Venules, p. 409
- 14.6 Veins, p. 416
- 14.7 The Lymphatic System, p. 419
- 14.8 Mean Arterial Pressure and Its Regulation, p. 419
- 14.9 Other Cardiovascular Regulatory Processes, p. 426
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 15 The Cardiovascular System: Blood
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 15.1 Overview of the Composition of Blood: The Hematocrit
- Apply Your Knowledge
- 15.2 Plasma
- 15.3 Erythrocytes
- Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
- Hemoglobin’s Reversible Binding of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
- Carbonic Anhydrase and the Carbon Dioxide–Bicarbonate Reaction
- Life Cycle of Erythrocytes
- Erythrocyte Production
- Filtering and Destruction of Erythrocytes by the Spleen
- Quick Check 15.1
- 15.4 Leukocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Quick Check 15.2
- 15.5 Platelets and Hemostasis
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Vascular Spasm
- Platelet Plug
- Formation of a Blood Clot
- Factors Limiting Clot Formation
- The Role of Coagulation Factors in Clot Formation Disorders
- Aspirin as an Anticoagulant
- 15.6 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 15.1 Overview of the Composition of Blood: The Hematocrit, p. 433
- 15.2  Plasma, p. 434
- 15.3 Erythrocytes, p. 434
- 15.4 Leukocytes, p. 438
- 15.5 Platelets and Hemostasis, p.441
- 15.6 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, p.445
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 16 The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 16.1 Overview of Respiratory Function
- 16.2 Anatomy of the Respiratory System
- Upper Airways
- The Respiratory Tract
- The Conducting Zone
- Apply Your Knowledge
- The Respiratory Zone
- Structures of the Thoracic Cavity
- Quick Check 16.1
- 16.3 Forces for Pulmonary Ventilation
- Pulmonary Pressures
- Mechanics of Breathing
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Determinants of Intra-alveolar Pressure
- Inspiration
- Expiration
- Quick Check 16.2
- 16.4 Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation
- Lung Compliance
- Airway Resistance
- Quick Check 16.3
- 16.5 Clinical Significance of Respiratory Volumes and Air Flows
- Lung Volumes and Capacities
- Pulmonary Function Tests
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Alveolar Ventilation
- Quick Check 16.4
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 16.1 Overview of Respiratory Function, p. 449
- 16.2 Anatomy of the Respiratory System, p. 449
- 16.3 Forces for Pulmonary Ventilation, p. 457
- 16.4 Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation, p. 461
- 16.5 Clinical Significance of Respiratory Volumes and Air Flows, p. 465
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 17 The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 17.1 Overview of the Pulmonary Circulation
- Quick Check 17.1
- 17.2 Diffusion of Gases
- Partial Pressure of Gases
- Solubility of Gases in Liquids
- Apply Your Knowledge
- 17.3 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
- Gas Exchange in the Lungs
- Gas Exchange in Respiring Tissue
- Determinants of Alveolar P O 2 and P CO 2
- Quick Check 17.2
- 17.4 Transport of Gases in the Blood
- Oxygen Transport in the Blood
- Oxygen Transport by Hemoglobin
- The Hemoglobin-Oxygen Dissociation Curve
- Other Factors Affecting the Affinity of Hemoglobin for Oxygen
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
- The Role of Carbonic Anhydrase in Carbon Dioxide Transport
- Carbon Dioxide Exchange and Transport in Systemic Capillaries and Veins
- Carbon Dioxide Exchange and Transport in Pulmonary Capillaries and Veins
- Effect of Oxygen on Carbon Dioxide Transport
- Quick Check 17.3
- 17.5 Central Regulation of Ventilation
- Neural Control of Breathing by Motor Neurons
- Generation of the Breathing Rhythm in the Brainstem
- Respiratory Control Centers of the Medulla
- Respiratory Control Centers of the Pons
- Central Pattern Generator
- Model of Respiratory Control During Quiet Breathing
- Peripheral Input to Respiratory Centers
- Quick Check 17.4
- 17.6 Control of Ventilation by Chemoreceptors
- Chemoreceptors
- Chemoreceptor Reflexes
- Quick Check 17.5
- 17.7 Local Regulation of Ventilation and Perfusion
- Ventilation-Perfusion Ratios
- Local Control of Ventilation and Perfusion
- Quick Check 17.6
- 17.8 The Respiratory System in Acid-Base Homeostasis
- Acid-Base Disturbances in Blood
- The Role of the Respiratory System in Acid-Base Balance
- Hemoglobin as a Buffer
- Bicarbonate Ions as a Buffer
- Quick Check 17.7
