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Product Details:
- ISBN-10 : 0134110315
- ISBN-13 : 978-0134110318
- Author: Jeffrey Bennett, Megan, Nicholas and Mark.
Building on a long tradition of effective pedagogy and comprehensive coverage, The Cosmic Perspective, Eighth Edition provides a thoroughly engaging and up-to-date introduction to astronomy for non-science majors. This text offers a wealth of features that enhance student understanding of the process of science and actively engage students in the learning process for key concepts. The fully updated Eighth Edition includes the latest scientific discoveries, revises several subjects based on our most current understanding of the cosmos, and now emphasizes deeper understanding of the twists and turns of the process of science and the relevance of concepts to student’s lives.
The text is supported by a robust package of instructor and student ancillaries, including MasteringAstronomy. This market-leading online tutorial and homework system has been updated with new content that helps students learn and review more effectively outside of class.
Table Of Content:
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Preface
- Who is this Book for?
- New to This Edition
- Themes of The Essential Cosmic Perspective
- Pedagogical Principles of The Essential Cosmic Perspective
- The Topical (Part) Structure of The Essential Cosmic Perspective
- Pedagogical Features of The Essential Cosmic Perspective
- About MasteringAstronomy®
- Additional Supplements for The Essential Cosmic Perspective
- Instructor-Only Supplements
- About the Authors
- How to Succeed in Your Astronomy Course
- Foreword The Meaning of The Cosmic Perspective
- Part I Developing Perspective
- 1 A Modern View of the Universe
- Learning Goals
- 1.1 The Scale of the Universe
- What is Our Place in the Universe?
- Our Cosmic Address
- Astronomical Distance Measurements
- Looking Back in Time
- The Observable Universe
- How Big is the Universe?
- The Scale of the Solar System
- Distances to the Stars
- The Size of the Milky Way Galaxy
- The Observable Universe
- 1.2 The History of the Universe
- How did We Come to Be?
- The Big Bang, Expansion, and the Age of the Universe
- Stellar Lives and Galactic Recycling
- Star Stuff
- How do Our Lifetimes Compare to the Age of the Universe?
- 1.3 Spaceship Earth
- How is Earth Moving through Space?
- Rotation and Orbit
- Motion Within the Milky Way Galaxy
- How do Galaxies Move within the Universe?
- The Raisin Cake Analogy
- The Real Universe
- Motion Summary
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 1.1 The Scale of the Universe
- What is Our Place in the Universe?
- How Big is the Universe?
- 1.2 The History of the Universe
- How did We Come to Be?
- How do Our Lifetimes Compare to the Age of the Universe?
- 1.3 Spaceship Earth
- How is Earth Moving through Space?
- How do Galaxies Move within the Universe?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Does It Make Sense?
- Example:
- Solution:
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- 2 Discovering the Universe for Yourself
- Learning Goals
- 2.1 Patterns in the Night Sky
- What does the Universe Look Like from Earth?
- Constellations
- The Celestial Sphere
- The Milky Way
- The Local Sky
- Angular Sizes and Distances
- Why do Stars Rise and Set?
- Why do the Constellations We See Depend on Latitude and Time of Year?
- Variation with Latitude
- Variation with Time of Year
- 2.2 The Reason for Seasons
- What Causes the Seasons?
- Solstices and Equinoxes
- First Days of Seasons
- Seasons Around the World
- How does the Orientation of Earth’s Axis Change with Time?
- 2.3 The Moon, Our Constant Companion
- Why do We See Phases of the Moon?
- Understanding Phases
- The Moon’s Synchronous Rotation
- The View from the Moon
- What Causes Eclipses?
- Conditions for Eclipses
- Lunar Eclipses
- Solar Eclipses
- Predicting Eclipses
- 2.4 The Ancient Mystery of the Planets
- Why was Planetary Motion so Hard to Explain?
- Why did the Ancient Greeks Reject the Real Explanation for Planetary Motion?
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 2.1 Patterns in the Night Sky
- What does the Universe Look Like from Earth?
- Why do Stars Rise and Set?
- Why do the Constellations We See Depend on Latitude and Time of Year?
- 2.2 The Reason for Seasons
- What Causes the Seasons?
- How does the Orientation of Earth’s Axis Change with Time?
- 2.3 The Moon, Our Constant Companion
- Why do We See Phases of the Moon?
- What Causes Eclipses?
- 2.4 The Ancient Mystery of the Planets
- Why was Planetary Motion so Hard to Explain?
- Why did the Ancient Greeks Reject the Real Explanation for Planetary Motion?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Does It Make Sense?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- 3 The Science of Astronomy
- Learning Goals
- 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science
- In what Ways do All Humans Use Scientific Thinking?
