This is completed downloadable of Test Bank for Seidels Guide to Physical Examination 8th Edition by Ball
Product Details:
- ISBN-10 : 0323112404
- ISBN-13 : 978-0323112406
- Author: Ball
Seidel’s Guide to Physical Examination is a comprehensive textbook of physical examination, history-taking, and health assessment with a unique emphasis on differential diagnosis and variations across the lifespan. The book conveys a uniquely compassionate, patient-centered approach to physical examination with a strong evidence-based foundation.
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination boxes supply you with current data on the most effective techniques for delivering quality patient care.
- Clinical Pearls lend insights and clinical expertise to help you develop clinical judgment skills.
- Functional Assessment boxes present a more holistic approach to patient care that extends beyond the physical exam to patients’ functional ability.
- Staying Well boxes focus you on patient wellness and health promotion.
- Risk Factor boxes provide opportunities for patient teaching or genetic testing for a variety of conditions.
- Differential diagnosis content offers you an understanding of how disease presentations vary and specific information for how to make diagnoses from similar abnormal findings.
- Abnormal Findings tables equip you with a quick, illustrated reference that allows for comparisons of various abnormalities along with key symptoms and underlying pathophysiology.
- Sample Documentation boxes clarify appropriate professional language for the process of recording patient assessment data.
- NEW! Advance Practice Skills highlighted throughout text makes identification and reference easier for students.
- NEW! Updated content throughout provides you with cutting-edge research and a strong evidence-based approach to care.
- NEW! Vital Signs and Pain Assessment Chapter groups important, foundational tasks together for easy reference in one location.
- NEW! Improve readability ensures content remains clear, straightforward, and easy to understand.
- NEW! Updated illustrations and photographs enhances visual appeal and clarifies anatomic concepts and exam techniques.
Table of Content:
- Chapter 1 The History and Interviewing Process
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Developing a Relationship with the Patient
- Clinical Pearl
- “Unique,” Originally Derived from Latin “Unus,” Meaning “One”
- Clinical Pearl
- The Patient Relationship
- Effective Communication
- Seeking Connection.
- Box 1-1 Patient-Centered Questions
- Box 1-2 Communication
- Courtesy, Comfort, Connection, Confirmation
- Courtesy
- Comfort
- Connection
- Confirmation
- Clinical Pearl
- Professional Dress and Grooming
- FIGURE 1-1 Interviewing a patient with the help of an interpreter. Someone other than a family member should act as interpreter to bridge the language difference between the health care provider and the patient.
- Enhancing Patient Responses.
- Moments of Tension: Potential Barriers to Communication
- Curiosity About You.
- Anxiety.
- Silence.
- Depression.
- Clinical Pearl
- Adolescent Suicide
- Crying and Compassionate Moments.
- Physical and Emotional Intimacy.
- Seduction.
- Anger.
- Avoiding the Full Story.
- Financial Considerations.
- FIGURE 1-2 Interviewing a young adult. Note the absence of an intervening desk or table.
- The Patient History
- Setting for the Interview
- Structure of the History
- Building the History
- Sensitive Issues
- Clinical Pearl
- Watch the Use of Jargon
- Alcohol.
- Box 1-3 CAGE Questionnaire
- Clinical Pearl
- Screening
- Box 1-4 TACE Questionnaire
- Box 1-5 CRAFFT Questionnaire
- Intimate Partner Violence.
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Box 1-6 Brief Screening Tool for Domestic Violence: HITS
- Spirituality.
- Sexuality.
- Outline of the History
- Chief Concern or the Reason for Seeking Care.
- Clinical Pearl
- Chief Complaint or Chief Concern?
- Box 1-7 The Basis of Understanding
- History of Present Illness or Problem.
- Box 1-8 Factors That Affect the Patient’s Expression of Illness
- Past Medical History.
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Clinical Pearl
- Who Are You?
- Clinical Pearl
- The Five Ps of a Sexual History.
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Review of Systems (ROS).
- Females
- Males
- Concluding Questions.
- Adaptations for Age, Gender, and Possible Disabilities
- Infants and Children
- FIGURE 1-3 Interviewing a child with his parent. Note that the interviewer is sitting close to the patient and that the child is secure on his father’s lap.
- Clinical Pearl
- Twins or More
- Chief Concern.
- Box 1-9 Consent by Proxy
- History of Present Illness.
- Past Medical History
- Staying Well
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Box 1-10 Adoption and Foster Care
- Box 1-11 Violence or Traumatic Events in Childhood
- Review of Systems.
- Adolescents
- Clinical Pearl
- Identification of Concerns by Adolescents:
- Box 1-12 Adolescents’ Concerns
- Box 1-13 Screening Tools for Adolescent Issues
- HEEADSSS
- PACES
- Pregnant Women
- Basic Information
- History of Present Illness or Problem.
- Obstetric History.
- Menstrual History.
- Gynecologic History.
- Past Medical History.
- Family History.
- Personal and Social History.
- Review of Systems.
- Risk Assessment.
- Postpartum.
- Older Adults
- Box 1-14 Competency to Make Medical Decisions
- The Frail.
- Functional Assessment
- FIGURE 1-4 Interviewing a patient with a physical disability. Note the uncluttered surroundings; be sure the patient in a wheelchair has room to maneuver.
- Patients with Disabilities
- Box 1-15 Types of Histories
- The Next Step
- Chapter 2 Cultural Competency
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- A Definition of Culture
- Distinguishing Physical Characteristics
- Cultural Competence
- Box 2-1 Dimensions of Cultural Competence
- FIGURE 2-1 Overlapping concepts of patient-centered care and cultural competence.
- Cultural Humility
- The Impact of Culture
- The Blurring of Cultural Distinctions
- Box 2-2 The Influence of Age, Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Culture
- Clinical Pearl
- Language Is Not All
- The Primacy of the Individual in Health Care
- Box 2-3 Questions That Explore the Patient’s Culture
- Professional Cultures within the Health Professions
- The Impact of Culture on Illness
- Staying Well
- Consider the “Norm” with Care
- Box 2-4 Cultural Assessment Guide: The Many Aspects of Understanding
- Health Beliefs and Practices
- Faith-Based Influences and Special Rituals
- Language and Communication
- Parenting Styles and Role of Family
- Sources of Support beyond the Family
- Dietary Practices
- The Components of a Cultural Response
- Box 2-5 Comparison of Value Orientations among Cultural Groups
- Value Orientation
- Time Orientation
- Activity Orientation
- Human Nature Orientation
- People-to-Nature Orientation
- Relational Orientation
- Modes of Communication
- FIGURE 2-2 Being sensitive to cultural differences that may exist between you and the patient can help avoid miscommunication.
- Clinical Pearl
- The Impact of Gender
- Health Beliefs and Practices
- Box 2-6 The Balance of Life: The “Hot” and the “Cold”
- Hot and Cold Conditions and Their Corresponding Treatments
- Family Relationships
- Clinical Pearl
- Complementary and Alternative Treatments for the Common Cold
- Diet and Nutritional Practices
- Summing Up
- Box 2-7 Communication
- Health Customs/Health Practices
- Family, Friends, and the Workplace
- Chapter 3 Examination Techniques and Equipment
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Precautions to Prevent Infection
- Latex Allergy
- Staying Well
- Box 3-1 What Equipment Do You Need to Purchase?
- Table 3-1 Recommendations for Application of Standard Precautions for the Care of All Patients in All Health Care Settings
- Box 3-2 Types of Latex Reactions
- Box 3-3 Summary of Recommendations for Workers to Prevent Latex Allergy
- Examination Technique
- Patient Positions and Draping
- Seated.
- Supine.
- Prone.
- Dorsal Recumbent.
- Lateral Recumbent.
- Lithotomy.
- Sims.
- Inspection
- Box 3-4 The Sense of Smell: The Nose as an Aid to Physical Examination
- Clinical Pearl
- The Handshake
- Table 3-2 Areas of the Hand to Use in Palpation
- Palpation
- Clinical Pearl
- Right-Sided Examination?
- Table 3-3 Percussion Tones
- Percussion
- FIGURE 3-1 Percussion technique: tapping the interphalangeal joint. Only the middle finger of the examiner’s nondominant hand should be in contact with the patient’s skin surface.
- Box 3-5 Common Percussion Errors
- Auscultation
- Clinical Pearl
- Unexpected Findings
- Modifications for Patients with Disabilities
- Patients with Mobility Impairments
- Pivot Transfer.
- Cradle Transfer.
- Box 3-6 Transfer Guidelines
- Guidelines for the Assistant
- Guidelines for the Patient
- Two-Person Transfer.
- Equipment.
- Patients with Sensory Impairment
- Impaired Vision.
- Impaired Hearing or Speech.
- Special Concerns for Patients with Spinal Cord Injury or Lesion
- Bowel and Bladder Concerns.
- Autonomic Hyperreflexia.
- Hypersensitivity.
- Spasticity.
- Equipment
- Weight Scales and Height Measurement Devices
- FIGURE 3-2 Platform scale with height attachment.
- FIGURE 3-3 Infant platform scale.
- FIGURE 3-4 Devices used to measure length of an infant. A, Infant length board. B, Measure mat.
- FIGURE 3-5 Device used to measure height of a child.
- FIGURE 3-6 Devices for electronic temperature measurement. A, Rectal, oral, or axillary thermometer. B and C, Tympanic membrane thermometers.
- Thermometer
- Stethoscope
- FIGURE 3-7 Acoustic stethoscope.
- FIGURE 3-8 Stereophonic stethoscope. Note divided bell and diaphragm.
- FIGURE 3-9 Position the stethoscope between the index and middle fingers against the patient’s bare skin.
- Sphygmomanometer
- Pulse Oximeter
- FIGURE 3-10 Pulse oximeter monitor and sensor.
- Doppler
- FIGURE 3-11 Doppler.
- Portable Ultrasound
- Fetal Monitoring Equipment
- FIGURE 3-12 Fetoscope.
- FIGURE 3-13 Ophthalmoscope.
- Ophthalmoscope
- Table 3-4 Apertures of the Ophthalmoscope
- FIGURE 3-14 Longitudinal cross section of eye showing lens diopters to focus eye structures.
- FIGURE 3-15 PanOptic ophthalmoscope.
- PanOptic Ophthalmoscope
- StrabismoScope
- Photoscreening
- FIGURE 3-16 StrabismoScope.
- Visual Acuity Charts
- Snellen Alphabet.
- FIGURE 3-17 Charts for testing distant vision. A, Snellen chart. B, Tumbling E chart.
- Tumbling E.
- HOTV.
- LH Symbols (LEA Symbols).
- Broken Wheel Cards.
- Near Vision Charts
- Amsler Grid
- FIGURE 3-18 Otoscope with various sizes of specula and a pneumatic attachment.
- Otoscope
- Tympanometer
- FIGURE 3-19 Tympanometer.
- Nasal Speculum
- Tuning Fork
- FIGURE 3-20 Nasal specula.
- FIGURE 3-21 Tuning forks for testing vibratory sensation (top) and auditory screening (bottom).
- FIGURE 3-22 Squeezing and stroking the tuning fork to activate it. Hold the fork only by the handle so as not to dampen the sound.
- Percussion (Reflex) Hammer
- Neurologic Hammer
- Tape Measure
- FIGURE 3-23 A, Reflex hammer. B, Use a rapid downward snap of the wrist.
- Clinical Pearl
- The Transience of Memory
- Transilluminator
- Vaginal Speculum
- Clinical Pearl
- Transillumination
- FIGURE 3-24 Vaginal specula.
- FIGURE 3-25 Goniometer.
- Goniometer
- Wood’s Lamp
- Dermatoscope
- FIGURE 3-26 Wood’s lamp. The purple color on the skin indicates no fungal infection is present.
- FIGURE 3-27 Dermatoscopes. A, Epiluminescence microscope. B, Digital epiluminescence microscope.
- FIGURE 3-28 Triceps skinfold caliper. Grasp the handle and depress the lever with thumb.
- Calipers for Skinfold Thickness
- Monofilament
- FIGURE 3-29 A, Monofilament. B, Press the monofilament against the skin hard enough to allow it to bend.
- FIGURE 3-30 The scoliometer.
- Scoliometer
- Chapter 4 Vital Signs and Pain Assessment
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Physical Examination Preview
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Temperature
- Pulse Rate
- Respiratory Rate
- Blood Pressure
- Pain
- FIGURE 4-1 Transmission of pain impulses from pain receptors to the central nervous system. Nociceptors transmit pain impulses from the periphery along A-delta (Aδ) and C fibers to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
- Infants
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Review of Related History
- Present Problem
- Personal and Social History
- Children
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Examination and Findings
- Temperature
- FIGURE 4-2 Location of the sites to palpate the pulse.
- Pulse Rate
- Respiratory Rate
- Blood Pressure
- Box 4-1 Selecting the Correct Cuff Size
- FIGURE 4-3 Select the correct size blood pressure cuff. A, Large adult, adult, and child cuffs. B, Infant cuff (top) and neonatal cuff for use with electronic vital signs monitor (bottom).
- FIGURE 4-4 Blood pressure measurement. A, Checking the systolic blood pressure by palpation. B, Using bell of stethoscope to auscultate the blood pressure.
- FIGURE 4-5 Phases of Korotkoff sounds, including an example of auscultatory gap.
- Table 4-1 Categories for Blood Pressure Levels for Adults
- Box 4-2 Pointers for Taking the Blood Pressure
- Pain Assessment
- Clinical Pearl
- The Fifth Vital Sign
- Self-Report Pain Rating Scales
- Clinical Pearl
- Selection of Pain Scale
- Assessing Pain Behaviors
- FIGURE 4-6 Descriptive pain intensity scale.
- FIGURE 4-7 Numeric pain intensity scale.
- FIGURE 4-8 Visual analogue scale. Use a 10-cm line with word anchors (“No pain” and “Worst pain”) on each end. Ask the patient to mark the level of pain felt on the line. A centimeter ruler is then used to identify a numeric pain rating for future comparison.
- FIGURE 4-9 The Painometer. A multidimensional measure of pain, allowing a measure of intensity and quality and an opportunity for localization. It is the first handheld instrument that meets the standards of The Joint Commission.
- Newborns and Infants
- Clinical Pearl
- Blood Pressure in Infants
- Pain Assessment
- Staying Well
- Children
- Box 4-3 Selecting a Blood Pressure Cuff for the Child
- Clinical Pearl
- Obesity in Children and Adolescents
- Pain Assessment
- FIGURE 4-10 The Wong/Baker FACES Rating Scale. Explain to the patient that each face is for a person who feels happy because he has no pain (hurt) or sad because he has some or a lot of pain. Face 0 is very happy because the person does not hurt at all. Face 1 hurts just a little bit. Face 2 hurts a little more. Face 3 hurts a little more. Face 4 hurts a whole lot. Face 5 hurts as much as you can imagine, although you do not have to be crying to feel this bad. Ask the patient to choose the face that best describes how he or she is feeling. Recommended for persons 3 years of age and older.
- FIGURE 4-11 A, Version of the Oucher for white children. (A, Developed and copyrighted in 1983 by Judith E. Beyer, PhD, RN [University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Nursing].) B, Version of the Oucher for black children. (B, Developed and copyrighted in 1990 by Mary J. Denyes, PhD, RN [Wayne State University], and Antonia M. Villarruel, PhD, RN [University of Michigan]. Cornelia P. Porter, PhD, RN, and Charlotta Marshall, RN, MSN, contributed to the development of this scale.) C, Version of the Oucher for Hispanic children.
- Vital Signs
- Pain Assessment
- Vital Signs
- Pain Assessment
- FIGURE 4-12 FLACC Behavioral Pain Assessment Scale for nonverbal children.
- FIGURE 4-13 The Checklist of Non-Verbal Pain Indicators with movement and at rest.
- Abnormalities
- Hypertension
- Neuropathic Pain
- Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
- Chapter 5 Mental Status
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Physical Examination Preview
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Infants and Children
- Adolescents
- FIGURE 5-1 Functional subdivisions of the cerebral cortex.
- Older Adults
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Past Medical History
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Children
- Adolescents
- Older Adults
- Examination and Findings
- Box 5-1 Procedures of the Mental Status Screening Examination
- Appearance and Behavior
- Emotional Stability
- Cognitive Abilities
- Speech and Language
- FIGURE 5-2 During the initial greeting, observe the patient for behavior, emotional status, grooming, and body language. Note the patient’s body posture and ability to make eye contact.
- Physical Appearance and Behavior
- Grooming
- Emotional Status
- Nonverbal Communication (Body Language)
- State of Consciousness
- Cognitive Abilities
- Table 5-1 Common Causes of Unresponsiveness
- Clinical Pearl
- The Importance of Validation
- Analogies
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- FIGURE 5-3 Sample items from the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).
- FIGURE 5-4 Copying intersecting pentagons and drawing a clock face are tasks on the Mini-Mental State Examination.
- FIGURE 5-5 The Mini-Cog is a brief screening tool for measuring cognitive function.
- Abstract Reasoning
- Arithmetic Calculation
- Writing Ability
- Execution of Motor Skills
- Memory
- Clinical Pearl
- Testing Memory in the Visually Impaired
- Attention Span
- Judgment
- Speech and Language Skills
- Voice Quality
- Articulation
- Comprehension
- Coherence
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Distinguishing Characteristics of Aphasias
- Emotional Stability
- Mood and Feelings
- Thought Process and Content
- Risk Factors
- Perceptual Distortions and Hallucinations
- Clinical Pearl
- Distorted Thinking
- Infants and Children
- FIGURE 5-6 A, Note this newborn’s irritability and posturing associated with cocaine withdrawal. B, Note this infant’s level of alertness and interest in various objects and people.
- Table 5-2 Expressive Language Milestones for Toddlers and Preschoolers
- FIGURE 5-7 Ask the child to draw a picture of a man or woman. The presence and form of body parts provide a clue about the child’s development when following the scoring criteria of the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test.
- FIGURE 5-8 Test a child’s memory recall by using familiar objects.
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Staying Well
- Functional Assessment
- Sample Documentation
- Subjective
- Objective
- FIGURE 5-9 Geriatric Depression Scale (short form).