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 17.1 Overview of the Pulmonary Circulation, p. 474
- 17.2 Diffusion of Gases, p. 476
- 17.3 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide, p. 478
- 17.4 Transport of Gases in the Blood, p. 481
- 17.5 Central Regulation of Ventilation, p. 489
- 17.6 Control of Ventilation by Chemoreceptors, p. 492
- 17.7 Local Regulation of Ventilation and Perfusion, p. 495
- 17.8 The Respiratory System in Acid-Base Homeostasis, p. 496
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 18 The Urinary System: Renal Function
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 18.1 Functions of the Urinary System
- 18.2 Anatomy of the Urinary System
- Structures of the Urinary System
- Macroscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
- Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
- Renal Corpuscle
- Renal Tubule
- Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons
- The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
- Blood Supply to the Kidney
- Quick Check 18.1
- 18.3 Basic Renal Exchange Processes
- Glomerular Filtration
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Filtration Fraction
- Filtered Load
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Intrinsic Control of Glomerular Filtration
- Extrinsic Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow
- Quick Check 18.2
- Reabsorption
- Solute and Water Reabsorption
- Active Reabsorption of Solute
- Water Reabsorption
- Passive Reabsorption of Solute
- Transport Maximum
- Secretion
- Quick Check 18.3
- 18.4 Regional Specialization of the Renal Tubules
- Nonregulated Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule
- Regulated Reabsorption and Secretion in the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct
- Water Conservation in the Loop of Henle
- 18.5 Excretion
- Excretion Rate
- Clearance
- Clinical Uses of Clearance
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Estimates of Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Determining the Fates of Solutes in Renal Tubules
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Micturition
- Quick Check 18.4
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 18.1 Functions of the Urinary System, p. 504
- 18.2 Anatomy of the Urinary System, p. 505
- 18.3 Basic Renal Exchange Processes, p. 508
- 18.4 Regional Specialization of the Renal Tubules, p. 519
- 18.5 Excretion, p. 520
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 19 The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 19.1 The Concept of Balance
- Factors Affecting the Plasma Composition
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Solute and Water Balance
- 19.2 Water Balance
- Osmolarity and the Movement of Water
- Water Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule
- Establishment of the Medullary Osmotic Gradient
- Countercurrent Multiplier
- Role of Urea in the Medullary Osmotic Gradient
- Role of the Vasa Recta in Preventing Dissipation of the Medullary Osmotic Gradient
- Role of the Medullary Osmotic Gradient in Water Reabsorption in the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct
- Aquaporins and Water Permeability
- Quick Check 19.1
- Effects of ADH on Water Reabsorption
- Regulation of ADH Secretion
- Regulating Water Excretion by Changing GFR
- Quick Check 19.2
- 19.3 Sodium Balance
- Mechanisms of Sodium Reabsorption in the Renal Tubule
- Apply Your Knowledge
- The Effects of Aldosterone
- The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
- Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
- Quick Check 19.3
- 19.4 Potassium Balance
- Renal Handling of Potassium Ions
- Regulation of Potassium Secretion by Aldosterone
- 19.5 Calcium Balance
- Renal Handling of Calcium Ions
- Hormonal Control of Plasma Calcium Concentrations
- Effects of Parathyroid Hormone
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
- Effects of Calcitonin
- Quick Check 19.4
- 19.6 Interactions Between Fluid and Electrolyte Regulation
- Quick Check 19.5
- 19.7 Acid-Base Balance
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Sources of Acid-Base Disturbances
- Respiratory Disturbances
- Metabolic Disturbances
- Defense Mechanisms Against Acid-Base Disturbances
- Buffering of Hydrogen Ions
- Respiratory Compensation
- Renal Compensation
- Renal Handling of Hydrogen and Bicarbonate Ions in the Proximal Tubule
- Renal Handling of Hydrogen and Bicarbonate Ions in the Late Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct
- Role of Glutamine in Renal Compensation During Severe Acidosis
- Compensation for Acid-Base Disturbances
- Respiratory Acidosis