- How is Modern Science Rooted in Ancient Astronomy?
- Practical Benefits of Astronomy
- Astronomy and Measures of Time
- Determining the Time of Day
- Marking the Seasons
- Solar and Lunar Calendars
- Learning About Ancient Achievements
- 3.2 Ancient Greek Science
- Why does Modern Science Trace its Roots to the Greeks?
- Three Philosophical Innovations
- Models of Nature
- From Greece to the Renaissance
- How did the Greeks Explain Planetary Motion?
- 3.3 The Copernican Revolution
- How did Copernicus, Tycho, and Kepler Challenge the Earth-Centered Model?
- Copernicus
- Tycho
- Kepler
- What are Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion?
- How did Galileo Solidify the Copernican Revolution?
- Galileo’s Evidence
- Galileo and the Church
- 3.4 The Nature of Science
- How can We Distinguish Science from Nonscience?
- Approaches to Science
- Hallmarks of Science
- Occam’s Razor
- Verifiable Observations
- Objectivity in Science
- What is a Scientific Theory?
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science
- In What Ways do All Humans Use Scientific Thinking?
- How is Modern Science Rooted in Ancient Astronomy?
- 3.2 Ancient Greek Science
- Why does Modern Science Trace its Roots to the Greeks?
- How did the Greeks Explain Planetary Motion?
- 3.3 The Copernican Revolution
- How did Copernicus, Tycho, and Kepler Challenge the Earth-Centered Model?
- What are Kepler’s three Laws of Planetary Motion?
- How did Galileo Solidify the Copernican Revolution?
- 3.4 The Nature of Science
- How can We Distinguish Science from Nonscience?
- What is a Scientific Theory?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Science or Nonscience?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- Part II Key Concepts for Astronomy
- 4 Making Sense of the Universe Understanding Motion, Energy, and Gravity
- Learning Goals
- 4.1 Describing Motion: Examples from Daily Life
- How do We Describe Motion?
- Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration
- The Acceleration of Gravity
- Momentum and Force
- How is Mass Different from Weight?
- Free-Fall and Weightlessness
- Weightlessness in Space
- 4.2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
- How did Newton Change Our View of the Universe?
- What are Newton’s Three Laws of Motion?
- Newton’s First Law
- Newton’s Second Law
- Newton’s Third Law
- 4.3 Conservation Laws in Astronomy
- What Keeps a Planet Rotating and Orbiting the Sun?
- Orbital Angular Momentum
- Rotational Angular Momentum
- Where do Objects Get Their Energy?
- Basic Types of Energy
- Thermal Energy—The Kinetic Energy of Many Particles
- Potential Energy in Astronomy
- Conservation of Energy
- 4.4 The Force of Gravity
- What Determines the Strength of Gravity?
- How does Newton’s Law of Gravity Extend Kepler’s Laws?
- How do Gravity and Energy Allow us to Understand Orbits?
- Orbital Energy
- Gravitational Encounters
- Atmospheric Drag
- Escape Velocity
- How does Gravity Cause Tides?
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 4.1 Describing Motion: Examples from Daily Life
- How do We Describe Motion?
- How is Mass Different from Weight?
- 4.2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
- How did Newton Change Our View of the Universe?
- What are Newton’s Three Laws of Motion?
- 4.3 Conservation Laws in Astronomy
- What Keeps a Planet Rotating and Orbiting the Sun?
- Where do Objects Get Their Energy?
- 4.4 The Force of Gravity
- What Determines the Strength of Gravity?
- How does Newton’s Law of Gravity Extend Kepler’s Laws?
- How do Gravity and Energy Allow Us to Understand Orbits?
- How does Gravity Cause Tides?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Does It Make Sense?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- 5 Light The Cosmic Messenger
- Learning Goals
- 5.1 Basic Properties of Light and Matter
- What is Light?
- Wave Properties of Light
- Particle Properties of Light
- The Many Forms of Light
- What is Matter?
- Atomic Structure
- Atomic Terminology
- How do Light and Matter Interact?
- 5.2 Learning from Light
- What are the Three Basic Types of Spectra?
- How does Light Tell Us what Things are Made Of?
- Energy Levels in Atoms
- Emission and Absorption Lines
- Chemical Fingerprints
- How does Light Tell Us the Temperatures of Planets and Stars?
- Thermal Radiation: Every Body Does It
- The Two Laws of Thermal Radiation
- How does Light Tell Us the Speed of a Distant Object?
- The Doppler Effect
- Spectral Summary
- 5.3 Collecting Light with Telescopes
- How do Telescopes Help Us Learn about the Universe?