- Abnormalities
- Mental Status
- Disorders of Altered Mental Status
- Concussion
- Delirium
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Distinguishing Characteristics of Delirium, Dementia, and Depression
- Disorders of Mood
- Depression
- Mania
- Anxiety Disorder
- Schizophrenia
- Infants and Children
- Intellectual Disability
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Autism
- Older Adults
- Dementia
- Chapter 6 Growth and Measurement
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Physical Examination Preview
- Anatomy and Physiology
- FIGURE 6-1 Hormones affecting growth during childhood and the ages at which they are most influential.
- Differences in Growth by Organ System
- FIGURE 6-2 Growth rates for the body as a whole and three types of tissues. Lymphoid type: thymus, lymph nodes, and intestinal lymph masses. Neural type: brain, dura, spinal cord, optic apparatus, and head dimensions. General type: body as a whole; external dimensions; and respiratory, digestive, renal, circulatory, and musculoskeletal systems. Genital type: includes the reproductive organ system.
- FIGURE 6-3 Changes in body proportions from 8 weeks of gestation through adulthood.
- Infants and Children
- Pregnant Women
- Box 6-1 Epigenetic Research and Nutrition
- Older Adults
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Past Medical History
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Infants
- Children and Adolescents
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Weight and Standing Height
- Body Mass Index
- Box 6-2 Calculating the Body Mass Index
- Physical Variations
- Obesity
- Staying Well
- Infants
- Recumbent Length
- FIGURE 6-4 Measurement of infant length.
- Clinical Pearl
- Using the Correct Growth Chart
- Clinical Pearl
- Reliability of Length Measurements
- Weight
- Clinical Pearl
- Uses of Growth Charts
- Head Circumference
- FIGURE 6-5 Place the measuring tape around the largest circumference of the infant’s head, across the occiput and the forehead.
- FIGURE 6-6 Measurement of infant chest circumference with the measuring tape at the level of the nipple line.
- Chest Circumference
- Gestational Age
- Size for Gestational Age.
- FIGURE 6-7 A, Small for gestational age infant and appropriate for gestational age infant. B, Large for gestational age infant.
- Physical Variations
- Low Birth Weight
- Stature and Weight
- Clinical Pearl
- Special Growth Charts
- FIGURE 6-8 Measuring the stature of a child.
- Physical Variations
- Body Mass Index in Children and Youth
- Upper-to-Lower Segment Ratio
- Arm Span
- Sexual Maturation
- Physical Variations
- Sexual Maturation
- FIGURE 6-9 Five stages of breast development in females.
- Pregnant Women
- FIGURE 6-10 Six stages of pubic hair development in females.
- Older Adults
- FIGURE 6-11 Five stages of penis and testes/scrotum development in males.
- Sample Documentation
- Subjective
- Objective
- FIGURE 6-12 Six stages of pubic hair development in males.
- FIGURE 6-13 Prenatal weight gain curve by weeks of gestation.
- Abnormalities
- Growth and Measurement
- Acromegaly
- FIGURE 6-14 Acromegaly. Note the large head, forward projection of jaw, protrusion of frontal bone, and the large hands.
- Cushing Syndrome
- Turner Syndrome
- FIGURE 6-15 Turner syndrome.
- Hydrocephalus
- FIGURE 6-16 Infantile hydrocephalus. Paralysis of the upward gaze is seen in an infant with hydrocephalus resulting from aqueductal stenosis. It appears more apparent on the right. This phenomenon is often termed the sunsetting sign.
- Failure To Thrive
- FIGURE 6-17 Psychosocial failure to thrive as the result of neglect. This 4-month-old infant was brought to the emergency department because of congestion. She was found to be below weight expectations and suffering from severe developmental delay. Note the marked loss of subcutaneous tissue manifested by the wrinkled skinfolds over the buttocks, shoulders, and upper arms.
- Growth Hormone Deficiency
- FIGURE 6-18 The normal 3-year-old boy is in the 50th percentile for height. The short 3-year-old girl exhibits the characteristic “Kewpie doll” appearance, suggesting a diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency.
- Precocious Puberty
- FIGURE 6-19 Precocious puberty with pubic hair development in a young girl.
- Chapter 7 Nutrition
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Physical Examination Preview
- Nutrition Assessment
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Macronutrients
- Carbohydrate
- Box 7-1 Nine Essential Amino Acids
- Protein
- Fat
- Micronutrients
- Water
- Table 7-1 Equations for Predicting Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) from Body Weight*
- Energy Requirements
- Resting Energy Expenditure
- Physical Activity
- Thermogenesis
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Past Medical History
- Table 7-2 Guidelines For Physical Activity by Age
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Infants and Children
- Box 7-2 Statistics on Obesity and Diet-Related Chronic Diseases in the United States
- Adolescents
- Risk Factors
- Clinical Pearl
- Eating Disorders
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Box 7-3 Food–Nutrient–Medication Interactions
- Risk Factors
- Anthropometrics
- Waist Circumference and Waist-Height Ratio
- Box 7-4 Assessing Height and Weight
- Waist-to-Hip Circumference Ratio
- FIGURE 7-1 Measurement of waist circumference (A) and hip circumference (B) to calculate the waist-to-hip circumference ratio: waist circumference (cm)/hip circumference (cm) = waist-to-hip ratio.
- Determination of Diet Adequacy
- Twenty–Four-Hour Recall Diet
- FIGURE 7-2 Choose My Plate.
- Food Diary
- Measures of Nutrient Analysis
- ChooseMyPlate.gov
- Vegetarian Diets
- Ethnic Food Guide Pyramids
- Measures of Nutrient Adequacy
- Clinical Pearl
- Table 7-3 Fat-Soluble Vitamin Summary
- Table 7-4 Water-Soluble Vitamin Summary
- Table 7-5 Mineral Summary
- Table 7-6 Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Various Nutrient Deficiencies
- Special Procedures
- Triceps Skinfold Thickness
- FIGURE 7-3 Placement of calipers for triceps skinfold thickness measurement.
- FIGURE 7-4 Measurement of mid–upper arm circumference.
- Mid-Upper Arm Circumference
- Midarm Muscle Circumference/Midarm Muscle Area
- Biochemical Measurement
- Sample Documentation
- Subjective
- Objective
- Table 7-7 Biochemical Indicators of Good Nutrition Status
- Abnormalities
- Nutrition
- Obesity
- FIGURE 7-5 Childhood obesity has become a major public health problem in the United States.
- Table 7-8 Physical Examination Findings in Obesity Assessment and Possible Causes
- Table 7-9 Comparison of Laboratory Test Results for Anemias
- Table 7-10 Cutoffs for Total and LDL Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents
- Anorexia Nervosa
- Bulimia Nervosa
- Anemia
- Staying Well
- Nutrient Composition of the TLC Diet
- Staying Well
- Chapter 8 Skin, Hair, and Nails
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Physical Examination Preview
- Skin, Hair, and Nails
- Skin
- Hair
- Nails
- Anatomy and Physiology
- FIGURE 8-1 Anatomic structures of the skin.
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Hypodermis
- Appendages
- FIGURE 8-2 Anatomic structures of the nail.
- Infants and Children
- Adolescents
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Risk Factors: Melanoma
- Risk Factors: Basal and Squamous Cell Cancer
- Past Medical History
- Box 8-1 Skin Type
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Box 8-2 Patient Instructions for Skin Self-Examination
- Clinical Pearl: Sunscreen
- Infants
- Clinical Pearl: Carotenemia
- Children and Adolescents
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Skin
- Inspection
- FIGURE 8-3 Corn.
- Box 8-3 Cutaneous Manifestations of Traditional Health Practices
- FIGURE 8-4 Calluses are common on both the sole (heels and metatarsal heads) and the dorsum of the foot (especially in women).
- Physical Variations: Pigmentary Demarcation Lines
- Physical Variations: Nevi
- Table 8-1 Features and Occurrence of Various Types of Pigmented Nevi
- Table 8-2 Features of Normal and Dysplastic Moles
- Box 8-4 Dysplastic Mole or Melanoma?
- FIGURE 8-5 Commonly occurring nevi. A, Junction nevus. Color and shape of this black lesion are uniform. B, Compound nevus. Center is elevated and surrounding area is flat, retaining features of a junction nevus. C, Dermal nevus. Papillomatous with soft, flabby, wrinkled surface.
- FIGURE 8-6 Vitiligo.
- Table 8-3 Cutaneous Color Changes
- Clinical Pearl: Telangiectasias: Capillary Spider/Spider Angioma
- FIGURE 8-7 Petechiae.
- FIGURE 8-8 Senile purpura.
- FIGURE 8-9 Characteristics and causes of vascular skin lesions.
- Palpation
- Box 8-5 Smell the Skin
- FIGURE 8-10 Examining an intertriginous area.
- Skin Lesions
- FIGURE 8-11 Testing skin turgor.
- Characteristics
- Table 8-4 Primary Skin Lesions
- Measles.(From Hockenberry and Wilson, 2007.)
- Lichen planus.(From Weston et al, 1996.)
- Vitiligo.(From Weston and Lane, 1991.)
- Plaque.(From James et al, 2000.)
- Wheal.(From Farrar et al, 1992.)
- Hypertrophic nodule.(From Goldman and Fitzpatrick, 1994.)
- Lipoma.(From Lemmi and Lemmi, 2000.)
- Vesicles caused by varicella.(From Farrar et al, 1992.)
- Blister.(From White, 1994.)
- Acne.(From Weston et al, 1996.)
- Sebaceous cyst.(From Weston et al, 1996.)
- Telangiectasia.(From Lemmi and Lemmi, 2000.)
- TABLE 8-5 Secondary Skin Lesions
- Fine scaling.(From Baran et al, 1991.)
- Lichenification.(From Lemmi and Lemmi, 2000.)
- Keloid.(From Weston et al, 1996.)
- Hypertrophic scar.(From Goldman and Fitzpatrick, 1994.)
- Excoriation from a tree branch.(From Lemmi and Lemmi, 2000.)
- Scaling and fissures of tinea pedis.(From Lemmi and Lemmi, 2000.)
- Erosion.(From Cohen, 1993.)
- Stasis ulcer.(From Swartz 2009.)
- Scab.
- Striae.(Courtesy Antoinette Hood, MD, Department of Dermatology, University of Indiana, Department of Medicine, Indianapolis.)
- Table 8-6 Morphologic Characteristics of Skin Lesions
- Box 8-6 Regional Distribution of Skin Lesions
- Sun-Exposed Areas
- Cloth-Covered Areas
- Flexural Aspects of Extremities
- Extensor Aspects of Extremities
- Stocking and Glove (Acrodermatitis)
- Truncal
- Face, Shoulder, Back
- FIGURE 8-12 Clustering of lesions.
- FIGURE 8-13 Linear formation of lesions (herpes zoster).
- FIGURE 8-14 Annular formation of lesions (granuloma annulare). An annular plaque or plaques may occur on the dorsa of the feet or hands as a manifestation of granuloma annulare.
- Staying Well: Practice Sun Safety
- Hair
- Nails
- Inspection
- Color.
- FIGURE 8-15 Pigmented bands in nails are expected in persons with dark skin.
- FIGURE 8-16 White spots on nail from injury (leukonychia punctata).
- Physical Variations: Pigment in the Nail Beds
- FIGURE 8-17 Aging nails. Longitudinal ridging of the nail is a common expected variation.
- FIGURE 8-18 Median nail dystrophy.
- Nail Plate.
- Nail Base Angle.
- Palpation
- FIGURE 8-19 Nails: unexpected findings and appearance.
- FIGURE 8-20 Schamroth technique. A, Patient with healthy nails, illustrating window. B, Patient with nail clubbing, illustrating loss of the window and prominent distal angle.
- FIGURE 8-21 Finger clubbing. Nail is enlarged and curved.
- FIGURE 8-22 Testing nail bed adherence.
- Infants and Children
- Box 8-7 Expected Color Changes in the Newborn
- Risk Factors: Major Risk Factors for Severe Hyperbilirubinemia in Infants of 35 or More Weeks’ Gestation
- Box 8-8 Skin Lesions: External Clues to Internal Problems
- FIGURE 8-23 Expected creases of newborn’s hands (A) and feet (B).
- FIGURE 8-24 Unexpected palmar crease. Single transverse crease in child with Down syndrome. Compare to Figure 8-23, A.
- FIGURE 8-25 Mottling (cutis marmorata).
- FIGURE 8-26 Acrocyanosis of hands in newborn.
- FIGURE 8-27 Hyperpigmented patches (Mongolian spots) are common in babies with dark skin.
- FIGURE 8-28 Hemangiomas in infant.
- FIGURE 8-29 Café au lait patches.
- FIGURE 8-30 Milia in infant.
- Table 8-7 Estimating Dehydration
- FIGURE 8-31 Testing skin turgor in an infant.
- Clinical Pearl: Bald Spots in Children and Infants
- Adolescents
- Pregnant Women
- FIGURE 8-32 Striae.
- FIGURE 8-33 Linea nigra on abdomen of pregnant woman.
- FIGURE 8-34 Facial hyperpigmentation: chloasma (melasma).
- FIGURE 8-35 Hands of older adult. Note prominent veins and thin appearance of skin.
- Older Adults
- Clinical Pearl: Hydration Status in Older Adults
- Table 8-8 Staging of Pressure Ulcers (Decubitus Ulcers)
- FIGURE 8-36 Skin hanging loosely, especially around bony prominences.
- FIGURE 8-37 Skin turgor in older adult. Note tenting.
- FIGURE 8-38 Cherry angioma in older adult.
- FIGURE 8-39 Seborrheic keratoses in older adult.
- FIGURE 8-40 Sebaceous hyperplasia.
- FIGURE 8-41 Multiple cutaneous tags in axilla.
- Sample Documentation: History and Physical Examination
- Subjective
- Objective
- FIGURE 8-42 Cutaneous horn.
- FIGURE 8-43 Lentigo, a brown macule that appears in sun-exposed areas.
- Abnormalities
- Skin, Hair, Nails
- Skin: Inflammatory and Infectious Conditions
- Eczematous Dermatitis
- FIGURE 8-44 Contact dermatitis.
- Folliculitis
- FIGURE 8-45 Beard folliculitis.
- Furuncle (Boil)
- FIGURE 8-46 Furuncle.
- Cellulitis
- FIGURE 8-47 Cellulitis of the leg.
- Tinea (Dermatophytosis)
- FIGURE 8-48 A, Tinea corporis. B, Tinea cruris. C, Tinea capitis. D, Tinea pedis.
- Pityriasis Rosea
- FIGURE 8-49 Pityriasis rosea.
- Psoriasis
- FIGURE 8-50 Psoriasis. Note characteristic silver scaling.
- Rosacea
- FIGURE 8-51 Rosacea.
- FIGURE 8-52 Rhinophyma.
- Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
- FIGURE 8-53 Herpes zoster (shingles) confined to one dermatome.
- Herpes Simplex
- FIGURE 8-54 Herpes simplex. A, Oral. B, Female genital. C, Male genital.
- Lyme Disease
- FIGURE 8-55 Erythema migrans (lyme disease).
- Skin: Cutaneous Reactions
- Drug Eruptions
- FIGURE 8-56 Drug eruption.
- Acanthosis Nigricans (AN)
- FIGURE 8-57 Acanthosis nigricans.
- Skin: Disease Caused by Biologic Warfare
- Differential Diagnosis Cutaneous Manifestations of Two Pathogens That May Be Used in Biologic Warfare
- Anthrax (Skin Form). A Gram-stained smear of material taken from the lesion will reveal the gram-positive rods of Bacillus anthracis.
- Smallpox. This archival photograph shows eczema vaccinatum acquired from a relative who had recently been vaccinated against smallpox.
- Skin: Malignant/Neoplastic Abnormalities
- Basal Cell Carcinoma
- FIGURE 8-58 Two common presentations of basal cell carcinoma.
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- FIGURE 8-59 Squamous cell carcinoma.
- Malignant Melanoma
- FIGURE 8-60 Malignant melanoma.
- FIGURE 8-61 ABCD changes in moles.
- Kaposi Sarcoma (KS)
- FIGURE 8-62 A, Violaceous plaques on the heel and lateral foot. B, Brown nodule of Kaposi sarcoma.
- Hair Disorders
- Alopecia Areata
- FIGURE 8-63 Alopecia areata.
- Scarring Alopecia
- Traction Alopecia
- Hirsutism
- FIGURE 8-64 Facial hirsutism. Terminal hair growth is visible on the chin of this 40-year-old woman with idiopathic hirsutism.
- Nails: Infection
- Paronychia
- FIGURE 8-65 Paronychia.
- Onychomycosis
- FIGURE 8-66 Onychomycosis.
- Nails: Injury
- Ingrown Nails
- FIGURE 8-67 Ingrown toenail. Swelling and inflammation occur at lateral nail fold.
- Subungual Hematoma
- FIGURE 8-68 Subungual hematoma.
- Onycholysis
- FIGURE 8-69 Onycholysis. Separation of nail plate starts at distal groove.
- Nails: Changes Associated with Systemic Disease
- Koilonychia (Spoon Nails)
- FIGURE 8-70 Koilonychia.
- Beau Lines
- FIGURE 8-71 Beau lines following systemic disease.
- White Banding (Terry Nails)
- FIGURE 8-72 Terry nails; transverse white bands.
- Psoriasis
- FIGURE 8-73 Nail pitting.
- Nails: Periungual Growths
- Warts
- FIGURE 8-74 Periungual warts.
- Digital Mucous Cysts
- FIGURE 8-75 Digital mucous cysts causing a groove in the nail plate.
- Pregnant Women
- Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy (PUPPP)
- Herpes Gestationis (Pemphigoid Gestationis)
- Infants and Children
- Seborrheic Dermatitis
- FIGURE 8-76 Pustular seborrheic dermatitis.
- Miliaria Rubra (“Prickly Heat”)
- FIGURE 8-77 Miliaria in infant.
- Impetigo
- FIGURE 8-78 Impetigo. Note characteristic crusting.
- Acne Vulgaris
- FIGURE 8-79 Acne in dolescent.
- Chickenpox (Varicella)
- FIGURE 8-80 Varicella (Chickenpox). Note vesicular lesions.
- Measles (Rubeola)
- FIGURE 8-81 Rubeola.
- German Measles (Rubella)
- FIGURE 8-82 Rubella (German measles). A, Note the pinkish red, maculopapular eruption. B, Red palatal lesions (Forschheimer spots) are seen in some patients on day 1 of the rash.