- Respiratory Alkalosis
- Metabolic Acidosis
- Metabolic Alkalosis
- Evaluation of Acid-Base Disturbances
- Quick Check 19.6
- Chapter Review
- Chapter Summary
- 19.1 The Concept of Balance, p. 532
- 19.2 Water Balance, p. 534
- 19.3 Sodium Balance, p.543
- 19.4 Potassium Balance, p. 548
- 19.5 Calcium Balance, p. 549
- 19.6 Interactions Between Fluid and Electrolyte Regulation, p. 551
- 19.7 Acid-Base Balance, p. 553
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 20 The Gastrointestinal System
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 20.1 Overview of Gastrointestinal System Processes
- 20.2 Functional Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System
- The Gastrointestinal Tract
- Generalized Structure of the Gastrointestinal Wall
- The Mucosa
- The Submucosa
- The Muscularis Externa
- The Serosa
- Quick Check 20.1
- Functional Anatomy of Gastrointestinal Tract Organs
- The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
- The Stomach
- The Small Intestine
- The Colon
- The Rectum and Anus
- Quick Check 20.2
- The Accessory Glands
- The Salivary Glands
- The Pancreas
- The Liver
- Quick Check 20.3
- 20.3 Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients and Water
- Carbohydrates
- Digestion of Carbohydrates to Monosaccharides
- Absorption of Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Digestion of Proteins to Small Peptides and Amino Acids
- Absorption of Amino Acids and Small Peptides
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Lipids
- Digestion of Triglycerides
- The Action of Bile Salts
- The Action of Pancreatic Lipase
- Absorption of Lipids
- Quick Check 20.4
- Absorption of Vitamins
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Absorption of Minerals
- Absorption of Sodium and Chloride
- Absorption of Potassium
- Absorption and Secretion of Bicarbonate
- Regulated Absorption of Calcium
- Absorption of Iron
- Absorption of Water
- 20.4 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Regulation
- Neural and Endocrine Pathways of Gastrointestinal Control
- Short and Long Reflex Pathways
- Phases of Gastrointestinal Control
- Regulation of Food Intake
- Quick Check 20.5
- 20.5 Gastrointestinal Secretion and Its Regulation
- Saliva Secretion
- Acid and Pepsinogen Secretion in the Stomach
- Secretion of Pancreatic Juice and Bile
- Rates of Fluid Movement in the Digestive System
- Quick Check 20.6
- 20.6 Gastrointestinal Motility and Its Regulation
- Electrical Activity in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle
- Peristalsis and Segmentation
- Chewing and Swallowing
- Gastric Motility
- Gastric Motility Patterns
- Regulation of Gastric Motility
- Vomiting
- Motility of the Small Intestine
- Motility Patterns in the Small Intestine
- Regulation of Motility of the Small Intestine
- Quick Check 20.7
- Motility of the Colon
- Motility Patterns in the Colon
- Regulation of Motility of the Colon
- Defecation
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 20.1 Overview of Gastrointestinal System Processes, p. 566
- 20.2 Functional Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System, p. 566
- 20.3 Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients and Water, p. 577
- 20.4 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Regulation, p. 588
- 20.5 Gastrointestinal Secretion and Its Regulation, p. 591
- 20.6 Gastrointestinal Motility and Its Regulation, p. 594
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 21 The Endocrine System: Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 21.1 An Overview of Whole-Body Metabolism
- Anabolism
- Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
- 21.2 Energy Intake, Utilization, and Storage
- Uptake, Utilization, and Storage of Energy in Carbohydrates
- Uptake, Utilization, and Storage of Energy in Proteins
- Uptake, Utilization, and Storage of Energy in Fats
- 21.3 Energy Balance
- Energy Input
- Energy Output
- Metabolic Rate
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Negative and Positive Energy Balance
- Quick Check 21.1
- 21.4 Energy Metabolism During the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States
- Metabolism During the Absorptive State
- Body Cells in General
- Skeletal Muscle Cells
- Liver Cells
- Adipocytes
- Energy Reserves
- Metabolism During the Postabsorptive State
- Body Cells in General
- Skeletal Muscle Cells
- Liver Cells
- Adipocytes
- Quick Check 21.2
- 21.5 Regulation of Absorptive and Postabsorptive Metabolism
- The Role of Insulin
- Factors Affecting Insulin Secretion
- Actions of Insulin
- The Role of Glucagon
- Factors Affecting Glucagon Secretion