- Two Key Telescope Properties
- Basic Telescope Design
- Telescopes Across the Spectrum
- Looking Beyond Light
- Why do We Put Telescopes in Space?
- Atmospheric Effects on Visible Light
- Atmospheric Absorption and Emission of Light
- Adaptive Optics
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 5.1 Basic Properties of Light and Matter
- What is Light?
- What is Matter?
- How do Light and Matter Interact?
- 5.2 Learning from Light
- What are the Three Basic Types of Spectra?
- How does Light Tell Us what Things are Made Of?
- How does Light Tell Us the Temperatures of Planets and Stars?
- How does Light Tell Us the Speed of a Distant Object?
- 5.3 Collecting Light with Telescopes
- How do Telescopes Help Us Learn about the Universe?
- Why do We Put Telescopes in Space?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Does It Make Sense?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- Part III Learning from Other Worlds
- 6 Formation of the Solar System
- Learning Goals
- 6.1 A Brief Tour of the Solar System
- What does the Solar System Look Like?
- The Sun
- Mercury
- Venus
- Earth
- Mars
- Jupiter
- Saturn
- Uranus
- Neptune
- Dwarf Planets: Pluto, Eris, and More
- 6.2 The Nebular Theory of Solar System Formation
- What Features of Our Solar System Provide Clues to How it Formed?
- Feature 1: Patterns of Motion Among Large Bodies
- Feature 2: Two Types of Planets
- Feature 3: Asteroids and Comets
- Feature 4: Exceptions to the Rules
- What is the Nebular Theory?
- From Hypothesis to Theory
- Origin of the Nebula
- 6.3 Explaining the Major Features of the Solar System
- What Caused the Orderly Patterns of Motion?
- Heating, Spinning, and Flattening
- Testing the Model
- Why are There Two Major Types of Planets?
- Condensation: Sowing the Seeds of Planets
- Building the Terrestrial Planets
- Making the Jovian Planets
- Clearing the Nebula
- Where did Asteroids and Comets Come From?
- How do we Explain the “Exceptions to the Rules”?
- Captured Moons
- The Giant Impact Formation of Our Moon
- Other Exceptions
- 6.4 The Age of the Solar System
- How do We Know the Age of the Solar System?
- Dating Rocks
- Earth Rocks, Moon Rocks, and Meteorites
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 6.1 A Brief Tour of the Solar System
- What does the Solar System Look Like?
- 6.2 The Nebular Theory of Solar System Formation
- What Features of Our Solar System Provide Clues to How it Formed?
- What is the Nebular Theory?
- 6.3 Explaining the Major Features of the Solar System
- What Caused the Orderly Patterns of Motion?
- Why are There Two Major Types of Planets?
- Where did Asteroids and Comets Come From?
- How do We Explain the “Exceptions to the Rules”?
- 6.4 The Age of the Solar System
- How do We Know the Age of the Solar System?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Surprising Discoveries?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- 7 Earth and the Terrestrial Worlds
- Learning Goals
- 7.1 Earth as a Planet
- Why is Earth Geologically Active?
- Interior Structure
- Differentiation and Internal Heat
- Internal Heat and Geological Activity
- The Magnetic Field
- What Processes Shape Earth’s Surface?
- Impact Cratering
- Volcanism
- Tectonics
- Erosion
- How does Earth’s Atmosphere Affect the Planet?
- Surface Protection
- The Greenhouse Effect
- 7.2 The Moon and Mercury: Geologically Dead
- Was there Ever Geological Activity on the Moon or Mercury?
- Geological Features of the Moon
- Geological Features of Mercury
- 7.3 Mars: A Victim of Planetary Freeze-Drying
- What Geological Features Tell Us that Water Once Flowed on Mars?
- The Geology of Mars
- Ancient Water Flows
- Martian Water Today
- Why did Mars Change?
- 7.4 Venus: A Hothouse World
- Is Venus Geologically Active?
- Geological Features of Venus
- The Absence of Plate Tectonics
- Why is Venus So Hot?
- The Fate of Outgassed Water and Carbon Dioxide
- The Runaway Greenhouse Effect
- 7.5 Earth as a Living Planet
- What Unique Features of Earth are Important for Life?
- Our Unique Oceans and Atmosphere
- Plate Tectonics
- Climate Stability
- How is Human Activity Changing Our Planet?
- Global Warming
- Consequences of Global Warming
- What Makes a Planet Habitable?
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 7.1 Earth as a Planet
- Why is Earth Geologically Active?
- What Processes Shape Earth’s Surface?