- Hair-Pulling (Trichotillomania)
- FIGURE 8-83 Trichotillomania.
- Patterns of Injury in Physical Abuse
- FIGURE 8-84 This contusion in the configuration of a closed horseshoe with a central linear abrasion was inflicted with a belt buckle.
- FIGURE 8-85 Burns on the perineum, thighs, legs, and feet.
- FIGURE 8-86 Cigarette burn. This older burn has begun to granulate.
- Older Adults
- Stasis Dermatitis
- FIGURE 8-87 Stasis dermatitis in older adult.
- Solar Keratosis (Actinic Keratosis)
- FIGURE 8-88 Actinic keratosis in older adult in area of sun exposure.
- Physical Abuse in Older Adults
- Chapter 9 Lymphatic System
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Physical Examination Preview
- Lymphatic System
- Anatomy and Physiology
- FIGURE 9-1 Lymphatic system (lymphoreticular system).
- Lymph Nodes
- FIGURE 9-2 Lymphatic drainage pathways. Shaded area of the body is drained via the right lymphatic duct, which is formed by the union of three vessels: right jugular trunk, right subclavian trunk, and right bronchomediastinal trunk. Lymph from the remainder of the body enters the venous system by way of the thoracic duct.
- FIGURE 9-3 Lymphatic drainage of lower extremity.
- FIGURE 9-4 Lymphatic drainage of female genital tract.
- FIGURE 9-5 Systems of Deep and Superficial Collecting Ducts, Carrying Lymph from Upper Extremity to Subclavian Lymphatic Trunk. The only peripheral lymph center is the epitrochlear, which receives some of the collecting ducts from the pathway of the ulnar and radial nerves.
- FIGURE 9-6 Six groups of lymph nodes may be distinguished in the axillary fossa.
- FIGURE 9-7 Lymphatic drainage of breast.
- FIGURE 9-8 Lymph nodes involved with the ear.
- FIGURE 9-9 Lymph nodes involved with the tongue.
- FIGURE 9-10 Lymphatic drainage system of head and neck. If the group of nodes is commonly referred to by another name, the second name appears in parentheses.
- FIGURE 9-11 Lymph nodes of neck. Note relationship to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
- Lymphocytes
- Box 9-1 The Lymph Nodes Most Accessible to Inspection and Palpation
- The “Necklace” of Nodes
- The Arms
- The Legs
- Thymus
- Spleen
- FIGURE 9-12 Location of thymus gland and its size relative to the rest of the body. A, During infancy. B, During adult life.
- Tonsils and Adenoids
- Peyer Patches
- Infants and Children
- Clinical Pearl
- Pregnant Women
- FIGURE 9-13 Relative levels of presence and function of the immune factors.
- Older Adults
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Past Medical History
- Risk Factors
- Adolescents and Adults
- Infants and Children
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Infants and Children
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Inspection and Palpation
- Box 9-2 Terms!
- Conditions
- Nodes
- FIGURE 9-14 Some of the accessible lymph nodes.
- Clinical Pearl
- Clinical Pearl
- Clinical Pearl
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Conditions Simulating Lymph Node Enlargement
- Head and Neck
- FIGURE 9-15 The triangles of the neck.
- FIGURE 9-16 Palpable lymph nodes of the head and neck.
- FIGURE 9-17 Palpation of preauricular lymph nodes. Compare the nodes bilaterally.
- FIGURE 9-18 Palpation of posterior cervical nodes. Use the dorsal surfaces (pads) of the fingertips to palpate along the anterior surface of the trapezius muscle and then move slowly in a circular motion toward the posterior surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
- Axillae
- Epitrochlear Lymph Nodes
- FIGURE 9-19 Palpation for supraclavicular lymph nodes. Encourage the patient to relax the musculature of the upper extremities so that the clavicles drop. The examiner’s free hand is used to flex the patient’s head forward to relax the soft tissues of the anterior neck. The fingers are hooked over the clavicle lateral to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
- FIGURE 9-20 Soft tissues of axilla are gently rolled against the chest wall and the muscles surrounding the axilla.
- FIGURE 9-21 Palpation for epitrochlear lymph nodes is performed in the depression above and posterior to the medial condyle of the humerus.
- Clinical Pearl
- Inguinal and Popliteal Lymph Nodes
- FIGURE 9-22 A, Palpation of inferior superficial inguinal (femoral) lymph nodes. B, Palpation of superior inguinal lymph nodes.
- Staying Well
- Spleen
- Infants and Children
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Mumps Versus Cervical Adenitis
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS How to Discover an Immune Deficiency Disease in a Child
- Box 9-3 When Lymphadenopathy Requires Further Investigation
- Clinical Pearl
- Sample Documentation
- Subjective
- Objective
- Abnormalities
- Lymphatic System
- Acute Lymphangitis
- Acute Suppurative Lymphadenitis
- Lymphedema
- FIGURE 9-23 Lymphedema.
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Lymphedema or Edema?
- Table 9-1 Grading of Lymphedema by the International Society of Lymphology Criteria
- Lymphangioma/Cystic Hygroma
- Lymphatic Filariasis (Elephantiasis)
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS When the Body Swells
- Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Hodgkin Lymphoma
- FIGURE 9-24 Hodgkin disease. Note the impressive extent of the enlargement.
- Epstein-Barr Virus Mononucleosis
- Toxoplasmosis
- Roseola Infantum (HHV-6)
- Herpes Simplex (HSV)
- FIGURE 9-25 Herpes simplex.
- Cat Scratch Disease
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
- Serum Sickness (Type III Hypersensitivity Reaction)
- Latex Allergy Type IV Dermatitis (Delayed Hypersensitivity)
- Latex Allergy Type I Reaction
- Chapter 10 Head and Neck
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Physical Examination Preview
- Head and Neck
- Head
- Neck
- Anatomy and Physiology
- FIGURE 10-1 Bones of the skull.
- FIGURE 10-2 Landmarks of the face.
- FIGURE 10-3 Underlying structures of the neck. A, Anterior view. B, Lateral view.
- FIGURE 10-4 Anterior and posterior triangles of the neck.
- Infants
- Children and Adolescents
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Review of Related History
- FIGURE 10-5 Lymphatic drainage system of head and neck. (If the group of nodes is often referred to by a second name, that name appears in parentheses.)
- FIGURE 10-6 Fontanels and sutures on the infant’s skull.
- FIGURE 10-7 Thyroid enlargement in pregnancy. Note the large nodule in the patient’s left lobe. Thyroid size increases in pregnancy in areas of iodine deficiency but not in those with sufficient iodine.
- History of Present Illness
- Past Medical History
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Infants
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Head and Face
- Inspection
- FIGURE 10-8 Cushing syndrome. A, Facies include a rounded or “moon-shaped” face with thin, erythematous skin. B, Side view. Shows upper thoracic fat pad (buffalo hump).
- FIGURE 10-9 Hippocratic facies. Note sunken appearance of the eyes, cheeks, and temporal areas; sharp nose; and dry, rough skin seen in this patient in the terminal stages of throat cancer.
- FIGURE 10-10 Myxedema facies. Note dull, puffy, yellowed skin; coarse, sparse hair; temporal loss of eyebrows; periorbital edema; and prominent tongue.
- FIGURE 10-11 Hyperthyroid facies. Note fine, moist skin with fine hair, prominent eyes and lid retraction, and staring or startled expression.
- FIGURE 10-12 Butterfly rash of systemic lupus erythematosus. Note butterfly-shaped rash over malar surfaces and bridge of nose. Either a blush with swelling or scaly, red, maculopapular lesions may be present.
- FIGURE 10-13 Bell palsy. Left facial palsy (cranial nerve VII). Facies include asymmetry of one side of the face, eyelid not closing completely, drooping lower eyelid and corner of mouth, and loss of nasolabial fold.
- FIGURE 10-14 Early acromegaly. Note the coarsening of features with broadening of the nasal alae and prominence of the zygomatic arches.
- FIGURE 10-15 Pierre-Robin sequence; a triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and palatal clefting. Shows a lateral view with severe micrognathia and cleft palate. Note the small retruded mandible.
- FIGURE 10-16 Down syndrome. Note depressed nasal bridge, epicanthal folds, mongoloid slant of eyes, and low-set ears.
- FIGURE 10-17 Hurler syndrome. Facies includes enlarged skull with low forehead, corneal clouding, and short neck.
- FIGURE 10-18 Hydrocephalus. A, Coronal view with characteristic enlarged head, thinning of the scalp with dilated scalp veins, and bossing of the skull. B, Anteroposterior view demonstrating sclera visible above the iris. In this case, the infant has paresis of upward gaze. This phenomenon is often termed the “sunsetting sign.”
- FIGURE 10-19 Fetal alcohol syndrome. This is one of the most common causes of acquired intellectual disability. Note the poorly formed philtrum; widespread eyes, with inner epicanthal folds and mild ptosis; hirsute forehead; short nose; and relatively thin upper lip.
- FIGURE 10-20 Treacher-Collins syndrome. Note the maxillary hypoplasia, micrognathia, and auricular deformity.
- FIGURE 10-21 Apert syndrome. Note the severe maxillary and midfacial hypoplasia.
- FIGURE 10-22 Crouzon syndrome. Observe the severe maxillary and midfacial hypoplasia with low-set ears.
- FIGURE 10-23 Inspection of the scalp.
- Palpation
- Percussion
- Auscultation
- Neck
- Inspection
- FIGURE 10-24 Auscultation for a temporal bruit.
- Palpation
- FIGURE 10-25 Position of the thumbs to evaluate the midline position of the trachea.
- FIGURE 10-26 Position of the thumb and finger to detect tracheal tugging.
- Lymph Nodes
- Thyroid Gland
- Clinical Pearl
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- FIGURE 10-27 Palpation of the right thyroid lobe and lateral border from in front of the patient.
- Clinical Pearl
- FIGURE 10-28 Palpation of the right thyroid lobe from behind the patient. Displace the trachea to the patient’s right and palpate the right lobe as the patient again swallows.
- Inspection
- Clinical Pearl
- FIGURE 10-29 Caput succedaneum. Significant scalp edema as a result of compression during transit through birth canal. Edema does cross suture lines.
- FIGURE 10-30 Cephalhematoma. Swelling does not cross suture lines.
- Staying Well
- Palpation
- FIGURE 10-31 Molding of the newborn head.
- Transillumination
- FIGURE 10-32 Transillumination of the infant’s scalp.
- Children
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Sample Documentation
- Subjective
- Objective
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Comparison of Various Types of Headaches
- Abnormalities
- Head
- Headaches
- Salivary Gland Tumor
- FIGURE 10-33 Malignant right parotid gland tumor.
- Neck
- Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
- FIGURE 10-34 Thyroglossal duct cyst location.
- Branchial Cleft Cyst
- FIGURE 10-35 Branchial cleft cyst location in relation to other neck masses.
- Torticollis (Wry Neck)
- FIGURE 10-36 Torticollis, or wry neck.
- Thyroid
- Hypothyroidism
- Table 10-1 Hyperthyroidism Versus Hypothyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Myxedema
- Graves Disease
- Hashimoto Disease
- Infants
- Encephalocele
- FIGURE 10-37 Encephalocele.
- Hydrocephalus
- Microcephaly
- FIGURE 10-38 Primary familial microcephaly. The facial features of an infant with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include short palpebral (eye) fissures; a flat nasal bridge; a thin, flat upper lip; a poorly formed groove at the center of the upper lip; and a small head (microcephaly).
- Craniosynostosis
- FIGURE 10-39 A, Vertex view of right-sided deformational plagiocephaly exhibiting a parallelogram head shape. B, Vertex view of right-sided lambdoid craniosynostosis exhibiting a trapezoid-like head shape.
- Chapter 11 Eyes
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Physical Examination Preview
- Eyes
- Anatomy and Physiology
- FIGURE 11-1 Anatomy of the human eye.
- FIGURE 11-2 Extraocular muscles of the eye as viewed from above. A, The oblique muscles. B, The recti muscles (om, oculomotor). The cranial nerves, which innervate the muscles, are listed in Figure 11-22.
- External Eye
- Eyelid
- FIGURE 11-3 Important landmarks of the left external eye.
- Conjunctiva
- Lacrimal Gland
- Eye Muscles
- Internal Eye
- Sclera
- Cornea
- Uvea
- Lens
- Retina
- Infants and Children
- FIGURE 11-4 The optic chiasm.
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Table 11-1 Chronology of Visual Development
- Risk Factors
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Past Medical History
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Infants and Children
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Visual Acuity Testing
- Clinical Pearl
- Clinical Pearl
- FIGURE 11-5 Evaluation of peripheral fields of vision. A, Temporal field. B, Nasal field.
- External Examination
- FIGURE 11-6 Xanthelasma.
- Surrounding Structures
- Eyelids
- FIGURE 11-7 Ptosis, a drooping of the upper eyelid.
- FIGURE 11-8 Ectropion.
- FIGURE 11-9 Entropion. Note that this patient has undergone corneal transplantation.
- FIGURE 11-10 Acute hordeolum of upper eyelid.
- FIGURE 11-11 Blepharitis.
- Palpation
- Conjunctiva
- FIGURE 11-12 Pulling lower eyelid down to inspect the conjunctiva.
- FIGURE 11-13 Everting upper eyelid. A, Placing applicator above the globe. B, Withdrawing the lid from the globe.
- FIGURE 11-14 Erythematous eye from a chemical allergy.
- FIGURE 11-15 Acute purulent conjunctivitis.
- FIGURE 11-16 Subconjunctival hemorrhage.
- Cornea
- FIGURE 11-17 Pterygium.
- FIGURE 11-18 Testing corneal sensitivity.
- FIGURE 11-19 Corneal arcus senilis.
- Iris and Pupil
- FIGURE 11-20 Arcus senilis and pterygium.
- Table 11-2 Descriptions of Various Pupil Abnormalities
- Lens
- Sclera
- Lacrimal Apparatus
- FIGURE 11-21 Senile hyaline plaque.
- Extraocular Muscles
- FIGURE 11-22 Cranial nerves and extraocular muscles associated with the six cardinal fields of gaze.
- Physical Variations
- FIGURE 11-23 Evaluating eye fixation by the cover-uncover test. A, Patient focuses on near object. B, Examiner evaluates movement of covered eye as cover is removed.
- FIGURE 11-24 Strabismus.
- Ophthalmoscopic Examination
- FIGURE 11-25 A, Visualization of the red reflex. B, Examination of the optic fundus.
- Box 11-1 Test for Applying Mydriatics
- Evaluation of depth of anterior chambers. A, Usual anterior chamber. B, Shallow anterior chamber.
- FIGURE 11-26 Retinal structures of the left eye.
- FIGURE 11-27 A, Normal right fundus in a white patient. B, Normal left fundus.
- FIGURE 11-28 Fundus of a black patient.
- Clinical Pearl
- FIGURE 11-29 Method of describing the position and dimension of a lesion in terms of disc diameter. The lesion in this illustration is described as being 2 disc diameters (DD) from the optic disc at the 2 o’clock position. The lesion is DD long and DD wide.
- FIGURE 11-30 Myelinated retinal nerve fibers.
- FIGURE 11-31 Severe papilledema.
- FIGURE 11-32 Marked glaucomatous optic nerve head cupping. Compare the disappearance of blood vessels here with the blood vessels of the optic disc in Figures 11-26 and 11-27.
- Unexpected Findings
- Infants
- Table 11-3 Unexpected Retinal Findings
- FIGURE 11-33 A, Drusen bodies. B, Amsler grid showing visual changes seen caused by fluid leakage under the retina.
- Clinical Pearl
- FIGURE 11-34 A, Hemorrhage at the disc margin. B, Flame hemorrhages.
- FIGURE 11-35 Epicanthal folds.
- Box 11-2 Hypertensive Retinopathy
- FIGURE 11-36 Drawing a line between the two medial canthi and extending it temporally to determine whether a Mongolian or anti-Mongolian slant is present.
- FIGURE 11-37 Swollen eyelids in a newborn.
- Children
- Table 11-4 Pediatric Eye Evaluation Screening Recommendations for Health Care Providers
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Sample Documentation
- Subjective
- Objective
- Abnormalities
- External Eye
- Exophthalmos
- FIGURE 11-38 Thyroid exophthalmos. See also Figure 10-11.
- Episcleritis
- FIGURE 11-39 Episcleritis.
- Band Keratopathy
- FIGURE 11-40 Band keratopathy.
- Corneal Ulcer
- FIGURE 11-41 Corneal ulcer in the lower temporal quadrant of the left cornea stained with rose bengal.
- Extraocular Muscles
- Strabismus
- Internal Eye
- Horner Syndrome
- FIGURE 11-42 Horner syndrome (right eye).
- Cataracts
- FIGURE 11-43 A, Snowflake cataract of diabetes. B, Senile cataract.
- Diabetic Retinopathy (Background or Non-Proliferative)
- FIGURE 11-44 Background diabetic retinopathy. Note flame-shaped and dot-blot hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, and microaneurysms.
- Diabetic Retinopathy (Proliferative)
- FIGURE 11-45 Proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
- Lipemia Retinalis
- FIGURE 11-46 Lipemia retinalis.
- Retinitis Pigmentosa
- FIGURE 11-47 Retinitis pigmentosa. A, Optic atrophy and narrowing of the arterioles. B, Classic “bone spicule” pigmentation in the retinal periphery.
- Glaucoma
- Chorioretinitis (Chorioretinal Inflammation)
- FIGURE 11-48 Patches of chorioretinitis adjacent to the optic disc.
- Visual Fields
- Visual Field Defects
- FIGURE 11-49 Site of lesions causing visual loss. 1, Total blindness left eye. 2, Bitemporal hemianopia. 3, Left homonymous hemianopia.
- FIGURE 11-50 Visual fields corresponding to lesions shown in Figure 11-49. A, Total blindness left eye. B, Bitemporal hemianopia. C, Left homonymous hemianopia.
- Children and Infants
- Retinoblastoma
- FIGURE 11-51 Retinoblastoma.
- Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
- FIGURE 11-52 Retinopathy of prematurity. Changes found in posterior pole of the left eye in the cicatricial (scar forming) stage of the disease with traction on the retina in the posterior pole.
- Retinal Hemorrhages in Infancy
- FIGURE 11-53 Multiple retinal hemorrhages are seen on funduscopic examination of this infant who was a victim of the shaken baby syndrome.