- Actions of Glucagon
- Negative Feedback Control of Blood Glucose Levels by Insulin and Glucagon
- Stimulation of Insulin and Glucagon Secretion by Amino Acids
- Effects of Epinephrine and Sympathetic Nervous Activity on Metabolism
- Quick Check 21.3
- 21.6 Thermoregulation
- Temperature Balance
- Mechanisms of Heat Transfer Between the Body and the External Environment
- Regulation of Body Temperature
- Thermoregulation in the Thermoneutral Zone
- Heat Generation in a Cold Environment
- Heat Loss in a Warm Environment
- Alterations in the Set Point for Thermoregulation: Fever
- 21.7 Hormonal Regulation of Growth
- Body Growth
- Effects of Growth Hormone
- Factors Affecting Growth Hormone Secretion
- Bone Growth
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Effects of Abnormal Growth Hormone Secretion
- Other Hormones That Affect Growth
- Quick Check 21.4
- 21.8 Thyroid Hormones
- Synthesis and Secretion of Thyroid Hormones
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Actions of Thyroid Hormones
- 21.9 Glucocorticoids
- Factors Affecting Secretion of Glucocorticoids
- Actions of Glucocorticoids
- The Role of Cortisol in the Stress Response
- Effects of Abnormal Glucocorticoid Secretion
- Quick Check 21.5
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 21.1 An Overview of Whole-Body Metabolism, p. 603
- 21.2 Energy Intake, Utilization, and Storage, p. 604
- 21.3 Energy Balance, p. 605
- 21.4 Energy Metabolism During the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States, p. 607
- 21.5 Regulation of Absorptive and Postabsorptive Metabolism, p. 611
- 21.6 Thermoregulation, p. 616
- 21.7 Hormonal Regulation of Growth, p. 619
- 21.8 Thyroid Hormones, p. 624
- 21.9 Glucocorticoids, p. 626
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 22 The Reproductive System
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- Before You Begin
- 22.1 An Overview of Reproductive Physiology
- The Role of Gametes in Sexual Reproduction
- Gene Sorting and Packaging in Gametogenesis: Meiosis
- Components of the Reproductive System
- Events Following Fertilization
- Sex Determination
- Sex Differentiation
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Patterns of Reproductive Activity over the Human Life Span
- Quick Check 22.1
- 22.2 The Male Reproductive System
- Functional Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Organs
- The Testes
- The External Genitalia
- The Reproductive Tract
- Accessory Glands
- Hormonal Regulation of Reproductive Function in Males
- Sperm and Their Development
- The Sexual Response in Males
- Erection
- Ejaculation
- Quick Check 22.2
- 22.3 The Female Reproductive System
- Functional Anatomy of the Female Reproductive Organs
- The Ovaries
- The Reproductive Tract
- The External Genitalia
- Ova and Their Development
- The Sexual Response in Females
- Quick Check 22.3
- The Menstrual Cycle
- The Ovarian Cycle
- The Follicular Phase
- The Luteal Phase
- The Uterine Cycle
- The Menstrual Phase
- The Proliferative Phase
- The Secretory Phase
- Hormonal Changes During the Menstrual Cycle
- Hormonal Changes in the Early to Mid-follicular Phase
- Hormonal Changes in the Late Follicular Phase
- Hormonal Changes in the Luteal Phase
- Long-Term Hormonal Regulation of Female Reproductive Function
- Quick Check 22.4
- 22.4 Fertilization, Implantation, and Pregnancy
- Events of Fertilization
- Early Embryonic Development and Implantation
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Later Embryonic and Fetal Development
- Development from Embryo to Fetus
- Formation of the Placenta
- Fetal Development
- Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy
- Quick Check 22.5
- 22.5 Parturition and Lactation
- Events of Parturition
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Lactation
- Quick Check 22.6
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 22.1 An Overview of Reproductive Physiology, p. 632
- 22.2 The Male Reproductive System, p. 638
- 22.3 The Female Reproductive System, p. 645
- 22.4 Fertilization, Implantation, and Pregnancy, p. 655
- 22.5 Parturition and Lactation, p. 661
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 23 The Immune System
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- 23.1 Anatomy of the Immune System
- Physical Barriers
- Leukocytes
- Phagocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Tissue Cells of Hematopoietic Origin: Mast Cells and Dendritic Cells
- Lymphoid Tissues
- Central Lymphoid Tissues
- Peripheral Lymphoid Tissues
- Quick Check 23.1
- 23.2 Pathogens That Activate the Immune Response
