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Test Bank For The Cosmic Perspective (8th Edition) 8th Edition

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Product Details:

  • ISBN-10 ‏: ‎ 0134110315
  • ISBN-13 ‏: ‎ 978-0134110318
  • Author: Jeffrey Bennett, Megan, Nicholas and Mark.

Building on a long tradition of effective pedagogy and comprehensive coverage, The Cosmic Perspective, Eighth Edition provides a thoroughly engaging and up-to-date introduction to astronomy for non-science majors. This text offers a wealth of features that enhance student understanding of the process of science and actively engage students in the learning process for key concepts. The fully updated Eighth Edition includes the latest scientific discoveries, revises several subjects based on our most current understanding of the cosmos, and now emphasizes deeper understanding of the twists and turns of the process of science and the relevance of concepts to student’s lives.

The text is supported by a robust package of instructor and student ancillaries, including MasteringAstronomy. This market-leading online tutorial and homework system has been updated with new content that helps students learn and review more effectively outside of class.

Table Of Content:

  1. Brief Contents
  2. Contents
  3. Preface
  4. Who is this Book for?
  5. New to This Edition
  6. Themes of The Essential Cosmic Perspective
  7. Pedagogical Principles of The Essential Cosmic Perspective
  8. The Topical (Part) Structure of The Essential Cosmic Perspective
  9. Pedagogical Features of The Essential Cosmic Perspective
  10. About MasteringAstronomy®
  11. Additional Supplements for The Essential Cosmic Perspective
  12. Instructor-Only Supplements
  13. About the Authors
  14. How to Succeed in Your Astronomy Course
  15. Foreword The Meaning of The Cosmic Perspective
  16. Part I Developing Perspective
  17. 1 A Modern View of the Universe
  18. Learning Goals
  19. 1.1 The Scale of the Universe
  20. What is Our Place in the Universe?
  21. Our Cosmic Address
  22. Astronomical Distance Measurements
  23. Looking Back in Time
  24. The Observable Universe
  25. How Big is the Universe?
  26. The Scale of the Solar System
  27. Distances to the Stars
  28. The Size of the Milky Way Galaxy
  29. The Observable Universe
  30. 1.2 The History of the Universe
  31. How did We Come to Be?
  32. The Big Bang, Expansion, and the Age of the Universe
  33. Stellar Lives and Galactic Recycling
  34. Star Stuff
  35. How do Our Lifetimes Compare to the Age of the Universe?
  36. 1.3 Spaceship Earth
  37. How is Earth Moving through Space?
  38. Rotation and Orbit
  39. Motion Within the Milky Way Galaxy
  40. How do Galaxies Move within the Universe?
  41. The Raisin Cake Analogy
  42. The Real Universe
  43. Motion Summary
  44. Summary of Key Concepts
  45. 1.1 The Scale of the Universe
  46. What is Our Place in the Universe?
  47. How Big is the Universe?
  48. 1.2 The History of the Universe
  49. How did We Come to Be?
  50. How do Our Lifetimes Compare to the Age of the Universe?
  51. 1.3 Spaceship Earth
  52. How is Earth Moving through Space?
  53. How do Galaxies Move within the Universe?
  54. Exercises and Problems
  55. Review Questions
  56. Test Your Understanding
  57. Does It Make Sense?
  58. Example:
  59. Solution:
  60. Quick Quiz
  61. Process of Science
  62. Group Work Exercise
  63. Investigate Further
  64. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  65. Quantitative Problems