- Older Adult
- Macular Degeneration
- Chapter 12 Ears, Nose, and Throat
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Physical Examination Preview
- Ears
- Nose and Sinuses
- Mouth
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Ears and Hearing
- FIGURE 12-1 Cross section of the external, middle, and inner ear in relation to other structures of the head and face.
- FIGURE 12-2 Anatomy of the ear.
- FIGURE 12-3 Anatomic structures of the auricle. The helix is the prominent outer rim, whereas the antihelix is the area parallel and anterior to the helix. The concha is the deep cavity containing the auditory canal meatus. The tragus is the protuberance lying anterior to the auditory canal meatus, and the antitragus is the protuberance on the antihelix opposite the tragus. The lobule is the soft lobe on the bottom of the auricle.
- FIGURE 12-4 Structural landmarks of the right tympanic membrane in relation to a clock face.
- Nose, Nasopharynx, and Sinuses
- FIGURE 12-5 Anatomic structures of the external nose.
- FIGURE 12-6 Cross-sectional view of the anatomic structures of the nose and nasopharynx.
- FIGURE 12-7 Anterior view of the cranial sinuses. A, Six-year-old child. B, Adult.
- Mouth and Oropharynx
- FIGURE 12-8 Anatomic structures of the oral cavity.
- FIGURE 12-9 Landmarks of the ventral surface of the tongue.
- FIGURE 12-10 A, Dentition of deciduous teeth and their sequence of eruption. B, Dentition of permanent teeth and their sequence of eruption.
- Infants and Children
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Risk Factors: Hearing Loss
- Adults
- Infants and Children
- Risk Factors: Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer
- Past Medical History
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Infants and Children
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination: Detection of Hearing Loss
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Ears and Hearing
- External Ear
- FIGURE 12-11 A, Preauricular skin tag. B, Auricular sinus. C, Darwin tubercle. D, Cauliflower ear. E, Tophi. F, Sebaceous cysts.
- FIGURE 12-12 Assessment of auricle alignment showing expected position. Imaginary line extends from inner eye canthus to occiput.
- Otoscopic Examination
- FIGURE 12-13 To examine the adult’s ear with the otoscope, straighten the external auditory canal by pulling the auricle up and back.
- Physical Variations: Types of Cerumen
- Clinical Pearl: Cleaning an Obstructed Auditory Canal
- FIGURE 12-14 A, Healthy tympanic membrane. B, Tympanic membrane partially obscured by cerumen. C, Bulging tympanic membrane with loss of bony landmarks. D, Perforated tympanic membrane. E, Perforated tympanic membrane that has healed. F, Tympanostomy tube protruding from the right tympanic membrane.
- Table 12-1 Tympanic Membrane Signs and Associated Conditions
- Hearing Evaluation
- Whispered Voice.
- FIGURE 12-15 Weber Test. Touching only the handle, place the base of the tuning fork on the midline of the skull. Avoid touching the vibrating tines.
- Weber and Rinne Tests.
- FIGURE 12-16 Rinne test. A, Place the tuning fork on the mastoid bone for bone conduction. B, To test for air conduction hold the tuning fork 1 to 2 cm ( to 1 inch) from the ear with the tines facing forward.
- Clinical Pearl: Ménière Disease
- Nose, Nasopharynx, and Sinuses
- External Nose
- Table 12-2 Interpretation of Tuning Fork Tests
- Nasal Cavity
- Clinical Pearl: Cocaine Abuse
- FIGURE 12-17 A, Use of the nasal speculum. Avoid touching the nasal septum. B, View of the nasal mucosa through the nasal speculum.
- Sinuses
- FIGURE 12-18 Unexpected findings on nasal examination. A, Nasal polyp (allergic). B, Deviation of the nasal septum.
- FIGURE 12-19 Transillumination of the sinuses: placement of the light source and expected area of transillumination. A, For the maxillary sinus. B, For the frontal sinus.
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination: Predictors of Sinusitis
- Mouth and Oropharynx
- Lips
- Buccal Mucosa, Teeth, and Gums
- FIGURE 12-20 Unexpected findings on the lips. A, Angular cheilitis. B, Actinic cheilitis. C, Angioedema. D, Herpes simplex lesions (cold sores). E, Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. F, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
- FIGURE 12-21 A, Class I malocclusion. B, Class III malocclusion.
- Table 12-3 Classification of Malocclusion
- Physical Variations: Buccal Mucosa, Teeth, and Gums
- FIGURE 12-22 Findings on the buccal mucosa. A, Fordyce spots. B, Patchy coloration of mucous membranes in individual of dark skin color. C, Aphthous ulcer. D, Leukoplakia.
- FIGURE 12-23 Unexpected findings of the gingiva. A, Plasma cell gingivitis. B, Phenytoin-related hyperplasia of the gingival.
- Oral Cavity
- FIGURE 12-24 Findings on the tongue and mouth floor. A, Left hypoglossal paralysis. The tongue deviates to the weak side. Note atrophy on the tongue’s right side. B, Geographic tongue. C, Glossitis, smooth tongue resulting from vitamin deficiency. D, Black hairy tongue. E, Ranula (obstructed sublingual salivary gland). F, Primary gingivostomatitis showing lesions on the tongue.
- FIGURE 12-25 Inspection of lateral borders of the tongue.
- Staying Well: Screening for Oral Cancer
- Physical Variations: Mandible and Uvula
- Table 12-4 Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection
- FIGURE 12-26 Oral Kaposi sarcoma. A, Moderately advanced. B, Advanced lesion.
- FIGURE 12-27 A, Torus palatinus. B, Bifid uvula.
- Oropharynx
- Clinical Pearl: Use of a Tongue Blade
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination: Predictors of Streptococcal Pharyngitis
- FIGURE 12-28 Findings of the oropharynx. A, Tonsillitis and pharyngitis. B, Acute viral pharyngitis. C, Postnasal drip.
- Infants
- Ears.
- Nose and Sinuses.
- Table 12-5 The Sequence of Expected Hearing and Speech Response
- Mouth.
- Physical Variations: Cleft Lip and Palate
- FIGURE 12-29 Findings in the infant’s mouth. A, Candidiasis infection (thrush). B, Natal teeth. C, Short frenulum. D, Macroglossia. E, Epstein pearls.
- Children
- Ears.
- FIGURE 12-30 Positioning of toddler for oral examination. A, Sitting position. B, Supine position.
- FIGURE 12-31 Tympanometer wave pattern associated with middle ear conditions.
- Physical Variations: Acute Otitis Media
- Nose and Sinuses.
- Mouth.
- FIGURE 12-32 Early childhood caries.
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Ears and Hearing.
- Nose.
- Functional Assessment: Ears, Nose, and Throat
- Mouth.
- FIGURE 12-33 Enlarged tonsils are graded to describe their size: A, 1+, visible; B, 2+, halfway between tonsillar pillars and the uvula; C, 3+, nearly touching the uvula; D, 4+, touching each other.
- FIGURE 12-34 Common findings in the older adult’s mouth. A, Fissured tongue. B, Varicose veins on tongue. C, Attrition of teeth and resorption of gums.
- Sample Documentation: History and Physical Examination
- Subjective
- Objective
- Abnormalities
- Ear
- Otitis Media with Effusion and Acute Otitis Media
- FIGURE 12-35 Otitis media with effusion. A, The middle ear filled with serous fluid; note the bulging appearance and distorted light reflex. B, Air-fluid levels in upper middle ear. C, Acute otitis media. Note the red bulging tympanic membrane with obscured bony landmarks and distorted light reflex.
- Otitis Externa
- FIGURE 12-36 Otitis externa. The inflammation in the auditory canal often extends with inflammation of the pinna.
- Differential DIAGNOSIS Otitis Externa, Otitis Media with Effusion, and Acute Otitis Media
- Cholesteatoma
- FIGURE 12-37 Cholesteatoma.
- Hearing Loss
- Conductive Hearing Loss
- Sensorineural Hearing Loss
- Ménière Disease (Endolymphatic Hydrops)
- Vertigo
- Sinuses
- Sinusitis
- Mouth and Oropharynx
- Acute Pharyngitis
- FIGURE 12-38 Tonsillitis and pharyngitis. Notice the erythema and exudate in crypts of the tonsils.
- Peritonsillar Abscess
- FIGURE 12-39 Swelling of peritonsillar abscess.
- Retropharyngeal Abscess
- FIGURE 12-40 Retropharyngeal abscess. Note the reduced airway size next to the epiglottis.
- Oral Cancer
- FIGURE 12-41 Squamous cell cancer on the tongue.
- Periodontal Disease
- Cleft Lip and Palate
- FIGURE 12-42 Unilateral cleft lip and palate.
- Chapter 13 Chest and Lungs
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Physical Examination Preview
- FIGURE 13-1 The bony structures of the chest form a protective expandable cage around the lungs and heart. A, Anterior view. B, Posterior view.
- FIGURE 13-2 Chest cavity and related anatomic structures.
- FIGURE 13-3 Muscles of ventilation. A, Anterior view. B, Posterior view.
- FIGURE 13-4 The Lobes of the lungs.
- Box 13-1 Visualizing the Lungs from the Surface
- Anteriorly
- Posteriorly
- Right Lateral
- Left Lateral
- Anatomic Landmarks
- Infants and Children
- FIGURE 13-5 Pulmonary circulation.
- FIGURE 13-6 Topographic landmarks of the chest.
- Clinical Pearl: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- FIGURE 13-7 Chest of healthy infant. Note that the anteroposterior diameter is approximately the same as the lateral diameter.
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Coughs
- Staying Well: Discuss Cigarette Use
- Dry or Moist.
- Onset.
- Frequency of Occurrence.
- Regularity.
- Pitch and Loudness.
- Postural Influences.
- Quality.
- Sputum
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Some Causes of Sputum
- Box 13-2 Descriptors of Respiration
- Past Medical History
- Clinical Pearl: Chest Pain
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Clinical Pearl: Pain from Cocaine
- Infants and Children
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Equipment
- Clinical Pearl: The Sequence of Steps
- Examination and Findings
- Inspection
- Observing Respiration
- FIGURE 13-8 Thorax of healthy adult male. Note that the anteroposterior diameter is less than the lateral diameter.
- FIGURE 13-9 Barrel chest. Note increase in the anteroposterior diameter.
- Risk Factors: Respiratory Disability: Barriers to Competent Function
- Box 13-3 Thoracic Landmarks
- FIGURE 13-10 Thoracic landmarks. A, Anterior thorax. B, Right lateral thorax. C, Posterior thorax.
- FIGURE 13-11 Rib cage. A, Anterior view. B, Posterior view.
- FIGURE 13-12 A, Pectus excavatum. B, Pectus carinatum.
- Box 13-4 Influences on the Rate and Depth of Breathing
- FIGURE 13-13 Patterns of respiration. The horizontal axis indicates the relative rates of these patterns. The vertical swings of the lines indicate the relative depth of respiration.
- Looking for Clues at the Periphery
- Palpation
- Box 13-5 Apnea
- FIGURE 13-14 Palpating thoracic expansion. The thumbs are at the level of the tenth rib.
- Box 13-6 Is the Airway Patent or Obstructed?
- Tactile Fremitus
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination: Is There a Pleural Effusion?
- FIGURE 13-15 Two methods for evaluating tactile fremitus. A, With palmar surface of both hands. B, With ulnar aspect.
- Examining the Trachea
- Clinical Pearl: Clue to a Mediastinal Mass
- FIGURE 13-16 Palpating to evaluate midline position of the trachea.
- Percussion
- Table 13-1 Percussion Tones Heard over the Chest
- FIGURE 13-17 Percussion tones throughout chest. A, Anterior view. B, Posterior view.
- Box 13-7 Bad Breath: a Possible Sign of Infection
- Smell the Breath
- Diaphragmatic Excursion
- FIGURE 13-18 A, Direct percussion using ulnar aspect of fist. B, Indirect percussion.
- FIGURE 13-19 Suggested sequence for systematic percussion and auscultation of the thorax. A, Posterior thorax. B, Right lateral thorax. C, Left lateral thorax. D, Anterior thorax. The pleximeter finger or the stethoscope is moved in the numeric sequence suggested; however, other sequences are possible. It is beneficial to be systematic.
- FIGURE 13-20 Measuring diaphragmatic excursion. Excursion distance is usually 3 to 5 cm.
- Auscultation
- Clinical Pearl: Congestive Heart Failure
- FIGURE 13-21 Auscultation with a stethoscope.
- Breath Sounds
- Clinical Pearl: Sickle Cell Disease
- FIGURE 13-22 Expected auscultatory sounds. A, Anterior view. B, Posterior view.
- Table 13-2 Characteristics of Normal Breath Sounds
- FIGURE 13-23 Schema of breath sounds in the ill and well patient.
- Box 13-8 Adventitious Breath Sounds
- Crackles.
- Rhonchi.
- Wheezes.
- Other Sounds.
- Vocal Resonance
- Clinical Pearl: Vocal Resonance
- Infants
- Box 13-9 Summary of Expected Findings of the Chest and Lungs
- Table 13-3 Infant Evaluation at Birth: Apgar Scoring System
- FIGURE 13-24 Diaphragmatic hernia.
- Clinical Pearl: The Sobbing Baby
- Children
- Box 13-10 Assessment of Respiratory Distress
- Clinical Pearl: Foreign Body
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Sample Documentation: History and Physical Examination
- Subjective
- Objective
- FIGURE 13-25 Pronounced dorsal curvature in older adult.
- Abnormalities
- Table 13-4 Physical Findings Associated with Common Respiratory Conditions*
- Asthma (Reactive Airway Disease)
- Atelectasis
- FIGURE 13-26 Atelectasis.
- Bronchitis
- FIGURE 13-27 Acute bronchitis.
- Pleurisy
- FIGURE 13-28 Pleurisy.
- Pleural Effusion
- FIGURE 13-29 Pleural effusion.
- Empyema
- FIGURE 13-30 Empyema.
- Lung Abscess
- FIGURE 13-31 Lung abscess.
- Pneumonia
- FIGURE 13-32 Lobar pneumonia and lobular or bronchopneumonia.
- Influenza
- FIGURE 13-33 Influenza.
- Tuberculosis
- FIGURE 13-34 Tuberculosis.
- Pneumothorax
- FIGURE 13-35 Pneumothorax.
- Hemothorax
- FIGURE 13-36 Hemothorax.
- Lung Cancer
- FIGURE 13-37 Cancer of the lung. A, Squamous (epidermoid) cell carcinoma. B, Small cell (oat cell) carcinoma. C, Adenocarcinoma. D, Large cell carcinoma.
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Infants, Children, and Adolescents
- Diaphragmatic Hernia
- Cystic Fibrosis
- FIGURE 13-38 Cystic fibrosis.
- Epiglottitis
- FIGURE 13-39 Croup syndrome. A, Acute epiglottitis. B, Laryngotracheobronchitis.
- Croup (Laryngotracheal Bronchitis)
- Tracheomalacia
- Bronchiolitis
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Emphysema
- FIGURE 13-40 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with lobar emphysema.
- Bronchiectasis
- FIGURE 13-41 Bronchiectasis.
- Chronic Bronchitis
- Chapter 14 Heart
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Physical Examination Preview
- Heart
- Anatomy and Physiology
- FIGURE 14-1 Frontal section of the heart.
- Structure
- FIGURE 14-2 Heart within the pericardium.
- FIGURE 14-3 Cross section of the cardiac muscle.
- FIGURE 14-4 Views of the heart. A, Anterior. B, Posterior.
- FIGURE 14-5 Anterior cross section showing the valves and chambers of the heart.
- FIGURE 14-6 Blood flow through the heart. A, Systole. B, Diastole.
- Clinical Pearl
- Order of Valves
- Cardiac Cycle
- FIGURE 14-7 Events of the cardiac cycle, showing venous pressure waves, ECG (the graphic representing the electrical activity during the cardiac cycle), and heart sounds in systole and diastole. PCG, Phonocardiogram.
- Electrical Activity
- FIGURE 14-8 Cardiac conduction.
- FIGURE 14-9 Usual electrocardiogram waveform.
- Infants and Children
- FIGURE 14-10 Anatomy of the fetal heart.
- Pregnant Women
- FIGURE 14-11 Fetal circulation. A, In utero. B, After delivery.
- Table 14-1 Hemodynamic Changes during Pregnancy
- Older Adults
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Box 14-1 Chest Pain
- Some Possible Causes of Chest Pain
- Cardiac
- Aortic
- Pleuropericardial Pain
- Gastrointestinal Disease
- Pulmonary Disease
- Musculoskeletal
- Psychoneurotic
- Box 14-2 Characteristics of Chest Pain
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Comparison of Some Types of Chest Pain
- Past Medical History
- Risk Factors
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Box 14-3 Exercise Intensity
- Infants
- Children
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Staying Well
- Inspection
- FIGURE 14-12 Sequence for palpation of the precordium. A, Apex. B, Left sternal border. C, Base.
- Palpation
- FIGURE 14-13 Palpation of the apical pulse.
- Box 14-4 The Thrill of Heart Examination
- Percussion
- FIGURE 14-14 Palpation of the carotid artery to time events felt over the precordium.
- Auscultation
- FIGURE 14-15 Areas for auscultation of the heart.
- Clinical Pearl
- Heart Sounds
- Basic Heart Sounds
- S1 and S2.
- Box 14-5 Procedure for Auscultating the Heart
- FIGURE 14-16 Auscultation positions.
- Splitting.
- Table 14-2 Intensity of Heart Sounds According to Auscultatory Area
- Box 14-6 S1 Intensity: Diagnostic Clues
- FIGURE 14-17 Heart sounds.
- Box 14-7 S2 Intensity: Diagnostic Clues
- Box 14-8 Unexpected Splitting of Heart Sounds
- Wide Splitting
- Fixed Splitting
- Paradoxical (Reversed) Splitting
- FIGURE 14-18 Variations in splitting of S2.
- S3 and S4.
- Extra Heart Sounds
- FIGURE 14-19 Assessment of heart sounds. LICS, Left intercostal space; RICS, right intercostal space.
- Clinical Pearl
- Heart Sounds After Surgical Procedures
- Heart Murmurs
- Table 14-3 Extra Heart Sounds
- Table 14-4 Characterization of Heart Murmurs
- FIGURE 14-20 Valvular heart disease.