- How does Earth’s Atmosphere Affect the Planet?
- 7.2 The Moon and Mercury: Geologically Dead
- Was there Ever Geological Activity on the Moon or Mercury?
- 7.3 Mars: A Victim of Planetary Freeze-Drying
- What Geological Features Tell Us that Water Once Flowed on Mars?
- Why did Mars Change?
- 7.4 Venus: A Hothouse World
- Is Venus Geologically Active?
- Why is Venus So Hot?
- 7.5 Earth as a Living Planet
- What Unique Features of Earth are Important for Life?
- How is Human Activity Changing our Planet?
- What Makes a Planet Habitable?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Surprising Discoveries?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- 8 Jovian Planet Systems
- Learning Goals
- 8.1 A Different Kind of Planet
- What are Jovian Planets Made Of?
- General Composition
- Density Differences
- Jovian Planet Interiors
- Magnetic Fields
- What is the Weather Like on Jovian Planets?
- Clouds and Colors
- Global Winds and Storms
- 8.2 A Wealth of Worlds: Satellites of Ice and Rock
- What Kinds of Moons Orbit the Jovian Planets?
- Why are Jupiter’s Galilean Moons Geologically Active?
- Io: The Volcano World
- Europa: The Water World?
- Ganymede and Callisto
- What Geological Activity do We See on Titan and Other Moons?
- Titan
- Saturn’s Medium-Size Moons
- Moons of Uranus and Neptune
- Why are Jovian Moons More Geologically Active than Small Rocky Planets?
- 8.3 Jovian Planet Rings
- What are Saturn’s Rings Like?
- Ring Particle Characteristics
- Rings and Gaps
- Why do the Jovian Planets have Rings?
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 8.1 A Different Kind of Planet
- What are Jovian Planets Made Of?
- What is the Weather Like on Jovian Planets?
- 8.2 A Wealth of Worlds: Satellites of Ice and Rock
- What Kinds of Moons Orbit the Jovian Planets?
- Why are Jupiter’s Galilean Moons Geologically Active?
- What Geological Activity do We See on Titan and Other Moons?
- Why are Jovian Moons More Geologically Active than Small Rocky Planets?
- 8.3 Jovian Planet Rings
- What are Saturn’s Rings Like?
- Why do the Jovian Planets have Rings?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Surprising Discoveries?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- 9 Asteroids, Comets, and Dwarf Planets Their Nature, Orbits, and Impacts
- Learning Goals
- 9.1 Classifying Small Bodies
- How do We Classify Small Bodies?
- Asteroids
- Comets
- Dwarf Planets
- Meteors and Meteorites
- 9.2 Asteroids
- What are Asteroids Like?
- What do Meteorites Tell Us about Asteroids and the Early Solar System?
- Why is There an Asteroid Belt?
- 9.3 Comets
- Why do Comets Grow Tails?
- The Flashy Lives of Comets
- Comet Tails and Meteor Showers
- Where do Comets Come From?
- 9.4 Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
- What is Pluto Like?
- Pluto Before New Horizons
- New Horizons at Pluto
- What do We Know about Other Kuiper Belt Comets?
- 9.5 Cosmic Collisions: Small Bodies Versus the Planets
- Did an Impact Kill the Dinosaurs?
- How Great is the Impact Risk Today?
- How do the Jovian Planets Affect Impact Rates and Life on Earth?
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 9.1 Classifying Small Bodies
- How do We Classify Small Bodies?
- 9.2 Asteroids
- What are Asteroids Like?
- What do Meteorites Tell Us about Asteroids and the Early Solar System?
- Why is There an Asteroid Belt?
- 9.3 Comets
- Why do Comets Grow Tails?
- Where do Comets Come From?
- 9.4 Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
- What is Pluto Like?
- What do We Know about Other Kuiper Belt Comets?
- 9.5 Cosmic Collisions: Small Bodies Versus the Planets
- Did an Impact Kill the Dinosaurs?
- How Great is the Impact Risk Today?
- How do the Jovian Planets Affect Impact Rates and Life on Earth?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Short-Answer Questions Based on the Reading
- Test Your Understanding
- Surprising Discoveries?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- 10 Other Planetary Systems The New Science of Distant Worlds
- Learning Goals
- 10.1 Detecting Planets Around Other Stars
- How do We Detect Planets Around Other Stars?
- Gravitational Tugs
- The Astrometric Method
- The Doppler Method
- Transits
- Other Strategies
- 10.2 The Nature of Planets Around Other Stars
- What Properties of Extrasolar Planets can We Measure?