  66. Discussion Questions
  67. Web Projects
  68. 2 Discovering the Universe for Yourself
  69. Learning Goals
  70. 2.1 Patterns in the Night Sky
  71. What does the Universe Look Like from Earth?
  72. Constellations
  73. The Celestial Sphere
  74. The Milky Way
  75. The Local Sky
  76. Angular Sizes and Distances
  77. Why do Stars Rise and Set?
  78. Why do the Constellations We See Depend on Latitude and Time of Year?
  79. Variation with Latitude
  80. Variation with Time of Year
  81. 2.2 The Reason for Seasons
  82. What Causes the Seasons?
  83. Solstices and Equinoxes
  84. First Days of Seasons
  85. Seasons Around the World
  86. How does the Orientation of Earth’s Axis Change with Time?
  87. 2.3 The Moon, Our Constant Companion
  88. Why do We See Phases of the Moon?
  89. Understanding Phases
  90. The Moon’s Synchronous Rotation
  91. The View from the Moon
  92. What Causes Eclipses?
  93. Conditions for Eclipses
  94. Lunar Eclipses
  95. Solar Eclipses
  96. Predicting Eclipses
  97. 2.4 The Ancient Mystery of the Planets
  98. Why was Planetary Motion so Hard to Explain?
  99. Why did the Ancient Greeks Reject the Real Explanation for Planetary Motion?
  100. Summary of Key Concepts
  101. 2.1 Patterns in the Night Sky
  102. What does the Universe Look Like from Earth?
  103. Why do Stars Rise and Set?
  104. Why do the Constellations We See Depend on Latitude and Time of Year?
  105. 2.2 The Reason for Seasons
  106. What Causes the Seasons?
  107. How does the Orientation of Earth’s Axis Change with Time?
  108. 2.3 The Moon, Our Constant Companion
  109. Why do We See Phases of the Moon?
  110. What Causes Eclipses?
  111. 2.4 The Ancient Mystery of the Planets
  112. Why was Planetary Motion so Hard to Explain?
  113. Why did the Ancient Greeks Reject the Real Explanation for Planetary Motion?
  114. Exercises and Problems
  115. Review Questions
  116. Test Your Understanding
  117. Does It Make Sense?
  118. Quick Quiz
  119. Process of Science
  120. Group Work Exercise
  121. Investigate Further
  122. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  123. Quantitative Problems
  124. Discussion Questions
  125. Web Projects
  126. 3 The Science of Astronomy
  127. Learning Goals
  128. 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science
  129. In what Ways do All Humans Use Scientific Thinking?
  130. How is Modern Science Rooted in Ancient Astronomy?
  131. Practical Benefits of Astronomy
  132. Astronomy and Measures of Time
  133. Determining the Time of Day
  134. Marking the Seasons
  135. Solar and Lunar Calendars
  136. Learning About Ancient Achievements
  137. 3.2 Ancient Greek Science
  138. Why does Modern Science Trace its Roots to the Greeks?
  139. Three Philosophical Innovations
  140. Models of Nature
  141. From Greece to the Renaissance
  142. How did the Greeks Explain Planetary Motion?
  143. 3.3 The Copernican Revolution
  144. How did Copernicus, Tycho, and Kepler Challenge the Earth-Centered Model?
  145. Copernicus
  146. Tycho
  147. Kepler
  148. What are Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion?
  149. How did Galileo Solidify the Copernican Revolution?
  150. Galileo’s Evidence
  151. Galileo and the Church
  152. 3.4 The Nature of Science
  153. How can We Distinguish Science from Nonscience?
  154. Approaches to Science
  155. Hallmarks of Science
  156. Occam’s Razor
  157. Verifiable Observations
  158. Objectivity in Science
  159. What is a Scientific Theory?
  160. Summary of Key Concepts
  161. 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science
  162. In What Ways do All Humans Use Scientific Thinking?
  163. How is Modern Science Rooted in Ancient Astronomy?
  164. 3.2 Ancient Greek Science
  165. Why does Modern Science Trace its Roots to the Greeks?
  166. How did the Greeks Explain Planetary Motion?
  167. 3.3 The Copernican Revolution
  168. How did Copernicus, Tycho, and Kepler Challenge the Earth-Centered Model?
  169. What are Kepler’s three Laws of Planetary Motion?
  170. How did Galileo Solidify the Copernican Revolution?
  171. 3.4 The Nature of Science
  172. How can We Distinguish Science from Nonscience?
  173. What is a Scientific Theory?
  174. Exercises and Problems
  175. Review Questions
  176. Test Your Understanding
  177. Science or Nonscience?
  178. Quick Quiz
  179. Process of Science
  180. Group Work Exercise
  181. Investigate Further
  182. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  183. Quantitative Problems