- Table 14-5 Heart Murmurs
- Box 14-9 Are Some Murmurs Innocent?
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Comparison of Systolic Murmurs
- Rhythm Disturbance
- Infants
- Clinical Pearl
- The Infant Heart and Liver
- Children
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Sample Documentation
- Subjective
- Objective
- Abnormalities
- Heart
- Angina
- Bacterial Endocarditis
- FIGURE 14-21 Bacterial endocarditis.
- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)—Left-Sided
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)—Right-Sided
- Pericarditis
- FIGURE 14-22 Pericarditis.
- Cardiac Tamponade
- FIGURE 14-23 Hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade.
- Cor Pulmonale
- FIGURE 14-24 Cor pulmonale. Notice extensive pulmonary emphysema and right ventricular hypertrophy.
- Myocardial Infarction
- Myocarditis
- Abnormalities in Heart Rate and Rhythm
- Conduction Disturbances
- Sick Sinus Syndrome
- Table 14-6 Abnormalities in Rates and Rhythms
- Infants and Children
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- FIGURE 14-25 Tetralogy of Fallot.
- Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
- FIGURE 14-26 Ventricular septal defect.
- Patent Ductus Arteriosus
- FIGURE 14-27 Patent ductus arteriosus.
- Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
- FIGURE 14-28 Atrial septal defect.
- Acute Rheumatic Fever
- Box 14-10 Jones Criteria for Diagnosis of Rheumatic Fever
- Supporting Evidence of Streptococcal Infection
- Older Adults
- Atherosclerotic Heart Disease (Atherosclerosis, Coronary Heart Disease)
- Mitral Insufficiency, Regurgitation
- Senile Cardiac Amyloidosis
- Chapter 15 Blood Vessels
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Physical Examination Preview
- Blood Vessels
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Blood Circulation
- FIGURE 15-1 Anatomic location of the great vessels and their relationship to the heart valves.
- FIGURE 15-2 Circulatory system.
- FIGURE 15-3 Systemic circulation. A, Arteries. B, Veins.
- Arterial Pulse and Pressure
- FIGURE 15-4 Structure of arteries and veins. Note the relative thickness of the arterial wall.
- Jugular Venous Pulse and Pressure
- Infants and Children
- FIGURE 15-5 Diagram of usual pulse.
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- FIGURE 15-6 Inspection of jugular venous pressure.
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Past Medical History
- FIGURE 15-7 Expected venous pulsations.
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Staying Well
- Infants and Children
- Pregnant Women
- Risk Factors
- Older Adults
- Risk Factors
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Peripheral Arteries
- Palpation
- FIGURE 15-8 Palpation of arterial pulses. A, Carotid. B, Brachial. C, Radial. D, Femoral. E, Popliteal. F, Dorsalis pedis. G, Posterior tibial.
- Clinical Pearl
- Carotid Palpation
- Box 15-1 The Allen Test
- Auscultation
- Assessment for Peripheral Arterial Disease
- FIGURE 15-9 Pulse abnormalities.
- FIGURE 15-10 Auscultation for bruits in the carotid artery.
- Box 15-2 Listening to the Neck
- Venous Hum
- Carotid Artery Bruits
- Box 15-3 Capillary Refill Time
- Peripheral Veins
- Jugular Venous Pressure
- FIGURE 15-11 Measuring jugular venous pressure.
- Table 15-1 Comparison of the Jugular and Carotid Pulse Waves
- Hepatojugular Reflux
- Evaluation of Hand Veins
- Assessment for Venous Obstruction and Insufficiency
- Thrombosis.
- FIGURE 15-12 Evaluation of hand veins. A, Engorged veins in dependent hand. B, Collapsed veins in elevated hand.
- FIGURE 15-13 Assessing for pitting edema.
- Clinical Pearl
- Calf Pain
- Homan Sign.
- Edema.
- Clinical Pearl
- Edema
- Varicose Veins.
- Infants
- Children
- FIGURE 15-14 Auscultation for venous hum.
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Sample Documentation
- Subjective
- Objective
- Abnormalities
- Blood Vessels
- Vessel Disorders
- Temporal Arteritis (Giant Cell Arteritis)
- Arterial Aneurysm
- FIGURE 15-15 Aortic aneurysm.
- Arteriovenous Fistula
- Peripheral Arterial Disease
- Raynaud Phenomenon
- FIGURE 15-16 Raynaud phenomenon.
- Arterial Embolic Disease
- FIGURE 15-17 Embolic phenomenon.
- Venous Thrombosis
- Jugular Venous Pressure Disorder
- Tricuspid Regurgitation
- FIGURE 15-18 Diagram of pulsation in tricuspid regurgitation.
- Children
- Coarctation of the Aorta
- FIGURE 15-19 Coarctation of the aorta.
- Kawasaki Disease
- FIGURE 15-20 Strawberry tongue.
- Pregnant Women
- Preeclampsia-Eclampsia
- Older Adults
- Venous Ulcers
- FIGURE 15-21 Venous stasis ulcer.
- Chapter 16 Breasts and Axillae
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Physical Examination Preview
- Breasts and Axillae
- Females
- Males
- Anatomy and Physiology
- FIGURE 16-1 Anatomy of the breast showing position and major structures.
- FIGURE 16-2 Quadrants of the left breast and axillary tail of Spence.
- Table 16-1 Patterns of Lymph Drainage
- Children and Adolescents
- Physical Variations
- Breast Development
- FIGURE 16-3 Lymphatic drainage of the breast. Nodes in bold notation are accessible to palpation.
- Pregnant Women
- Lactating Women
- Older Adults
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Past Medical History
- Box 16-1 Screening Recommendations for Breast Cancer
- Summary of Recommendations
- CBE
- Mammogram
- MRI
- Breast Self-Awareness
- Risk Factors
- Nonmodifiable Factors
- Modifiable/Lifestyle Factors
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Staying Well
- Pregnant Women
- Lactating Women
- Older Adults
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Inspection
- Breasts
- FIGURE 16-4 Variations in breast size and contour. A, Conical. B, Convex. C, Pendulous. D, Large pendulous. E, Right larger than left.
- Nipples and Areolae
- FIGURE 16-5 Peau d’orange appearance from edema.
- FIGURE 16-6 Montgomery tubercles. A, Light-skinned woman. B, Dark-skinned woman.
- FIGURE 16-7 A, Left nipple inverted; right nipple everted. B, Close-up of nipple inversion.
- FIGURE 16-8 Nipple retraction laterally and swelling behind right nipple in Asian woman with breast cancer.
- Reinspection in Varied Positions
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- CBE
- Mammography
- MRI
- FIGURE 16-9 Variations in color of areola. A, Pink. B, Brown. C, Black.
- Palpation
- FIGURE 16-10 Supernumerary nipples and tissue may arise along the “milk line,” an embryonic ridge.
- FIGURE 16-11 A, Supernumerary nipple without glandular tissue. B, Supernumerary breast and nipple on left side and supernumerary nipple alone on right side.
- FIGURE 16-12 Inspect the breasts in the following positions. A, Arms extended overhead. B, Hands pressed against hips. C, Pressing hands together (an alternative way to flex the pectoral muscles). D, Leaning forward from the waist.
- FIGURE 16-13 Chest wall sweep. With the palm of your hand, sweep from the clavicle to the nipple, covering the area from the sternum to the midaxillary line.
- FIGURE 16-14 Bimanual digital palpation. Walk your fingers across the breast tissue, compressing it between your fingers and the palmar surface of your other hand.
- Patient in Seated Position
- Chest Wall Sweep.
- Bimanual Digital Palpation.
- Lymph Node Palpation.
- FIGURE 16-15 Palpation of the axilla for lymph nodes.
- Patient in Supine Position
- Box 16-2 Documenting Breast Masses
- FIGURE 16-16 Supine position for palpation.
- FIGURE 16-17 Various methods for palpation of the breast. A, Palpate from top to bottom in vertical strips. B, Palpate in concentric circles. C, Palpate out from the center in wedge sections.
- FIGURE 16-18 A, Palpating for consistency of a breast lesion. B, Palpating for delineation of borders of breast mass. C, Palpating for mobility of breast mass.
- FIGURE 16-19 A, Clinical signs of cancer. B, Nipple retraction and dimpling of skin.
- FIGURE 16-20 Depressing nipple inward into well behind the areola.
- Staying Well
- FIGURE 16-21 Types of nipple discharge. A, Milky discharge. B, Multicolored sticky discharge. C, Purulent discharge. D, Watery discharge. E, Serous discharge. F, Serosanguineous discharge.
- Clinical Pearl
- Females.
- Males.
- Infants
- Children and Adolescents
- Box 16-3 Examining the Patient Who Has Had a Mastectomy
- FIGURE 16-22 Breast changes in pregnancy. A, Note venous network, darkened areolae and nipples, and vascular spider. B, Increased pigmentation and the development of raised sebaceous glands known as Montgomery tubercles. C, Marked pigmentation in woman with dark skin.
- Pregnant Women
- Lactating Women
- Older Adults
- Sample Documentation
- Subjective
- Objective
- Abnormalities
- Breasts
- Breast Lumps
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Signs and Symptoms of Breast Masses
- Fibrocystic Changes
- Fibroadenoma
- Malignant Breast Tumors
- FIGURE 16-23 A, Patient with lump and nipple retraction in left breast. B, Patient with altered nipple height resulting from breast cancer in left breast.
- Fat Necrosis
- FIGURE 16-24 Fat necrosis presenting as a hard mass in the breast following an episode of trauma sufficient to cause bruising.
- Nipples and Areolae
- Intraductal Papillomas and Papillomatosis
- Duct Ectasia
- Galactorrhea
- FIGURE 16-25 Galactorrhea produced by a prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor.
- Paget Disease
- FIGURE 16-26 Paget disease.
- Mastitis
- FIGURE 16-27 Mastitis.
- Gynecomastia
- FIGURE 16-28 Adult gynecomastia.
- FIGURE 16-29 Prepubertal gynecomastia, small and subareolar.
- Children
- Premature Thelarche
- Chapter 17 Abdomen
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Physical Examination Preview
- Abdomen
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Alimentary Tract
- FIGURE 17-1 Anatomic structures of the abdominal cavity.
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
- Spleen
- Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder
- Musculature and Connective Tissues
- Vasculature
- Infants
- Pregnant Women
- FIGURE 17-2 Linea nigra in the third trimester of pregnancy.
- Older Adults
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Risk Factors
- Past Medical History
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Infants
- Children
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Risk Factors
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Preparation
- FIGURE 17-3 Four quadrants of the abdomen.
- FIGURE 17-4 Nine regions of the abdomen. 1, Epigastric; 2, umbilical; 3, hypogastric; 4 and 5, right and left hypochondriac; 6 and 7, right and left lumbar; 8 and 9, right and left inguinal.
- FIGURE 17-5 Landmarks of the abdomen.
- Inspection
- Surface Characteristics
- Box 17-1 Landmarks for Abdominal Examination
- Anatomic Correlates of the Four Quadrants of the Abdomen
- Anatomic Correlates of the Nine Regions of the Abdomen
- Clinical Pearl
- Contour
- Clinical Pearl
- FIGURE 17-6 Abdominal venous patterns. A, Expected. B, Portal hypertension. C, Inferior vena cava obstruction.
- Movement
- Auscultation
- Bowel Sounds
- Additional Sounds and Bruits
- Percussion
- Liver Span
- FIGURE 17-7 Sites to auscultate for bruits: renal arteries, iliac arteries, aorta, and femoral arteries.
- Table 17-1 Percussion Notes of the Abdomen
- FIGURE 17-8 Liver percussion routes along midclavicular and midsternal lines.
- Clinical Pearl
- FIGURE 17-9 Percussion of the spleen.
- Spleen
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Gastric Bubble
- Kidneys
- Palpation
- Light Palpation
- Moderate Palpation
- FIGURE 17-10 Fist percussion of the costovertebral angle for kidney tenderness. A, Indirect percussion. B, Direct percussion.
- Box 17-2 Examining the Abdomen in a Ticklish Patient
- FIGURE 17-11 Light palpation of the abdomen. With fingers extended and approximated, press in no more than 1 cm.
- FIGURE 17-12 Moderate palpation using the side of the hand.
- Deep Palpation
- Masses
- FIGURE 17-13 Deep palpation of the abdomen. Press deeply and evenly with the palmar surface of extended fingers.
- FIGURE 17-14 Deep bimanual palpation.
- Umbilical Ring
- Palpation of Specific Organs and Structures
- Liver.
- FIGURE 17-15 Abdominal structures commonly felt as masses.
- FIGURE 17-16 Palpating the liver. A, Fingers are extended, with tips on right midclavicular line below the level of liver dullness and pointing toward the head. B, Alternative method for liver palpation with the fingers parallel to the costal margin.
- FIGURE 17-17 Palpating the liver with fingers hooked over the costal margin.
- Liver: Alternative Techniques.
- Gallbladder.
- FIGURE 17-18 Scratch technique for auscultating the liver. With the stethoscope over the liver, lightly scratch the abdominal surface, moving toward the liver. The sound will be intensified over the liver.
- Spleen.
- FIGURE 17-19 Palpating the spleen. A, Press upward with the left hand at the patient’s left costovertebral angle. Feel for the spleen with the right hand below the left costal margin. B, Palpating the spleen with the patient lying on the side. Press inward with the left hand and tips of the right fingers.
- Box 17-3 An Enlarged Spleen or an Enlarged Left Kidney?
- Left Kidney.
- FIGURE 17-20 Palpating the left kidney. Elevate the left flank with the left hand. Palpate deeply with the right hand.
- FIGURE 17-21 Capture technique for palpating the kidney (left kidney palpation shown). As the patient takes a deep breath, press the fingers of both hands together. As the patient exhales, slowly release the pressure and feel for the kidney to slip between the fingers.
- FIGURE 17-22 Palpating the aorta. Place the thumb on one side of the aorta and the fingers on the other side.
- Right Kidney.
- Aorta.
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Urinary Bladder.
- Advanced Skills
- Ascites Assessment
- Shifting Dullness.
- Fluid Wave.
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Pain Assessment
- FIGURE 17-23 Testing for shifting dullness. Dullness shifts to the dependent side.
- FIGURE 17-24 Testing for fluid wave. Strike one side of the abdomen sharply with the fingertips. Feel for the impulse of a fluid wave with the other hand.
- Box 17-4 Clues in Diagnosing Abdominal Pain
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Table 17-2 Conditions Producing Acute Abdominal Pain
- Table 17-3 Conditions Producing Chronic Abdominal Pain
- Table 17-4 Quality and Onset of Abdominal Pain
- Abdominal Signs
- Rebound Tenderness
- Box 17-5 Some Causes of Pain Perceived in Anatomic Regions
- Box 17-6 Findings in Peritoneal Irritation
- Table 17-5 Abdominal Signs Associated with Common Abdominal Conditions
- FIGURE 17-25 Testing for rebound tenderness. A, Press deeply and gently into the abdomen. B, Then rapidly withdraw the hands and fingers.
- Clinical Pearl
- Iliopsoas Muscle Test
- FIGURE 17-26 Iliopsoas muscle test. A, The patient raises the leg from the hip while the examiner pushes downward against it. B, Alternate technique. The examiner hyperextends the right leg by drawing it backward while the patient lies on the left side.
- Obturator Muscle Test
- Ballottement
- FIGURE 17-27 Obturator muscle test. With the right leg flexed at the hip and knee, rotate the leg laterally and medially.
- Infants and Children
- Inspection
- FIGURE 17-28 Ballottement technique. A, Single-handed ballottement. Push inward at a 90-degree angle. If the object is freely movable, it will float upward to touch the fingertips. B, Bimanual ballottement: P, pushing; R, receiving hand.
- FIGURE 17-29 Positioning for examination of the infant’s abdomen.
- FIGURE 17-30 Positioning for examination of a toddler in a parent’s lap.
- FIGURE 17-31 Umbilical hernia in an infant.
- Clinical Pearl
- Auscultation and Percussion
- Palpation
- Clinical Pearl
- Clinical Pearl
- Liver Palpation
- Deep Palpation
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Abdominal Masses in Infants and Children
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Causes of Acute Abdominal Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents
- Adolescents
- FIGURE 17-32 Potbellied stance of a toddler.
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Clinical Pearl
- Sample Documentation
- Subjective
- Objective
- Abnormalities
- Abdomen
- Alimentary Tract
- Acute Diarrhea
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Staying Well
- Hiatal Hernia with Esophagitis
- Duodenal Ulcer (Duodenal Peptic Ulcer Disease)
- Crohn Disease
- FIGURE 17-33 Crohn disease showing a perianal abscess, raised and erythematous lesion, above a small scar from a prior incision and drainage procedure.
- FIGURE 17-34 Crohn disease. Note a scar from a previous incision and drainage. Perianal skin tags are common in Crohn disease and a good clue to diagnosis.
- Ulcerative Colitis
- FIGURE 17-35 Ulcerative colitis showing severe mucosal edema and inflammation with ulcerations and bleeding.
- Stomach Cancer
- Diverticular Disease
- FIGURE 17-36 Diverticulosis (diverticulitis).
- Colon Cancer (Colorectal Cancer)
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Which to Recommend?
- Hepatobiliary System
- Hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
- FIGURE 17-37 Marked ascites and an umbilical hernia, which had ruptured a few days before the photograph, in a patient with cirrhosis and portal hypertension secondary to hepatitis C.
- Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Cholelithiasis
- Cholecystitis
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
- Pancreas
- Acute Pancreatitis
- Chronic Pancreatitis
- Spleen
- Spleen Laceration/Rupture
- Kidney
- Acute Glomerulonephritis
- Hydronephrosis
- Pyelonephritis
- Renal Abscess
- Renal Calculi
- Acute Renal Failure
- Infants
- Intussusception
- FIGURE 17-38 Jejunojejunal intussusception in an adult patient.
- Pyloric Stenosis
- FIGURE 17-39 Epigastric distention and a visible wave of peristalsis in an infant with pyloric stenosis.
- Meconium Ileus
- Biliary Atresia
- FIGURE 17-40 Child with biliary atresia and cirrhosis with prominent abdominal veins.
- Meckel Diverticulum
- FIGURE 17-41 Meckel diverticulum.