- Orbital Period and Distance
- Orbital Eccentricity
- Planetary Mass
- Planetary Size
- Planetary Density
- Atmospheric Composition and Temperature
- How do Extrasolar Planets Compare with Planets in Our Solar System?
- Orbital Properties
- Sizes, Masses, and Densities
- The Nature of Extrasolar Planets
- 10.3 The Formation of Other Planetary Systems
- Do We Need to Modify Our Theory of Solar System Formation?
- Explaining Planetary Orbits
- Explaining Planetary Types
- An Improved Nebular Theory
- Are Planetary Systems Like Ours Common?
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 10.1 Detecting Planets Around Other Stars
- How do We Detect Planets Around Other Stars?
- 10.2 The Nature of Planets Around Other Stars
- What Properties of Extrasolar Planets can We Measure?
- How do Extrasolar Planets Compare with Planets in Our Solar System?
- 10.3 The Formation of Other Planetary Systems
- Do We Need to Modify Our Theory of Solar System Formation?
- Are Planetary Systems Like Ours Common?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Does It Make Sense?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- Part IV Stars
- 11 Our Star
- Learning Goals
- 11.1 A Closer Look at the Sun
- Why does the Sun Shine?
- How Fusion Started
- The Stable Sun
- What is the Sun’s Structure?
- Basic Properties of the Sun
- The Sun’s Atmosphere
- The Sun’s Interior
- 11.2 Nuclear Fusion in the Sun
- How does Nuclear Fusion Occur in the Sun?
- The Proton–Proton Chain
- The Solar Thermostat
- How does the Energy from Fusion Get Out of the Sun?
- How do We Know what is Happening Inside the Sun?
- Mathematical Models
- Solar Vibrations
- Solar Neutrinos
- 11.3 The Sun–Earth Connection
- What Causes Solar Activity?
- Sunspots and Magnetic Fields
- Solar Storms
- Heating of the Chromosphere and Corona
- How does Solar Activity Vary with Time?
- The Sunspot Cycle
- The Cause of the Sunspot Cycle
- The Sunspot Cycle and Earth’s Climate
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 11.1 A Closer Look at the Sun
- Why does the Sun Shine?
- What is the Sun’s Structure?
- 11.2 Nuclear Fusion in the Sun
- How does Nuclear Fusion Occur in the Sun?
- How does the Energy from Fusion Get Out of the Sun?
- How do We Know what is Happening Inside the Sun?
- 11.3 The Sun–Earth Connection
- What Causes Solar Activity?
- How does Solar Activity Vary with Time?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Does It Make Sense?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- 12 Surveying the Stars
- Learning Goals
- 12.1 Properties of Stars
- How do We Measure Stellar Luminosities?
- The Inverse Square Law for Light
- Measuring Distance Through Stellar Parallax
- The Luminosity Range of Stars
- The Magnitude System
- How do We Measure Stellar Temperatures?
- Color and Temperature
- Spectral Type and Temperature
- History of the Spectral Sequence
- How do We Measure Stellar Masses?
- Types of Binary Star Systems
- Masses in Binary Systems
- 12.2 Patterns Among Stars
- What is a Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram?
- Basics of the H-R Diagram
- Patterns in the H-R Diagram
- Luminosity Classes
- Complete Stellar Classification
- What is the Significance of the Main Sequence?
- Masses Along the Main Sequence
- Lifetimes Along the Main Sequence
- Mass: A Star’s Most Fundamental Property
- What are Giants, Supergiants, and White Dwarfs?
- Giants and Supergiants
- White Dwarfs
- 12.3 Star Clusters
- What are the Two Types of Star Clusters?
- How do We Measure the Age of a Star Cluster?
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 12.1 Properties of Stars
- How do We Measure Stellar Luminosities?
- How do We Measure Stellar Temperatures?
- How do We Measure Stellar Masses?
- 12.2 Patterns Among Stars
- What is a Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram?
- What is the Significance of the Main Sequence?
- What are Giants, Supergiants, and White Dwarfs?
- 12.3 Star Clusters
- What are the Two Types of Star Clusters?
- How do We Measure the Age of a Star Cluster?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Does It Make Sense?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Question
- Web Projects
- 13 Star Stuff
- Learning Goals
- 13.1 Star Birth
- How do Stars Form?
- From Cloud to Protostar
- Disks and Jets
- Single Star or Binary?
- From Protostar to the Main Sequence
- How Massive are Newborn Stars?
- Limits on Stellar Masses
- Pressure in Brown Dwarfs
- 13.2 Life as a Low-Mass Star
- What are the Life Stages of a Low-Mass Star?
- Main-Sequence Stage
- Red Giant Stage
- Helium Fusion
- How does a Low-Mass Star Die?