  184. Discussion Questions
  185. Web Projects
  186. Part II Key Concepts for Astronomy
  187. 4 Making Sense of the Universe Understanding Motion, Energy, and Gravity
  188. Learning Goals
  189. 4.1 Describing Motion: Examples from Daily Life
  190. How do We Describe Motion?
  191. Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration
  192. The Acceleration of Gravity
  193. Momentum and Force
  194. How is Mass Different from Weight?
  195. Free-Fall and Weightlessness
  196. Weightlessness in Space
  197. 4.2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
  198. How did Newton Change Our View of the Universe?
  199. What are Newton’s Three Laws of Motion?
  200. Newton’s First Law
  201. Newton’s Second Law
  202. Newton’s Third Law
  203. 4.3 Conservation Laws in Astronomy
  204. What Keeps a Planet Rotating and Orbiting the Sun?
  205. Orbital Angular Momentum
  206. Rotational Angular Momentum
  207. Where do Objects Get Their Energy?
  208. Basic Types of Energy
  209. Thermal Energy—The Kinetic Energy of Many Particles
  210. Potential Energy in Astronomy
  211. Conservation of Energy
  212. 4.4 The Force of Gravity
  213. What Determines the Strength of Gravity?
  214. How does Newton’s Law of Gravity Extend Kepler’s Laws?
  215. How do Gravity and Energy Allow us to Understand Orbits?
  216. Orbital Energy
  217. Gravitational Encounters
  218. Atmospheric Drag
  219. Escape Velocity
  220. How does Gravity Cause Tides?
  221. Summary of Key Concepts
  222. 4.1 Describing Motion: Examples from Daily Life
  223. How do We Describe Motion?
  224. How is Mass Different from Weight?
  225. 4.2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
  226. How did Newton Change Our View of the Universe?
  227. What are Newton’s Three Laws of Motion?
  228. 4.3 Conservation Laws in Astronomy
  229. What Keeps a Planet Rotating and Orbiting the Sun?
  230. Where do Objects Get Their Energy?
  231. 4.4 The Force of Gravity
  232. What Determines the Strength of Gravity?
  233. How does Newton’s Law of Gravity Extend Kepler’s Laws?
  234. How do Gravity and Energy Allow Us to Understand Orbits?
  235. How does Gravity Cause Tides?
  236. Exercises and Problems
  237. Review Questions
  238. Test Your Understanding
  239. Does It Make Sense?
  240. Quick Quiz
  241. Process of Science
  242. Group Work Exercise
  243. Investigate Further
  244. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  245. Quantitative Problems