- Necrotizing Enterocolitis
- Children
- Neuroblastoma
- Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
- FIGURE 17-42 Wilms tumor. Large left-sided flank mass seen on visual inspection.
- Hirschsprung Disease (Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon)
- Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
- Older Adults
- Fecal Incontinence
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Urinary Incontinence
- Chapter 18 Female Genitalia
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Physical Examination Preview
- External Genitalia
- Internal Genitalia Speculum Examination
- Bimanual Examination
- Rectovaginal Examination
- Anatomy and Physiology
- External Genitalia
- FIGURE 18-1 External female genitalia.
- FIGURE 18-2 Musculature of the perineum.
- FIGURE 18-3 Midsagittal view of the female pelvic organs.
- Internal Genitalia
- FIGURE 18-4 Cross-sectional view of internal female genitalia and pelvic contents.
- FIGURE 18-5 Comparative sizes of uteri at various stages of development. A, Prepubertal. B, Adult nulliparous. C, Adult multiparous. D, Lateral view, adult multiparous. The fractions give the relative proportion of the size of the corpus and the cervix.
- Bony Pelvis
- FIGURE 18-6 Female menstrual cycle. Diagram shows the interrelationship of the cerebral, hypothalamic, pituitary, and uterine functions throughout a standard 28-day menstrual cycle.
- Table 18-1 The Menstrual Cycle
- FIGURE 18-7 Adult female pelvis. A, Anterior view. The three embryonic parts of the left innominate bone are lightly shaded. B, External view of right innominate bone (fused).
- FIGURE 18-8 Female pelvis. A, Cavity of the false pelvis is a shallow basin above the inlet; the true pelvis is a deeper cavity below the inlet. B, Cavity of the true pelvis is an irregularly curved canal (arrows).
- Infants and Children
- Adolescents
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- FIGURE 18-9 Comparison of vulva and cervix in a nullipara (A) and a multipara (B) woman at the same stage of pregnancy.
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Box 18-1 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: Terminology
- Past Medical History
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Risk Factors
- Risk Factors
- Risk Factors
- Staying Well
- Infants and Children
- Box 18-2 Evaluation of Masturbation in Children
- Adolescents
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Preparation
- Clinical Pearl
- Positioning
- Draping and Gloving
- FIGURE 18-10 Draped patient in dorsal lithotomy position.
- Clinical Pearl
- External Examination
- Inspection and Palpation
- Labia Majora
- FIGURE 18-11 Separation of the labia.
- FIGURE 18-12 Normal vulva with finely textured papular sebaceous glands on the inner labia majora and labia minora.
- Labia Minora
- Clitoris
- FIGURE 18-13 Urethral caruncle, a red fleshy lesion at the urethral meatus.
- Urethral Orifice
- Vaginal Introitus
- Skene and Bartholin Glands
- FIGURE 18-14 Palpation of Skene glands.
- FIGURE 18-15 Palpation of Bartholin glands.
- Muscle Tone
- Perineum
- FIGURE 18-16 Palpating the perineum.
- Anus
- Internal Examination
- Preparation
- Insertion of Speculum
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Cervix
- Color.
- Position.
- Surface Characteristics.
- Discharge.
- Size and Shape.
- FIGURE 18-17 Examination of the internal genitalia with a speculum. Begin by inserting a finger and applying downward pressure to relax the vaginal muscles. A, Gently insert the closed speculum blades into the vagina. B, Direct the speculum along the path of least resistance. C, Insert the speculum the length of the vaginal canal. D, Speculum is in place, locked, and stabilized. Note cervix in full view.
- FIGURE 18-18 Normal cervix. The squamocolumnar junction and lower part of the endocervical canal are seen.
- FIGURE 18-19 Polyp protruding through the cervical os.
- FIGURE 18-20 Common appearances of the cervix. A, Normal nulliparous cervix. The surface is covered with pink squamous epithelium that is uniform in consistency. The os is small and round. A small area of ectropion is visible inferior to the os. B, Parous cervix. Note slit appearance of os. C, Multiparous, lacerated. D, Everted. Columnar mucosal cells usually found in the endocervical canal have extended out into the surface of the cervix, creating a circular raised erythematous appearance. Note the normal nonpurulent cervical mucus. This normal variant is not to be confused with cervicitis. E, Eroded. F, Nabothian cysts.
- Box 18-3 Obtaining Vaginal Smears and Specimens
- Conventional Papanicolaou Smear
- FIGURE 18-21 Scrape the cervix with the bifid end of the spatula for obtaining pap smear.
- FIGURE 18-22 Implements used to obtain a Pap smear. A, Close-up of spatula. B, Brush device. C, Close-up of brush. D, Broom device.
- Liquid-Based Pap Testing
- Gonococcal Culture Specimen
- FIGURE 18-23 Obtaining a cervical specimen by inserting a swab into the cervical os.
- DNA Testing for Organisms
- Wet Mount and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Procedures
- Withdrawal of Speculum
- Bimanual Examination
- FIGURE 18-24 Cystocele.
- FIGURE 18-25 Rectocele.
- FIGURE 18-26 Bimanual palpation of the uterus.
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Cervix
- Box 18-4 Examining the Woman Who Has Had a Hysterectomy
- Staying Well
- Uterus
- Position.
- Size, Shape, and Contour.
- Mobility.
- Adnexa and Ovaries
- Clinical Pearl
- FIGURE 18-27 Varying positions of uteri. A, Anteverted. B, Anteflexed. C, Retroverted. D, Retroflexed. E, Midposition.
- Rectovaginal Examination
- Preparation
- Anal Sphincter
- FIGURE 18-28 Bimanual palpation of adnexa. Sweep abdominal fingers downward to capture ovary.
- Rectal Walls and Rectovaginal Septum
- Uterus
- Adnexa
- Stool
- FIGURE 18-29 Rectovaginal palpation.
- Completion
- Infants
- FIGURE 18-30 Normal appearance of the female genitalia. A, Genitalia of a newborn girl. The labia majora are full, and the thickened labia minora protrude between them. B, Genitalia of a 2-year-old girl. The labia majora are flattened, and the labia minora and hymen are thin and flat.
- Indications for Examination
- Inspection and Palpation
- Discharge
- Injuries
- Bleeding
- Rectal Examination
- Box 18-5 Red Flags for Sexual Abuse
- Medical Concerns and Findings
- Examples of Nonspecific Behavioral Manifestations
- Examples of Sexual Behaviors That Are Concerning
- Box 18-6 Causes of Genital Bleeding in Children
- Adolescents
- Pregnant Women
- Gestational Age
- Uterus Size and Contour
- Table 18-2 Estimates of Uterine Size in Early Pregnancy
- FIGURE 18-31 Measurement of fundal height from the symphysis pubis to the superior fundus uterus.
- FIGURE 18-32 Changes in fundal height with pregnancy. Weeks 10 to 12: Uterus within pelvis; fetal heartbeat can be detected with Doppler. Week 12: Uterus palpable just above symphysis pubis. Week 16: Uterus palpable halfway between symphysis and umbilicus; ballottement of fetus is possible by abdominal and vaginal examination. Week 20: Uterine fundus at lower border of umbilicus; fetal heartbeat can be auscultated with a fetoscope. Weeks 24 to 26: Uterus changes from globular to ovoid shape; fetus palpable. Week 28: Uterus approximately halfway between umbilicus and xiphoid; fetus easily palpable. Week 34: Uterine fundus just below xiphoid. Week 40: Fundal height drops as fetus begins to engage in pelvis.
- Pelvic Examination
- Box 18-7 Early Signs of Pregnancy
- Cervical Effacement and Dilation
- Fetal Well-Being
- Fetal Position
- FIGURE 18-33 Leopold maneuvers. A, First maneuver. Place hand(s) over fundus and identify the fetal part. B, Second maneuver. Use the palmar surface of one hand to locate the back of the fetus. Use the other hand to feel the irregularities, such as hands and feet. C, Third maneuver. Use thumb and third finger to grasp presenting part over the symphysis pubis. D, Fourth maneuver. Use both hands to outline the fetal head. With a head presenting deep in the pelvis, only a small portion may be felt.
- FIGURE 18-34 Abdominal palpation of twin pregnancy.
- Station
- FIGURE 18-35 Areas of maximal intensity of fetal heart rate (FHR) for differing positions: RSA, right sacrum anterior; ROP, right occipitoposterior; RMA, right mentum anterior; ROA, right occipitoanterior; LSA, left sacrum anterior; LOP, left occipitoposterior; LMA, left mentum anterior; and LOA, left occipitoanterior. A, Presentation is breech if FHR is heard above umbilicus. B, Presentation is vertex if FHR is heard below umbilicus.
- FIGURE 18-36 Stations of presenting part (degree of descent). Silhouette shows head of infant at station 0.
- Contractions
- FIGURE 18-37 A, Locating the sagittal suture on vaginal examination. B, Differentiating the fontanels on vaginal examination.
- Fetal Head Position
- Other Pregnancy-Associated Changes
- Older Adults
- Preparation
- FIGURE 18-38 The knee-chest position.
- Alternative Positions for the Pelvic Examination
- Knee-Chest Position.
- FIGURE 18-39 The diamond-shaped position.
- FIGURE 18-40 The obstetric stirrups position.
- Diamond-Shaped Position.
- Obstetric Stirrups Position.
- M-Shaped Position.
- FIGURE 18-41 The M-shaped position.
- FIGURE 18-42 The V-shaped position.
- V-Shaped Position.
- FIGURE 18-43 Positioning the visually impaired woman.
- FIGURE 18-44 Positioning the hearing-impaired woman.
- Women with Sensory Impairment
- Sample Documentation
- Subjective
- Objective
- Abnormalities
- Female Genitalia
- Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
- Infertility
- Endometriosis
- FIGURE 18-45 Endometriosis.
- FIGURE 18-46 Common sites of endometriosis.
- Lesions From Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Condyloma Acuminatum (Genital Warts)
- FIGURE 18-47 Condyloma acuminatum.
- Molluscum Contagiosum
- FIGURE 18-48 Molluscum contagiosum. Note that these have occurred around the eyes.
- Syphilitic Chancre
- Condyloma Latum
- FIGURE 18-49 Primary syphilitic chancre in vagina.
- FIGURE 18-50 Condyloma latum.
- Genital Herpes
- FIGURE 18-51 Herpes lesions. Scattered erosions covered with exudate.
- FIGURE 18-52 Herpetic cervicitis. Erythema, purulent exudate, and erosions are present on the cervix.
- Vulva and Vagina
- Inflammation of Bartholin Gland
- FIGURE 18-53 Inflammation of Bartholin gland.
- Vaginal Carcinoma
- Vulvar Carcinoma
- FIGURE 18-54 A, Ulcerative squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. B, Basal cell carcinoma of the vulva.
- Vaginal Infections
- FIGURE 18-55 Trichomoniasis. The vaginal mucosa is inflamed and often speckled with petechial lesions. In adolescents, petechial hemorrhages may also be found on the cervix, resulting in the so-called strawberry cervix.
- FIGURE 18-56 Microscopic differentiation of vaginal infections. A, Bacterial vaginosis: “clue cells.” B, Candida vulvovaginitis: “budding, branching hyphae.” C, Trichomoniasis: motile trichomonads.
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Vaginal Discharges and Infections
- Cervix
- Cervical Cancer
- FIGURE 18-57 The cervical cancer lesion is predominantly around the external os.
- Uterus
- Uterine Prolapse
- FIGURE 18-58 Uterine prolapse. A, Expected uterine position. B, First-degree prolapse of the uterus. C, Second-degree prolapse of the uterus. D, Complete prolapse of the uterus.
- FIGURE 18-59 A third-degree prolapse of the uterus and vaginal walls.
- Uterine Bleeding
- Table 18-3 Types of Uterine Bleeding and Associated Causes
- Myomas (Leiomyomas, Fibroids)
- FIGURE 18-60 Myomas of the uterus (fibroids). A, Common location of myomas. B, Multiple uterine fibroids. C, Multiple uterine fibroids with enlarged ovaries resulting from multiple small cysts.
- Endometrial Cancer
- Adnexa
- Ovarian Cysts
- FIGURE 18-61 Ovarian cyst.
- Ovarian Cancer
- Tubal (Ectopic) Pregnancy
- FIGURE 18-62 Ruptured tubal pregnancy.
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
- Salpingitis
- FIGURE 18-63 Pelvic inflammatory disease. Photograph shows sheet of fine adhesions covering the fallopian tubes and ovary, which is buried beneath the fallopian tubes.
- FIGURE 18-64 Salpingitis. Photograph shows acute salpingitis with adhesions. Dye has been instilled into the grossly swollen fallopian tube on the right. Dense adhesions obscure the ovary.
- Infants and Children
- Ambiguous Genitalia
- FIGURE 18-65 Ambiguous genitalia.
- Clinical Pearl
- Normal infant female external genitalia.
- Normal infant male external genitalia.
- Hydrocolpos
- Vulvovaginitis
- FIGURE 18-66 Nonspecific inflammation characteristic of chemical irritant vulvovaginitis.
- Pregnant Women
- Premature Rupture of Membranes
- Vaginal Bleeding during Pregnancy
- Older Adults
- Atrophic Vaginitis
- Urinary Incontinence
- Chapter 19 Male Genitalia
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Physical Examination Preview
- Male Genitalia
- FIGURE 19-1 Male pelvic organs.
- FIGURE 19-2 Anatomy of the penis.
- FIGURE 19-3 Anatomy of urethra and penis.
- FIGURE 19-4 Scrotum and its contents.
- Infants and Children
- Adolescents
- Older Adults
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Past Medical History
- Staying Well
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Infants and Children
- Adolescents
- Older Adults
- Staying Well
- Left, Self-examination of penis. Right, Self-examination of scrotum and testicle.
- Risk Factors
- Penile
- Testicular
- FIGURE 19-5 Appearance of male genitalia. A, Circumcised. B, Uncircumcised.
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Inspection and Palpation
- Genital Hair Distribution
- Penis
- Box 19-1 Minimizing the Patient’s Anxiety
- FIGURE 19-6 Phimosis.
- FIGURE 19-7 Balanitis.
- Urethral Meatus
- Penile Shaft
- Scrotum
- FIGURE 19-8 Examination of urethral orifice.
- FIGURE 19-9 Priapism.
- Hernia
- FIGURE 19-10 Inspection of scrotum and ventral surface of penis as the patient positions his penis.
- FIGURE 19-11 Sebaceous glands on the scrotum.
- Testes
- FIGURE 19-12 Checking for inguinal hernia; gloved finger inserted through inguinal canal.
- FIGURE 19-13 Palpating contents of the scrotal sac.
- Cremasteric Reflex
- Prostate
- Infants
- Inspection and Palpation
- Clinical Pearl
- Box 19-2 Male Circumcision
- FIGURE 19-14 Palpating the scrotum of an infant.
- Transillumination
- Children
- Inspection and Palpation
- FIGURE 19-15 Position of child to push testicles into the scrotum. An alternative maneuver is to seat the child in tailor position.
- Adolescents
- Clinical Pearl
- Older Adults
- Sample Documentation
- Subjective
- Objective
- Abnormalities
- Infertility
- Hernia
- FIGURE 19-16 Anatomy of region of common pelvic hernias. A, Indirect inguinal hernia. B, Direct inguinal hernia. C, Femoral hernia.
- FIGURE 19-17 Large indirect inguinal hernia.
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Distinguishing Characteristics of Hernias
- Penis
- Paraphimosis
- FIGURE 19-18 Paraphimosis.
- Syphilitic Chancre
- FIGURE 19-19 Syphilitic chancre.
- Genital Herpes
- FIGURE 19-20 Genital herpes.
- Condyloma Acuminata
- FIGURE 19-21 Condyloma acuminatum (genital warts).
- FIGURE 19-22 Condyloma acuminatum (genital warts).
- Lymphogranuloma Venereum
- FIGURE 19-23 Lymphogranuloma venereum.
- Molluscum Contagiosum
- FIGURE 19-24 Molluscum contagiosum. Close-up showing central umbilication.
- Peyronie Disease
- FIGURE 19-25 Peyronie disease.
- Penile Cancer
- FIGURE 19-26 Cancer of the penis.
- Scrotum
- Hydrocele
- FIGURE 19-27 Hydrocele.
- Spermatocele
- FIGURE 19-28 Spermatocele.
- Varicocele
- FIGURE 19-29 Varicocele.
- Orchitis
- FIGURE 19-30 Orchitis.
- Epididymitis
- FIGURE 19-31 Epididymitis.
- Testicular Torsion
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Acute Testicular Swelling
- Testicular Cancer
- FIGURE 19-32 Testicular tumor.
- Klinefelter Syndrome
- FIGURE 19-33 Klinefelter syndrome.
- Ambiguous Genitalia
- Hypospadias
- FIGURE 19-34 Hypospadias.
- Chapter 20 Anus, Rectum, and Prostate
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Physical Examination Preview
- Anus, Rectum, and Prostate
- Anatomy and Physiology
- FIGURE 20-1 Anatomy of the anus and rectum.
- Infants and Children
- FIGURE 20-2 Anatomy of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles. A, Cross section. B, Lateral view. C, Posterior view.
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Past Medical History
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Risk Factors
- Box 20-1 Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections in Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM)
- Risk Factors
- Infants and Children
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Preparation
- Clinical Pearl
- Positioning
- Sacrococcygeal and Perianal Areas
- Anus
- Sphincter
- Anal Ring
- FIGURE 20-3 A, Correct procedure for introducing finger into rectum. Press pad of finger against the anal opening. B, As external sphincter relaxes, slip the fingertip into the anal canal. Note that patient is in the hips-flexed position.
- FIGURE 20-4 A, Palpation of subcutaneous external sphincter. Feel it tighten around the examining finger. B, Palpation of deep external sphincter. C, Palpation of the posterior rectal wall.
- Lateral and Posterior Rectal Walls
- Bidigital Palpation
- Anterior Rectal Wall
- FIGURE 20-5 Palpation of the posterior surface of the prostate gland. Feel for the lateral lobes and median sulcus.
- Box 20-2 Prostate Enlargement
- Prostate
- Uterus and Cervix
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Stool
- Infants and Children
- Box 20-3 Stool Characteristics in Disease
- Box 20-4 Common Causes of Rectal Bleeding
- Table 20-1 Sequence and Description of Stools in Infants
- FIGURE 20-6 Positioning the infant or child for rectal examination.