- Last Gasps
- Planetary Nebula
- The Fate of Earth
- The Sun’s Life on an H-R Diagram
- 13.3 Life as a High-Mass Star
- What are the Life Stages of a High-Mass Star?
- Hydrogen Fusion in a High-Mass Star
- Becoming a Supergiant
- How do High-Mass Stars Make the Elements Necessary for Life?
- Fusion of Heavier Nuclei
- Iron: Bad News for the Stellar Core
- Evidence for the Origin of Elements
- How does a High-Mass Star Die?
- The Supernova Explosion
- Supernova Observations
- Summary of Stellar Lives
- 13.4 Stars in Close Binaries
- How are the Lives of Stars with Close Companions Different?
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 13.1 Star Birth
- How do Stars Form?
- How Massive are Newborn Stars?
- 13.2 Life as a Low-Mass Star
- What are the Life Stages of a Low-Mass Star?
- How does a Low-Mass Star Die?
- 13.3 Life as a High-Mass Star
- What are the Life Stages of a High-Mass Star?
- How do High-Mass Stars Make the Elements Necessary for Life?
- How does a High-Mass Star Die?
- 13.4 Stars in Close Binaries
- How are the Lives of Stars with Close Companions Different?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Does It Make Sense?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- 14 The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard
- Learning Goals
- 14.1 White Dwarfs
- What is a White Dwarf?
- White Dwarf Composition, Density, and Size
- The White Dwarf Limit
- What can Happen to a White Dwarf in a Close Binary System?
- Accretion Disks
- Novae
- White Dwarf Supernovae
- 14.2 Neutron Stars
- What is a Neutron Star?
- How were Neutron Stars Discovered?
- What can Happen to a Neutron Star in a Close Binary System?
- X-Ray Bursts
- Neutron Star Mergers
- 14.3 Black Holes: Gravity’s Ultimate Victory
- What is a Black Hole?
- The Event Horizon
- Singularity and the Limits to Knowledge
- What would it be Like to Visit a Black Hole?
- Do Black Holes Really Exist?
- The Formation of a Black Hole
- Observational Evidence for Black Holes
- 14.4 Extreme Events
- What Causes Gamma-Ray Bursts?
- What Happens when Black Holes Merge?
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 14.1 White Dwarfs
- What is a White Dwarf?
- What can Happen to a White Dwarf in a Close Binary System?
- 14.2 Neutron Stars
- What is a Neutron Star?
- How were Neutron Stars Discovered?
- What can Happen to a Neutron Star in a Close Binary System?
- 14.3 Black Holes: Gravity’s Ultimate Victory
- What is a Black Hole?
- What would it Be Like to Visit a Black Hole?
- Do Black Holes Really Exist?
- 14.4 Extreme Events
- What Causes Gamma-Ray Bursts?
- What Happens when Black Holes Merge?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Does It Make Sense?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- Part V Galaxies and Beyond
- 15 Our Galaxy
- Learning Goals
- 15.1 The Milky Way Revealed
- What does Our Galaxy Look Like?
- How do Stars Orbit in Our Galaxy?
- Orbits of Disk Stars
- Orbits of Halo Stars
- Orbits of Bulge Stars
- Stellar Orbits and the Mass of the Galaxy
- 15.2 Galactic Recycling
- How is Gas Recycled in Our Galaxy?
- Gas from Dying Stars
- Cooling and Cloud Formation
- Completing the Cycle
- Putting It All Together: The Distribution of Gas in the Milky Way
- Where do Stars Tend to Form in Our Galaxy?
- Star-Forming Regions
- Spiral Arms
- 15.3 The History of the Milky Way
- What do Halo Stars Tell Us about Our Galaxy’s History?
- How did Our Galaxy Form?
- 15.4 The Galactic Center
- What is the Evidence for a Black Hole at Our Galaxy’s Center?
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 15.1 The Milky Way Revealed
- What does Our Galaxy Look Like?
- How do Stars orbit in Our Galaxy?
- 15.2 Galactic Recycling
- How is Gas Recycled in Our Galaxy?
- Where do Stars Tend to Form in Our Galaxy?
- 15.3 The History of the Milky Way
- What do Halo Stars Tell us about Our Galaxy’s History?
- How did Our Galaxy Form?
- 15.4 The Galactic Center
- What is the Evidence for a Black Hole at Our Galaxy’s Center?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Does It Make Sense?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- 16 A Universe of Galaxies
- Learning Goals
- 16.1 Islands of Stars
- What Patterns do We Find Among the Properties of Galaxies?