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Parasites
- Quick Check 23.2
- 23.3 Organization of the Body’s Defenses
- Nonspecific Defenses
- Inflammation
- Phagocytosis of Pathogens and Debris by Nearby Macrophages
- Dilation and Increased Permeability of Capillaries
- Containment of Foreign Matter
- Leukocyte Migration and Proliferation
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Continued Clearing of Infection by Recruited LeukoÂcytes
- Interferons
- Natural Killer Cells
- The Complement System
- Classical Pathway
- Lectin Pathway
- Alternative Pathway
- Actions of Complements
- Quick Check 23.3
- Specific Defenses: Immune Responses
- Features of Immune Responses
- Specificity
- Diversity
- Memory
- Self-Tolerance
- Quick Check 23.4
- 23.4 Humoral Immunity
- The Role of B Lymphocytes in Antibody Production
- Antibody Function in Humoral Immunity
- Neutralization
- Agglutination
- Opsonization
- Complement Activation
- Enhanced Activation of Natural Killer Cells
- Quick Check 23.5
- 23.5 Cell-Mediated Immunity
- Roles of T Lymphocytes in Cell-Mediated Immunity
- MHC Molecules: Markers of Self
- The Role of MHC Molecules in Antigen Presentation and T Cell Activation
- Helper T Cell Activation
- Cytotoxic T Cell Activation: The Destruction of Virus-Infected Cells and Tumor Cells
- Quick Check 23.6
- 23.6 Immune Responses in Health and Disease
- Generating Immunity: Immunization
- Apply Your Knowledge
- Roles of the Immune System in Transfusion and Transplantation
- Blood-Group Compatibility
- Tissue Grafts and Organ Transplantation
- Quick Check 23.7
- Immune Dysfunctions
- Allergy
- Autoimmune Diseases
- Immunodeficiency Diseases
- The Role of Stress in the Immune Response
- Quick Check 23.8
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 23.1 Anatomy of the Immune System, p. 669
- 23.2 Pathogens That Activate the Immune Response, p. 673
- 23.3 Organization of the Body’s Defenses, p. 675
- 23.4 Humoral Immunity, p. 685
- 23.5 Cell-Mediated Immunity, p. 687
- 23.6 Immune Responses in Health and Disease, p. 690
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- 24 Diabetes Mellitus
- Chapter Outline
- Learning Outcomes
- 24.1 Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- Quick Check 24.1
- 24.2 Acute Effects of Diabetes Mellitus
- Acute Hyperglycemia
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma
- Hypoglycemic Coma
- Quick Check 24.2
- 24.3 Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: Early Stages
- Quick Check 24.3
- 24.4 Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: Advanced Stages
- Adverse Effects of Hyperglycemia
- Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on the Microvasculature
- Retinopathy
- Nephropathy
- Neuropathy
- Quick Check 24.4
- 24.5 Progression of Diabetes Mellitus to Critical States
- Effects of Diabetes on the Macrovasculature
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
- Quick Check 24.5
- 24.6 Delayed Wound Healing
- Wound Healing
- Phase 1: Inflammation
- Phase 2: Proliferation
- Phase 3: Remodeling
- Altered Wound Healing in Diabetes
- Quick Check 24.6
- 24.7 Treatment and Management of Diabetes Mellitus
- Quick Check 24.7
- 24.8 Current Research on Diabetes Mellitus
- New Techniques for Insulin Administration
- Development of New Medicines for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
- Nonpharmaceutical Therapies for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
- Quick Check 24.8
- Quick Check 15.3
- How Does Diabetes Pathogenesis Progress?
- Chapter Review
- Summary
- 24.1 Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, p. 702
- 24.2 Acute Effects of Diabetes Mellitus, p. 704
- 24.3 Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: Early Stages, p. 705
- 24.4 Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: Advanced Stages, p. 706
- 24.5 Progression of Diabetes Mellitus to Critical States, p. 711
- 24.6 Delayed Wound Healing, p. 712
- 24.7 Treatment and Management of Diabetes Mellitus, p. 714
- 24.8 Current Research on Diabetes Mellitus, p. 715
- Exercises
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Objective Questions
- Essay Questions
- Critical Thinking
- Answers
- Credits
- Chapter 1:
- Chapter 2:
- Chapter 3:
- Chapter 4:
- Chapter 5:
- Chapter 6:
- Chapter 7:
- Chapter 8:
- Chapter 9:
- Chapter 10:
- Chapter 11:
- Chapter 12:
- Chapter 13:
- Chapter 14:
- Chapter 15:
- Chapter 16:
- Chapter 17:
- Chapter 18:
- Chapter 19:
- Chapter 20:
- Chapter 21:
- Chapter 22:
- Chapter 23:
- Chapter 24:
- Glossary
- Index
- Frequently Used Abbreviations and Symbols
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