- Pregnant Women
- Clinical Pearl
- Older Adults
- Sample Documentation
- Subjective
- Objective
- Staying Well
- Abnormalities
- Anus, Rectum, and Surrounding Skin
- Pilonidal Cyst
- FIGURE 20-7 Pilonidal cyst.
- Anal Warts (Condyloma Acuminata)
- FIGURE 20-8 Anal warts (condyloma acuminata).
- Perianal and Perirectal Abscesses
- FIGURE 20-9 Perianal and perirectal abscesses. Common sites of abscess formation.
- Anorectal Fissure
- FIGURE 20-10 Lateral anal fissure in adult.
- Anal Fistula
- Pruritus Ani
- Hemorrhoids
- FIGURE 20-11 A, Prolapsed hemorrhoids. B, Primary internal hemorrhoids.
- Polyps
- FIGURE 20-12 A, Fibroepithelial polyp of the rectum. B, Infant with prolapsed rectal polyp.
- Anal Cancer
- Colorectal Cancer
- Prostate
- Prostatitis
- FIGURE 20-13 Prostatitis.
- Clinical Pearl
- Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
- FIGURE 20-14 Benign prostatic hypertrophy.
- Prostate Cancer
- FIGURE 20-15 Cancer of prostate.
- Infants and Children
- Imperforate Anus
- FIGURE 20-16 Imperforate anus: various anorectal malformations. A, Congenital anal stenosis. B, Anal membrane atresia. C, Anal agenesis. D, Rectal atresia. E, Rectoperineal fistula. F, Rectovaginal fistula.
- FIGURE 20-17 Imperforate anus.
- FIGURE 20-18 Rectal atresia.
- Enterobiasis (Roundworm, Pinworm)
- Chapter 21 Musculoskeletal System
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Physical Examination Preview
- Hands and Wrists
- Elbows
- Shoulders
- Temporomandibular Joint
- Cervical Spine
- Thoracic and Lumbar Spine
- Hips
- Legs and Knees
- Feet and Ankles
- Hand and Wrist Assessment (p. 524)
- Shoulder Assessment (p. 524)
- Lower Spine Assessment (p. 526)
- Hip Assessment (p. 526)
- Knee Assessment (p. 527)
- Limb Measurement
- FIGURE 21-1 A, Bones of the upper and lower extremities. B, Muscles of the upper extremities. C, Muscles of the lower extremities.
- FIGURE 21-2 A, Bones of the trunk, anterior view. B, Bones of the trunk, posterior view. C, Superficial muscles of the trunk, anterior view. D, Superficial muscles of the trunk, posterior view.
- Upper Extremities
- FIGURE 21-3 Structures of the wrist and hand joints.
- Head and Spine
- FIGURE 21-4 Structures of the left elbow joint, posterior view.
- FIGURE 21-5 Structures of the shoulder. A, Structures of glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints, anterior view. B, Rotator cuff muscles of shoulder, posterior view.
- FIGURE 21-6 Muscles of the face and head, left lateral view.
- FIGURE 21-7 Structures of the temporomandibular joint.
- FIGURE 21-8 Structures of vertebral joints.
- Lower Extremities
- FIGURE 21-9 Structures of the hip.
- FIGURE 21-10 Structures of the knee, anterior view. A, Bones and ligaments of the joint. B, Muscles attaching at the knee.
- FIGURE 21-11 Bones and joints of the ankle and foot.
- Infants and Children
- Adolescents
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Staying Well
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Past Medical History
- Family History
- Risk Factors
- Personal and Social History
- Infants and Children
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Risk Factors
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Inspection
- Clinical Pearl
- Palpation
- FIGURE 21-12 Inspection of overall body posture. Note the even contour of the shoulders, level scapulae and iliac crests, alignment of the head over the gluteal folds, and symmetry and alignment of extremities. A, Anterior view. B, Posterior view. C, Lateral view. The occiput, shoulders, buttocks, and heels should be able to touch the wall the patient stands against.
- Range of Motion and Muscle Tone
- Muscle Strength
- FIGURE 21-13 Use of goniometer to measure joint range of motion.
- FIGURE 21-14 Evaluation of muscle strength: flexion of the elbow against opposing force.
- Table 21-1 Assessing Muscle Strength
- Specific Joints and Muscles
- Hands and Wrists
- FIGURE 21-15 A, Bony structure of the right hand and wrist; note the alignment of the fingers with the radius. B, Features of the palmar aspect of the hand; note creases, thenar eminence and hypothenar eminence, and gradual tapering of the fingers.
- FIGURE 21-16 Unexpected findings of the hand. A, Ulnar deviation and subluxation of metacarpophalangeal joints. B, Swan neck deformities. C, Boutonnière deformity.
- Elbows
- FIGURE 21-17 Palpation of joints of the hand and wrist. A, Proximal interphalangeal joints. B, Metacarpophalangeal joints. C, Radiocarpal groove and wrist.
- FIGURE 21-18 Unexpected findings of the fingers. A, Fusiform swelling or spindle-shaped enlargement of the proximal interphalangeal joints. B, Degenerative joint disease; Heberden nodes at the distal interphalangeal joints and Bouchard nodes at the proximal interphalangeal joints. C, Telescoping digits with hypermobile joints.
- Shoulders
- FIGURE 21-19 Range of motion of the hand and wrist. A, Metacarpophalangeal flexion and hyperextension. B, Finger flexion: thumb to each fingertip and to the base of the little finger. C, Finger flexion: fist formation. D, Finger abduction. E, Wrist flexion and hyperextension. F, Wrist radial and ulnar movement.
- FIGURE 21-20 Subcutaneous nodules on the extensor surface of the forearm near the elbow.
- FIGURE 21-21 Expected carrying angle of the arm, at 5 to 15 degrees.
- Temporomandibular Joint
- FIGURE 21-22 Palpation of the olecranon process grooves.
- FIGURE 21-23 Range of motion of the elbow. A, Flexion and extension. B, Pronation and supination.
- Cervical Spine
- FIGURE 21-24 Contour changes of the shoulder. A, With dislocation. B, Winging of the scapula with abduction of the arm.
- FIGURE 21-25 Range of motion of the shoulder. A, Forward flexion and hyperextension. B, Abduction and adduction. C, Internal rotation. D, External rotation. E, Shrugged shoulders.
- FIGURE 21-26 Palpation of the temporomandibular joint.
- FIGURE 21-27 Lateral range of motion in the temporomandibular joint.
- FIGURE 21-28 Range of motion of the cervical spine. A, Flexion and hyperextension. B, Lateral bending. C, Rotation.
- FIGURE 21-29 Examining the strength of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. A, Flexion with palpation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. B, Extension against resistance. C, Rotation against resistance.
- Thoracic and Lumbar Spine
- FIGURE 21-30 Landmarks of the back.
- FIGURE 21-31 Deviations in spinal column curvatures. A, Expected spine curvatures. B, Kyphosis. C, Lordosis. D, Gibbus.
- FIGURE 21-32 Palpation of the spinal processes of the vertebrae.
- FIGURE 21-33 Inspection of the spine for lateral curvature and lumbar convexity.
- Hips
- Staying Well
- FIGURE 21-34 Range of motion of the thoracic and lumbar spine. A, Flexion. B, Hyperextension. C, Lateral bending. D, Rotation of the upper trunk.
- Legs and Knees
- FIGURE 21-35 Range of motion of the hip. A, Hip flexion, knee extended. B, Hip extension, knee extended. C, Hip flexion, knee flexed. D, Abduction. E, Internal rotation. F, External rotation.
- FIGURE 21-36 Range of motion of the knee: flexion and extension.
- Feet and Ankles
- FIGURE 21-37 Pronation of heel. Note that weight bearing is not through the midline of the foot.
- FIGURE 21-38 Variations in the longitudinal arch of the foot. A, Commonly expected arch. B1 and B2, Pes planus (flatfoot). C1 and C2, Pes cavus (high instep).
- FIGURE 21-39 Unexpected findings of the feet. A, Hallux valgus with bunion. B, Protruding metatarsal heads with callosities. C, Hammertoes. D, Mallet toe. E, Claw toes.
- FIGURE 21-40 Range of motion of the foot and ankle. A, Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. B, Inversion and eversion. C, Abduction and adduction.
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Advanced Skills
- Hand and Wrist Assessment
- Table 21-2 Special Procedures for Assessment of the Musculoskeletal System
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Shoulder Assessment
- FIGURE 21-41 Assessment for carpal tunnel syndrome. A, Katz hand diagram. B, Classic and probable patterns of pain, tingling, and numbness using the Katz hand diagram.
- FIGURE 21-42 Additional procedures for assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome. A, Thumb abduction test. B, Phalen maneuver. C, Elicitation of Tinel sign.
- FIGURE 21-43 Assessment for rotator cuff inflammation or tear. A, Neer test. B, Hawkins test.
- Lower Spine Assessment
- Hip Assessment
- FIGURE 21-44 Femoral stretch test for high lumbar nerve root irritation.
- FIGURE 21-45 Procedures for examination of the hip with the thomas test. Note the elevation of the extended leg off the examining table.
- Knee Assessment
- FIGURE 21-46 Test for the Trendelenburg sign. Note any asymmetry in the level of the iliac crests with weight bearing.
- FIGURE 21-47 Procedure for ballottement examination of the knee.
- FIGURE 21-48 Testing for the Bulge sign in examination of the knee. A, Milk the medial aspect of the knee two or three times. B, Tap the lateral side of the patella.
- FIGURE 21-49 Procedure for examination of the knee with the McMurray test. Knee is flexed after lower leg was rotated to medial position.
- FIGURE 21-50 Examination of the knee with the drawer test for anterior and posterior stability.
- FIGURE 21-51 Valgus stress test of the knee with knee extended.
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- FIGURE 21-52 Measuring limb length (A) and leg circumference (B).
- Limb Measurement
- Infants
- FIGURE 21-53 Kyphosis, expected convex curvature of the newborn’s thoracic and lumbar spine.
- FIGURE 21-54 Anomalies of the newborn’s hand. A, Simian crease. B, Syndactyly. C, Polydactyly.
- FIGURE 21-55 Bifid defect of the vertebra identified by palpation.
- Children
- FIGURE 21-56 Barlow-Ortolani maneuver to detect hip dislocation. A, Phase I, adduction. B, Phase II, abduction.
- FIGURE 21-57 Signs of hip dislocation: limitation of abduction and asymmetric gluteal folds.
- FIGURE 21-58 Examination for the Allis sign. Unequal upper leg length would indicate a positive sign.
- FIGURE 21-59 Evaluation of shoulder muscle strength in the newborn.
- FIGURE 21-60 Lumbar curvature of the toddler’s spine.
- FIGURE 21-61 Reverse tailor sitting position.
- FIGURE 21-62 Examination for tibial torsion.
- FIGURE 21-63 Genu valgum (knock-knee) in the young child.
- Adolescents
- FIGURE 21-64 Gower sign of generalized muscle weakness. A, B, The child maneuvers to a position supported by both the arms and legs. C, D, The child pushes off the floor, rests the hand on the knee, and pushes self up with the hands and arms on the legs. E, The child stands upright.
- Pregnant Women
- FIGURE 21-65 Postural changes with pregnancy.
- Older Adults
- Sample Documentation
- Subjective
- Objective
- Functional Assessment
- Abnormalities
- Musculoskeletal
- Ankylosing Spondylitis
- FIGURE 21-66 Gross postural changes in woman affected by ankylosing spondylitis.
- Lumbosacral Radiculopathy (Herniated Lumbar Disk)
- FIGURE 21-67 Distribution of paresthesia and radiating pain associated with herniated disks at the L4, L5, and S1 nerve roots.
- Lumbar Stenosis
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Gout
- FIGURE 21-68 Gouty tophus on right foot.
- Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome
- Osteomyelitis
- Bursitis
- FIGURE 21-69 Olecranon bursitis.
- Paget Disease of the Bone (Osteitis Deformans)
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Comparison of Osteoarthritis with Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Sports Injuries
- Box 21-1 Neurovascular Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Muscle Strain
- Dislocation
- Fracture
- Tenosynovitis (Tendonitis)
- Rotator Cuff Tear
- Infants and Children
- Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)
- FIGURE 21-70 Clubfoot deformity, talipes equinovarus (bilateral deviation).
- Metatarsus Adductus (Metatarsus Varus)
- FIGURE 21-71 Metatarsus adductus.
- Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
- Osgood-Schlatter Disease
- Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Scoliosis
- FIGURE 21-72 Scoliosis, lateral curvature of the spine. Scapular asymmetry is easily discernible in the upright position.
- Radial Head Subluxation (Nursemaid’s Elbow)
- Older Adults
- Osteoporosis
- FIGURE 21-73 Hallmark of osteoporosis: Dowager hump.
- Dupuytren Contracture
- FIGURE 21-74 Dupuytren contracture.
- Chapter 22 Neurologic System
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Physical Examination Preview
- Cerebellar Function and Proprioception
- Sensory Function
- Superficial and Deep Tendon Reflexes
- Brain
- Cerebrum
- FIGURE 22-1 Frontal section of the superior portion of the head, as viewed from the front. Both bony and membranous coverings of the brain can be seen.
- FIGURE 22-2 Arterial blood supply to the brain. The internal carotid arteries supply 80%, and the vertebral basilar arteries supply 20%.
- FIGURE 22-3 Lobes and principal fissures of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem (left hemisphere, lateral view).
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
- Table 22-1 Structures of the Brainstem and Their Functions
- Cranial Nerves
- Spinal Cord and Spinal Tracts
- Table 22-2 The Cranial Nerves and Their Functions
- Spinal Nerves
- FIGURE 22-4 Tracts of the spinal cord. A, Pathway of spinal tracts from spinal cord to motor cortex. Note decussation of the pyramids at the level of the medulla. B, Major ascending (sensory) tracts, shown here only on the left, are highlighted in blue. Major descending (motor) tracts, shown here only on the right, are highlighted in red.
- FIGURE 22-5 Location of exiting spinal nerves in relation to the vertebrae. A, Posterior view. B, Anterior view of brainstem and spinal cord. C, Lateral view showing relationship of spinal cord to vertebrae. D, Enlargement of caudal area with group of nerve fibers composing the cauda equina.
- FIGURE 22-6 Dermatomes of the body, the area of body surface innervated by particular spinal nerves; C1 usually has no cutaneous distribution. A, Anterior view. B, Posterior view. It appears that there is a distinct separation of surface area controlled by each dermatome, but there is almost always overlap between spinal nerves. C = cervical, T = thoracic, S = sacral, L = lumbar.
- Infants and Children
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- FIGURE 22-7 Cross section of spinal cord showing simple reflex arc.
- Review of Related History
- History of Present Illness
- Risk Factors
- Past Medical History
- Family History
- Personal and Social History
- Infants
- Children
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Risk Factors
- Examination and Findings
- Equipment
- Box 22-1 Procedure for the Neurologic Screening Examination
- Cranial Nerves
- Proprioception and Cerebellar Function
- Sensory Function
- Deep Tendon Reflexes
- Cranial Nerves
- Olfactory (I)
- Clinical Pearl
- Table 22-3 Procedure for Cranial Nerve Examination
- Optic (II)
- Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens (III, IV, and VI)
- FIGURE 22-8 Examination of the olfactory cranial nerve. Occlude one naris, hold the vial with aromatic substance under the nose, and ask the patient to deeply inspire. If the patient’s eyes are open, make sure there are no visual cues to odors. The patient should discriminate between odors.
- Trigeminal (V)
- FIGURE 22-9 Examination of the trigeminal cranial nerve for motor function. Have the patient tightly clench the teeth, and then palpate the muscles over the jaw for tone.
- FIGURE 22-10 Examination of the trigeminal cranial nerve for sensory function. Touch each side of the face at the scalp, cheek, and chin areas alternately using no predictable pattern (A) with the point and rounded edge of a paper clip or broken tongue blade and (B) with a brush or cotton wisp. Ask the patient to discriminate between sensations.
- Facial (VII)
- Clinical Pearl
- FIGURE 22-11 Examination of the facial cranial nerve for motor function. Ask the patient to (A) wrinkle the forehead by raising the eyebrows; (B) smile; (C) puff out the cheeks; (D) purse the lips and blow out; (E) show the teeth; and (F) squeeze the eyes shut.
- FIGURE 22-12 Location of the taste bud regions tested for the sensory function of the facial and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves.
- Clinical Pearl
- Acoustic (VIII)
- Glossopharyngeal (IX)
- Vagus (X)
- Spinal Accessory (XI)
- Hypoglossal (XII)
- Proprioception and Cerebellar Function
- Coordination and Fine Motor Skills
- Rapid Rhythmic Alternating Movements.
- FIGURE 22-13 Examination of the hypoglossal cranial nerve. A, Inspect the protruded tongue for size, shape, symmetry, and fasciculation. B, Observe movement of the tongue from side to side.
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Tremors
- Accuracy of Movements.
- FIGURE 22-14 Examination of coordination with rapid alternating movements. A, B, Pat the knees with both hands, alternately using the palm and back of the hand. C, Touch the thumb to each finger of the hand in sequence from index finger to small finger and back.
- FIGURE 22-15 Examination of fine motor function. A and B, The patient alternately touches own nose and the examiner’s index finger with the index finger of one hand; C, Alternately touches own nose with the index finger of each hand; and D, runs the heel of one foot down the shin or tibia of the other leg.
- FIGURE 22-16 Evaluation of balance with the Romberg test.
- Balance
- Equilibrium.
- Gait.
- FIGURE 22-17 Evaluation of gait and balance with heel-toe walking on a straight line.
- Sensory Function
- FIGURE 22-18 Unexpected gait patterns. A, Spastic hemiparesis. B, Spastic diplegia (scissoring). C, Steppage gait. D, Cerebellar ataxia. E, Sensory ataxia.
- Table 22-4 Characteristics of Unexpected Gait Patterns
- Primary Sensory Functions
- Superficial Touch.
- Superficial Pain.
- Temperature and Deep Pressure.
- Vibration.
- Position of Joints.
- Cortical Sensory Functions
- FIGURE 22-19 Evaluation of primary sensory function. A, Superficial tactile sensation; use a light stroke to touch the skin with a cotton wisp or brush. B, Superficial pain sensation; use the sharp and rounded edge of a broken tongue blade in an unpredictable alternate pattern. C, Vibratory sensation; place the stem of a vibrating tuning fork against several bony prominences. D, Position sense of joints; hold the toe or finger by the lateral aspects while raising and lowering the toe.