- Spiral Galaxies
- Elliptical Galaxies
- Irregular Galaxies
- Hubble’s Galaxy Classes
- Patterns in Galaxy Color and Luminosity
- Patterns in Galaxy Groups and Clusters
- 16.2 Distances of Galaxies
- How do We Measure the Distances to Galaxies?
- Standard Candles
- Cepheid Variables
- Distant Standard Candles
- What is Hubble’s Law?
- Hubble and the Andromeda Galaxy
- Distance and Redshift
- Hubble’s Law
- Distance Chain Summary
- How do Distance Measurements Tell Us the Age of the Universe?
- The Cosmological Principle
- The Age of the Universe
- Lookback Time and Cosmological Redshift
- The Horizon of the Universe
- 16.3 Galaxy Evolution
- How do We Study Galaxy Evolution?
- Observing Galaxies at Different Ages
- Modeling Galaxy Formation
- Why do Galaxies Differ?
- Birth Conditions
- Later Interactions
- An Incomplete Answer
- How does Gas Cycle through Galaxies?
- Bursts of Star Formation
- Regulation of the Gas Supply
- 16.4 The Role of Supermassive Black Holes
- What is the Evidence for Supermassive Black Holes at the Centers of Galaxies?
- Sizes of Active Galactic Nuclei
- The Black Hole Hypothesis
- Evidence from Orbits
- Do Supermassive Black Holes Regulate Galaxy Evolution?
- Radio Galaxies
- Disruption of the Star–Gas–Star Cycle
- Black Holes and Galaxy Evolution
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 16.1 Islands of Stars
- What Patterns do We Find Among the Properties of Galaxies?
- 16.2 Distances of Galaxies
- How do We Measure the Distances to Galaxies?
- What is Hubble’s Law?
- How do Distance Measurements Tell us the age of the universe?
- 16.3 Galaxy Evolution
- How do We Study Galaxy Evolution?
- Why do Galaxies Differ?
- How does Gas Cycle through Galaxies?
- 16.4 The Role of Supermassive Black Holes
- What is the Evidence for Supermassive Black Holes at the Centers of Galaxies?
- Do Supermassive Black Holes Regulate Galaxy Evolution?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Does It Make Sense?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- 17 The Birth of the Universe
- Learning Goals
- 17.1 The Big Bang Theory
- What were Conditions Like in the Early Universe?
- Particle Creation and Annihilation
- Fundamental Forces
- How did the Early Universe Change with Time?
- The Planck Era
- The GUT Era
- The Electroweak Era
- The Particle Era
- The Era of Nucleosynthesis
- The Era of Nuclei
- The Eras of Atoms and Galaxies
- Early Universe Summary
- 17.2 Evidence for the Big Bang
- How do Observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background Support the Big Bang Theory?
- How do the Abundances of Elements Support the Big Bang Theory?
- Helium Formation in the Early Universe
- Abundances of Other Light Elements
- 17.3 The Big Bang and Inflation
- What Key Features of the Universe are Explained by Inflation?
- Density Enhancements: Giant Quantum Fluctuations
- Uniformity: Equalizing Temperatures and Densities
- Geometry: Balancing the Universe
- Did Inflation Really Occur?
- 17.4 Observing the Big Bang for Yourself
- Why is the Darkness of the Night Sky Evidence for the Big Bang?
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 17.1 The Big Bang Theory
- What were Conditions Like in the Early Universe?
- How did the Early Universe Change with Time?
- 17.2 Evidence for the Big Bang
- How do Observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background Support the Big Bang Theory?
- How do the Abundances of Elements Support the Big Bang Theory?
- 17.3 The Big Bang and Inflation
- What Key Features of the Universe are Explained by Inflation?
- Did Inflation Really Occur?
- 17.4 Observing the Big Bang for Yourself
- Why is the Darkness of the Night Sky Evidence for the Big Bang?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Does It Make Sense?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- 18 Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Universe
- Learning Goals
- 18.1 Unseen Influences in the Cosmos
- What do We Mean by Dark Matter and Dark Energy?
- 18.2 Evidence for Dark Matter
- What is the Evidence for Dark Matter in Galaxies?
- Dark Matter in the Milky Way
- Dark Matter in Other Galaxies
- What is the Evidence for Dark Matter in Clusters of Galaxies?
- Orbits of Galaxies in Clusters
- Hot Gas in Clusters
- Gravitational Lensing
- Does Dark Matter Really Exist?
- What Might Dark Matter be Made Of?
- Ordinary Matter: Not Enough
- Exotic Matter: The Leading Hypothesis
- Searching for Dark Matter Particles
- 18.3 Structure Formation
- What is the Role of Dark Matter in Galaxy Formation?