- FIGURE 22-20 Evaluation of cortical sensory function. A, Stereognosis; patient identifies a familiar object by touch. B, Two-point discrimination; using two sterile needles or two points of a paper clip, alternately place one or two points simultaneously on the skin, and ask the patient to determine whether one or two sensations are felt. C, Graphesthesia; draw a letter or number on the body (without actually marking skin) and ask the patient to identify it.
- Box 22-2 Patterns of Sensory Loss Injury or Defect and Description of Findings
- Single Peripheral Nerve
- Multiple Peripheral Nerves (Polyneuropathy)
- Multiple Spinal Nerve Roots
- Complete Transverse Lesion of the Spinal Cord
- Partial Spinal Sensory Syndrome (Brown-Séquard Syndrome)
- Stereognosis.
- Two-Point Discrimination.
- Extinction Phenomenon.
- Graphesthesia.
- Point Location.
- Reflexes
- Superficial Reflexes
- Plantar Reflex.
- Table 22-5 Procedures for Testing the Integrity of Individual Spinal Tracts for Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Disorders
- Abdominal Reflex.
- Table 22-6 Spinal Nerve Level Evaluated by Superficial and Deep Tendon Reflexes
- FIGURE 22-21 Superficial reflexes. A, Plantar reflex indicating the direction of the stroke and the Babinski sign—dorsiflexion of the great toe with or without fanning of the toes. B, One of several approaches for the abdominal reflexes. Stroke the lower abdominal area downward, away from the umbilicus. Stroke the upper abdominal area upward, away from the umbilicus.
- Cremasteric Reflex.
- Deep Tendon Reflexes
- Table 22-7 Scoring Deep Tendon Reflexes
- Biceps Reflex.
- Brachioradial Reflex.
- Triceps Reflex.
- Patellar Reflex.
- Achilles Reflex.
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Characteristics of Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Disorders
- FIGURE 22-22 Location of tendons for evaluation of deep tendon reflexes. A, Biceps. B, Brachioradial. C, Triceps. D, Patellar. E, Achilles. F, Evaluation of ankle clonus.
- Clonus.
- Advanced Skills
- Protective Sensation
- Meningeal Signs
- FIGURE 22-23 A, Sites for application of the 5.07 monofilament to test for protective sensation. Indicate presence (+) or absence (−) of sensory perception on a drawing of the foot. B, Apply the monofilament to the patient’s foot with just enough pressure to bend the monofilament.
- FIGURE 22-24 A, Brudzinski sign, flex the neck and observe for involuntary flexion of the hips and knees. B, Kernig sign, flex the leg at the knee and hip when the patient is supine, and then attempt to straighten the leg. Observe for pain in the lower back and resistance to straightening the leg.
- Staying Well
- Jolt Accentuation of Headache
- Posturing
- Evidence-Based Practice
- Infants
- FIGURE 22-25 A, Decorticate or flexor posture. The upper arms are held tightly to the sides of the body. The elbows, wrists, and fingers are flexed, and the feet are plantar flexed. The legs are extended and internally rotated. Fine tremors or intense stiffness may be present. B, Decerebrate or extensor posture. The arms are fully extended with forearms pronated. The wrists and fingers are flexed, the jaw is clenched. The neck is extended and the back may be arched. The feet are plantar flexed.
- Table 22-8 Indirect Cranial Nerve Evaluation in Newborns and Infants*
- Clinical Pearl
- FIGURE 22-26 Observe purposeful movement such as reaching for the block.
- Table 22-9 Primitive Reflexes Routinely Evaluated in Infants
- Children
- Table 22-10 Cranial Nerve Examination Procedures for Young Children
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- Staying Well
- FIGURE 22-27 Short, uncertain steps are characteristic of gait with advancing age.
- Sample Documentation
- Subjective
- Objective
- Functional Assessment
- Balance Tests
- Gait Tests
- Abnormalities
- Neurologic System
- Disorders of the Central Nervous System
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
- Seizure Disorder (Epilepsy)
- Encephalitis
- Meningitis
- Intracranial Tumor
- Pseudotumor Cerebri
- Stroke (Brain Attack or Cerebrovascular Accident)
- FIGURE 22-28 Areas of the brain affected by occlusion of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral artery branches. A, Inferior view. B, Lateral view.
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Neurologic Signs Associated with Stroke by Artery Affected
- Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Guillain-Barré Syndrome
- Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
- Bell Palsy
- FIGURE 22-29 Characteristic features of Bell palsy.
- Peripheral Neuropathy
- Children
- Cerebral Palsy (CP)
- Myelomeningocele (Spina Bifida)
- FIGURE 22-30 Myelomeningocele.
- Shaken Baby Syndrome
- Pregnant Women
- Intrapartum Maternal Lumbosacral Plexopathy
- Older Adults
- Parkinson Disease
- FIGURE 22-31 Characteristic features of Parkinson disease. A, Excessive sweating. B, Drooling with excess saliva. C, Gait with rapid, short, shuffling steps and reduced arm swinging.
- Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
- Postpolio Syndrome (Progressive Postpoliomyelitis Muscular Atrophy)
- Chapter 23 Sports Participation Evaluation
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Box 23-1 Special Olympics
- Clinical Pearl
- Clinical Pearl
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Box 23-2 Recommended Components of the Preparticipation Physical Evaluation (PPE)*
- General Medical History
- Cardiac
- Respiratory
- Neurologic
- Vision
- Orthopedic
- Psychosocial
- Genitourinary and Abdominal
- Dermatologic
- FIGURE 23-1 The 14-step screening orthopedic examination. The athlete should be dressed so that the joints and muscle groups included in the examination are easily visible—usually gym shorts for males and gym shorts and a T-shirt for females. Keep in mind that one of the most important points to look for in the orthopedic screening examination is symmetry.
- Table 23-1 Classification of Sports According to Contact
- Box 23-3 Sports-Related Concussions
- FIGURE 23-2 SCAT3 Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 3.
- Staying Well
- Chapter 24 Putting It All Together
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- At the Start
- Box 24-1 A Few Reminders for Emphasis
- If You Want Effective Relationships with Patients
- Clinical Pearl
- Box 24-2 The Patient We Define as Difficult
- Accuracy
- The Potential for Error
- Uncertainty
- Box 24-3 Humans and Machines
- Examination Sequence
- Adults and Adolescents
- Box 24-4 Equipment Supplies for Physical Examination
- Basic Materials
- Materials for Gathering Specimens
- FIGURE 24-1 Observe the patient while entering the examining room for manner, dress, interest or apprehension, and mobility.
- General Inspection
- Preparation
- Measurements
- Patient Seated, Wearing Gown
- Box 24-5 Examining People with Disabilities
- FIGURE 24-2 Face the patient who is seated on the examining table.
- Head and Face
- Eyes
- Ears
- Nose
- Mouth and Pharynx
- Neck
- Upper Extremities
- FIGURE 24-3 Examine the patient’s back without the gown.
- Patient Seated, Back Exposed
- Back and Posterior Chest
- Lungs
- Patient Seated, Chest Exposed
- Anterior, Chest, Lungs, and Heart
- FIGURE 24-4 Examine the patient’s anterior chest while exposed.
- Female Breasts
- Male Breasts
- Patient Reclining 45 Degrees
- FIGURE 24-5 Examine the patient while reclining with chest exposed.
- Patient Supine, Chest Exposed
- Female Breasts
- Heart
- Patient Supine, Abdomen Exposed
- Abdomen
- FIGURE 24-6 Examine the patient while reclining with abdomen exposed.
- Inguinal Area
- External Genitalia, Males
- Patient Supine, Legs Exposed
- Feet and Legs
- Hips
- Patient Sitting, Lap Draped
- Musculoskeletal.
- Neurologic.
- FIGURE 24-7 Examine the patient in supine position with legs exposed.
- FIGURE 24-8 Examine the patient seated with a drape across the lap.
- Patient Standing
- Spine
- FIGURE 24-9 Examine the patient while standing.
- Neurologic
- Abdominal/Genital
- Female Patient, Lithotomy Position
- External Genitalia
- Internal Genitalia
- FIGURE 24-10 Examining the female patient in lithotomy position, appropriately draped.
- Male Patient, Bending Forward (Lateral Decubitus or Knee-Chest Positions Are Also Possible)
- FIGURE 24-11 Examining the male patient while bending over the examining table.
- Newborns
- Older Infants
- Examination Sequence with Infants
- General Inspection
- FIGURE 24-12 Infants are often more comfortable when examined on a parent’s lap.
- FIGURE 24-13 Examining the chest of an infant on the parent’s lap.
- Chest, Lungs, and Heart
- Abdomen
- FIGURE 24-14 Examining the infant’s abdomen while reclining on parent’s lap.
- Head and Neck.
- FIGURE 24-15 Inspect and palpate the infant’s face.
- Upper Extremities
- Lower Extremities
- FIGURE 24-16 Examine the infant’s lower extremities.
- Genitals and Rectum
- Neurologic.
- Back.
- FIGURE 24-17 Examining the infant’s back while held by the parent.
- Behavior.
- Children
- Box 24-6 Some Tips for Examining a Young Child
- General Inspection
- Child Playing
- FIGURE 24-18 Provide toys or other items to observe the child’s development.
- FIGURE 24-19 Young children can also be examined on the parent’s lap.
- Child on Parent’s Lap
- Upper Extremities.
- Lower Extremities.
- FIGURE 24-20 Inspect and palpate the child’s head and neck.
- Head and Neck.
- Chest, Heart, and Lungs.
- Child Relatively Supine, Still on Lap, Diaper Loosened
- Child Standing
- FIGURE 24-21 Examine the child while standing and bending to touch the toes.
- FIGURE 24-22 In some children, it is better to postpone the use of instruments until the end of the examination.
- Child Returns to Parent’s Lap
- Pregnant Women
- Older Adults
- The Closing Discussion
- Box 24-7 How Are You Doing?
- Did You at the Start?
- Did You, as You Talked with the Patient?
- Did You, Throughout?
- Did You, at the Finish?
- Box 24-8 The Stressful Moment
- Chapter 25 Taking the Next Steps: Critical Thinking
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- The Clinical Examination
- Critical Thinking
- Assessment, Judgment, and Evidence
- Problem Identification
- Box 25-1 Steps for Critical Thinking
- Valid Hypotheses
- Possible Barriers to Critical Thinking
- Box 25-2 Decision Making
- Box 25-3 Red Herrings
- Box 25-4 “A Patient Can Have as Many Diagnoses as He Darn Well Pleases”
- Feelings, Attitudes, and Values.
- The Ethical Context.
- Mechanism and Probabilism.
- Validity of the Clinical Examination
- Box 25-5 The Electronic Environment
- Bayes Theorem
- FIGURE 25-1 Sensitivity and specificity, true positive/negative, and positive/negative predictive values.
- FIGURE 25-2 Evidenced-based decision making.
- Evidence-Based Practice
- Evaluation and Management Plan and Setting Priorities
- Table 25-1 Stages of Change
- Chapter 26 Recording Information
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- General Guidelines
- Box 26-1 Abbreviations and Acronyms
- Table 26-1 Prohibited Abbreviations
- EMR Replicating Functions
- Organization of the Note
- Box 26-2 Use and Misuse of CPCF
- Potentially Acceptable Uses of CPCF
- Unacceptable Uses of CPCF
- Box 26-3 Implications of Misuse of CPCF
- Organizing the Patient’s Health Record with SOAP Notes
- Subjective Data
- Objective Data
- Location of Findings.
- Incremental Grading.
- Organs, Masses, and Lesions.
- Discharge.
- Illustrations
- FIGURE 26-1 Illustration of the location of a breast mass.
- FIGURE 26-2 Illustration of a stick person.
- Problem-Oriented Medical Record
- Comprehensive Health History and Physical Examination
- Problem List
- Assessment
- Plan
- SOAP Notes
- Box 26-4 Governing Principles for Using POMR, APSO, and SOAP
- APSO Notes
- Notes from Subsequent Evaluations
- Problem-Oriented Medical Record Format
- The History
- Identifying Information.
- Problems, Allergies, Medications, and Immunizations (PAMI) List.
- General Patient Information.
- Source and Reliability of Information.
- Chief Concern/Presenting Problem/Reason for Seeking Care.
- History of Present Illness.
- Recording the History of the Present Illness: OLDCARTS.
- Past Medical History.
- Family History.
- Personal and Social History.
- Review of Systems
- FIGURE 26-3 A, Common pedigree symbols. B, Sample pedigree for autosomal recessive condition.
- Physical Examination Findings
- General Statement
- Mental Status
- Skin
- Head
- Eyes
- Ears
- Nose
- Throat and Mouth
- Neck
- Chest
- Lungs
- Breasts
- Heart
- Blood Vessels
- Abdomen
- Male Genitalia
- Female Genitalia
- Anus and Rectum
- Lymphatic System
- Musculoskeletal System
- Neurologic System
- Assessment (for Each Problem on Problem List)
- Plan (for Each Problem on Problem List)
- Infants
- History
- Present Problem.
- Details of Pregnancy.
- Infant’s Status at Birth.
- First Month of Life.
- Past Medical History.
- Family History.
- Personal and Social History.
- Growth and Development.
- Developmental Milestones.
- Injury Prevention.
- Diet.
- Breast-Fed Infants.
- Formula-Fed Infants.
- Solid Foods.
- Physical Examination Findings
- General
- Mental Status
- Skin
- Lymphatics
- Head
- Eyes
- Ears
- Nose
- Mouth
- Neck
- Chest and Lungs
- Heart and Blood Vessels
- Abdomen
- Male Genitalia
- Female Genitalia
- Anus, Rectum
- Musculoskeletal System
- Neurologic System
- Children and Adolescents
- History
- Past Medical History.
- Personal and Social History.
- Growth and Development.
- Physical Examination Findings.
- Mental Status.
- Breasts.
- Genitalia.
- Neurologic System.
- Pregnant Women
- History
- History of Present Illness.
- Obstetric History.
- Menstrual and Gynecologic History.
- Personal and Social History.
- Physical Examination Findings
- Abdomen
- Pelvic Region
- Older Adults
- History
- Personal and Social History.
- Physical Examination Findings
- General Assessment
- Mental Status
- Skin
- Chest and Lungs
- Heart and Blood Vessels
- Musculoskeletal System
- Neurologic System
- Sample Records
- Inpatient Admission Note
- History of Present Illness
- Past Medical History
- Adult Illnesses
- Prior Surgery
- Medications on Admission
- Allergies
- Family History
- Social History
- Review of Systems
- Physical Exam
- Neurologic
- Assessment
- Plan
- Summary
- Chapter 27 Emergency or Life-Threatening Situations
- http://evolve.elsevier.com/Seidel
- Emergency Assessment of the Injured Patient
- The Primary Survey
- Airway and Cervical Spine.
- Breathing.
- Box 27-1 Basic Life Support Survey for an Unconscious Patient
- Box 27-2 Assessment of Airway Patency
- Signs of Obstruction
- Symptoms of Obstruction
- FIGURE 27-1 Look, listen, and feel for adequate breathing to assess patency of the upper airway.
- FIGURE 27-2 Use a chin lift to lift the tongue out of the oropharynx and ensure an open airway.
- FIGURE 27-3 Properly position both hands to stabilize and maintain the head and neck in a neutral position, in alignment with the body.
- Circulation.
- FIGURE 27-4 Check the carotid pulse to confirm circulation, one side at a time.
- Disability.
- Clinical Pearl
- Table 27-1 Glasgow Coma Scale
- Exposure and Environmental Control.
- Clinical Pearl
- Secondary Assessment of the Injured Patient
- History.
- Clinical Pearl
- Head and Neck.
- Chest.
- Abdomen.
- FIGURE 27-5 Signs that indicate serious injury associated with trauma.
- Extremities and Back.
- Rectum and Perineum.
- Neurologic Examination.
- Reevaluate the Patient.
- Injury Mechanisms
- Blunt Trauma
- Penetrating Trauma
- Burns
- FIGURE 27-6 To estimate to total body surface area burned, mark the areas of the patient’s burns on the chart. Then estimate the area of each body part burned, using the percentage of body surface area for each body part according to the age of the patient. Insert the percentages into the chart and sum to obtain the total body surface area burned. ANT, Anterior; POST, posterior.
- Assessment of an Acute Medical Emergency
- Advanced Cardiac Life Support Survey
- Box 27-3 Differential Diagnosis Assessment
- Assessment of Infants and Children
- Physical Variations
- Assessment of Older Adults
- Table 27-2 Symptoms and Risks of Serious and Life-Threatening Conditions
- Box 27-4 Ways in Which Children Differ Physically from Adults
- Characteristics of Young Children
- Skin
- Head
- Airway
- Chest and Lungs
- Heart and Circulation
- Abdomen
- Extremities
- Nervous System
- Table 27-3 Assessment Findings that Indicate a Sense of Urgency in Infants and Children
- Legal Considerations
- Records
- Consent for Treatment
- Trauma Due to Violence
- Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment
- Summary
- Abnormalities
- Upper Airway Obstruction
- Hypoxemia
- Shock State
- Ventilatory Failure
- Increased Intracranial Pressure
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Severe Asthma Episode (Status Asthmaticus)
- Status Epilepticus
- Photo and Illustration Credits
- References and Readings
- Glossary
- Appendix A Height/Weight Growth Charts
- FIGURE A-1 Physical growth curves for children ages birth to 24 months: Boys.
- FIGURE A-2 Physical growth curves for children ages birth to 24 months: Girls.
- FIGURE A-3 Physical growth curves for ages 2 to 20 years: Boys.
- FIGURE A-4 Physical growth curves for ages 2 to 20 years: Girls.
- Appendix B Pediatric Blood Pressure Tables
- Appendix C Conversion Tables and Anthropometric Measurements
- Conversion Tables
- Table C-1 Length
- Table C-2 Weight
- Anthropometric Measurements
- Table C-3 Body Weight in Pounds According to Height and Body Mass Index
- Index
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- X
- Y
- Z
- Special Features
- Clinical Pearls
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
- Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Examination
- Sample Documentation
- Staying Well
- Physical Variations
- Risk Factors
- Functional Assessment
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