- What are the Largest Structures in the Universe?
- 18.4 Dark Energy and the Fate of the Universe
- What is the Evidence for an Accelerating Expansion?
- Four Expansion Models
- Evidence for Acceleration
- The Nature of Dark Energy
- Why is Flat Geometry Evidence for Dark Energy?
- Flatness and Dark Energy
- Inventory of the Universe
- The Age of the Universe
- What is the Fate of the Universe?
- The Next 10100 Years
- Forever Is a Long Time
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 18.1 Unseen Influences in the Cosmos
- What do We Mean by Dark Matter and Dark Energy?
- 18.2 Evidence for Dark Matter
- What is the Evidence for Dark Matter in Galaxies?
- What is the Evidence for Dark Matter in Clusters of Galaxies?
- Does Dark Matter Really Exist?
- What Might Dark Matter be Made Of?
- 18.3 Structure Formation
- What is the Role of Dark Matter in Galaxy Formation?
- What are the Largest Structures in the Universe?
- 18.4 Dark Energy and the Fate of the Universe
- What is the Evidence for an Accelerating Expansion?
- Why is Flat Geometry Evidence for Dark Energy?
- What is the Fate of the Universe?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Does It Make Sense?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- Part VI Life on Earth and Beyond
- 19 Life in the Universe
- Learning Goals
- 19.1 Life on Earth
- When did Life Arise on Earth?
- How did Life Arise on Earth?
- The Theory of Evolution
- The Mechanism of Evolution
- The First Living Organisms
- The Transition from Chemistry to Biology
- Could Life Have Migrated to Earth?
- A Brief History of Life on Earth
- What are the Necessities of Life?
- 19.2 Life in the Solar System
- Could there Be Life on Mars?
- Searching for Life on Mars
- Methane on Mars
- Could there Be Life in the Outer Solar System?
- Jupiter’s Potentially Habitable Moons
- Titan and Enceladus
- Beyond Saturn
- 19.3 Life Around Other Stars
- What are the Requirements for Surface Habitability?
- The Habitable Zone
- Volcanism and Plate Tectonics
- Global Magnetic Field
- A Recipe for Habitability?
- What Kinds of Extrasolar Worlds Might be Habitable?
- Moons with Habitable Surfaces
- Super-Earths and Water Worlds in Extended Habitable Zones
- Subsurface Habitability
- Orphan Planets
- The Bottom Line: Wide-Ranging Possibilities
- How could We Detect Life on Extrasolar Planets?
- 19.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
- How Many Civilizations are out There?
- The Drake Equation
- The Number of Life-Bearing Planets
- The Question of Intelligence
- Technological Lifetimes
- How does SETI Work?
- 19.5 Interstellar Travel and Its Implications for Civilization
- How Difficult is Interstellar Travel?
- The Challenge of Interstellar Travel
- Starship Design
- Where are the Aliens?
- Summary of Key Concepts
- 19.1 Life on Earth
- When did Life Arise on Earth?
- How did Life Arise on Earth?
- What are the Necessities of Life?
- 19.2 Life in the Solar System
- Could there Be Life on Mars?
- Could there Be Life in the Outer Solar System?
- 19.3 Life Around Other Stars
- What are the Requirements for Surface Life?
- What Kinds of Extrasolar Worlds Might be Habitable?
- How could We Detect Life on Extrasolar Planets?
- 19.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
- How Many Civilizations are Out There?
- How does SETI Work?
- 19.5 Interstellar Travel and Its Implications for Civilization
- How Difficult is Interstellar Travel?
- Where are the Aliens?
- Exercises and Problems
- Review Questions
- Test Your Understanding
- Fantasy or Science Fiction?
- Quick Quiz
- Process of Science
- Group Work Exercise
- Investigate Further
- Short-Answer/Essay Questions
- Quantitative Problems
- Discussion Questions
- Web Projects
- A Useful Numbers
- Astronomical Distances
- Universal Constants
- Useful Sun and Earth Reference Values
- Astronomical Times
- Energy and Power Units
- B Useful Formulas
- C A Few Mathematical Skills
- C.1 Powers of 10
- Multiplying and Dividing Powers of 10
- Powers of Powers of 10
- Adding and Subtracting Powers of 10
- Summary
- C.2 Scientific Notation
- Converting a Number to Scientific Notation
- Converting a Number from Scientific Notation
- Multiplying or Dividing Numbers in Scientific Notation
- Addition and Subtraction with Scientific Notation
- C.3 Working with Units
- Five Guidelines for Working with Units
- More Examples of Working with Units
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