  246. Discussion Questions
  247. Web Projects
  248. 5 Light The Cosmic Messenger
  249. Learning Goals
  250. 5.1 Basic Properties of Light and Matter
  251. What is Light?
  252. Wave Properties of Light
  253. Particle Properties of Light
  254. The Many Forms of Light
  255. What is Matter?
  256. Atomic Structure
  257. Atomic Terminology
  258. How do Light and Matter Interact?
  259. 5.2 Learning from Light
  260. What are the Three Basic Types of Spectra?
  261. How does Light Tell Us what Things are Made Of?
  262. Energy Levels in Atoms
  263. Emission and Absorption Lines
  264. Chemical Fingerprints
  265. How does Light Tell Us the Temperatures of Planets and Stars?
  266. Thermal Radiation: Every Body Does It
  267. The Two Laws of Thermal Radiation
  268. How does Light Tell Us the Speed of a Distant Object?
  269. The Doppler Effect
  270. Spectral Summary
  271. 5.3 Collecting Light with Telescopes
  272. How do Telescopes Help Us Learn about the Universe?
  273. Two Key Telescope Properties
  274. Basic Telescope Design
  275. Telescopes Across the Spectrum
  276. Looking Beyond Light
  277. Why do We Put Telescopes in Space?
  278. Atmospheric Effects on Visible Light
  279. Atmospheric Absorption and Emission of Light
  280. Adaptive Optics
  281. Summary of Key Concepts
  282. 5.1 Basic Properties of Light and Matter
  283. What is Light?
  284. What is Matter?
  285. How do Light and Matter Interact?
  286. 5.2 Learning from Light
  287. What are the Three Basic Types of Spectra?
  288. How does Light Tell Us what Things are Made Of?
  289. How does Light Tell Us the Temperatures of Planets and Stars?
  290. How does Light Tell Us the Speed of a Distant Object?
  291. 5.3 Collecting Light with Telescopes
  292. How do Telescopes Help Us Learn about the Universe?
  293. Why do We Put Telescopes in Space?
  294. Exercises and Problems
  295. Review Questions
  296. Test Your Understanding
  297. Does It Make Sense?
  298. Quick Quiz
  299. Process of Science
  300. Group Work Exercise
  301. Investigate Further
  302. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  303. Quantitative Problems
  304. Discussion Questions
  305. Web Projects
  306. Part III Learning from Other Worlds
  307. 6 Formation of the Solar System
  308. Learning Goals
  309. 6.1 A Brief Tour of the Solar System
  310. What does the Solar System Look Like?
  311. The Sun
  312. Mercury
  313. Venus
  314. Earth
  315. Mars
  316. Jupiter
  317. Saturn
  318. Uranus
  319. Neptune
  320. Dwarf Planets: Pluto, Eris, and More
  321. 6.2 The Nebular Theory of Solar System Formation
  322. What Features of Our Solar System Provide Clues to How it Formed?
  323. Feature 1: Patterns of Motion Among Large Bodies
  324. Feature 2: Two Types of Planets
  325. Feature 3: Asteroids and Comets
  326. Feature 4: Exceptions to the Rules
  327. What is the Nebular Theory?
  328. From Hypothesis to Theory
  329. Origin of the Nebula
  330. 6.3 Explaining the Major Features of the Solar System
  331. What Caused the Orderly Patterns of Motion?
  332. Heating, Spinning, and Flattening
  333. Testing the Model
  334. Why are There Two Major Types of Planets?
  335. Condensation: Sowing the Seeds of Planets
  336. Building the Terrestrial Planets
  337. Making the Jovian Planets
  338. Clearing the Nebula
  339. Where did Asteroids and Comets Come From?
  340. How do we Explain the “Exceptions to the Rules”?
  341. Captured Moons
  342. The Giant Impact Formation of Our Moon
  343. Other Exceptions
  344. 6.4 The Age of the Solar System
  345. How do We Know the Age of the Solar System?
  346. Dating Rocks
  347. Earth Rocks, Moon Rocks, and Meteorites
  348. Summary of Key Concepts
  349. 6.1 A Brief Tour of the Solar System
  350. What does the Solar System Look Like?
  351. 6.2 The Nebular Theory of Solar System Formation
  352. What Features of Our Solar System Provide Clues to How it Formed?
  353. What is the Nebular Theory?
  354. 6.3 Explaining the Major Features of the Solar System
  355. What Caused the Orderly Patterns of Motion?
  356. Why are There Two Major Types of Planets?
  357. Where did Asteroids and Comets Come From?
  358. How do We Explain the “Exceptions to the Rules”?
  359. 6.4 The Age of the Solar System
  360. How do We Know the Age of the Solar System?
  361. Exercises and Problems
  362. Review Questions
  363. Test Your Understanding
  364. Surprising Discoveries?
  365. Quick Quiz
  366. Process of Science
  367. Group Work Exercise
  368. Investigate Further
  369. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  370. Quantitative Problems
  371. Discussion Questions
  372. Web Projects
  373. 7 Earth and the Terrestrial Worlds
  374. Learning Goals
  375. 7.1 Earth as a Planet
  376. Why is Earth Geologically Active?
  377. Interior Structure
  378. Differentiation and Internal Heat
  379. Internal Heat and Geological Activity
  380. The Magnetic Field
  381. What Processes Shape Earth’s Surface?
  382. Impact Cratering
  383. Volcanism
  384. Tectonics
  385. Erosion
  386. How does Earth’s Atmosphere Affect the Planet?
  387. Surface Protection
  388. The Greenhouse Effect
  389. 7.2 The Moon and Mercury: Geologically Dead
  390. Was there Ever Geological Activity on the Moon or Mercury?
  391. Geological Features of the Moon
  392. Geological Features of Mercury
  393. 7.3 Mars: A Victim of Planetary Freeze-Drying
  394. What Geological Features Tell Us that Water Once Flowed on Mars?
  395. The Geology of Mars
  396. Ancient Water Flows
  397. Martian Water Today
  398. Why did Mars Change?
  399. 7.4 Venus: A Hothouse World
  400. Is Venus Geologically Active?
  401. Geological Features of Venus
  402. The Absence of Plate Tectonics
  403. Why is Venus So Hot?
  404. The Fate of Outgassed Water and Carbon Dioxide
  405. The Runaway Greenhouse Effect
  406. 7.5 Earth as a Living Planet
  407. What Unique Features of Earth are Important for Life?
  408. Our Unique Oceans and Atmosphere
  409. Plate Tectonics
  410. Climate Stability
  411. How is Human Activity Changing Our Planet?
  412. Global Warming
  413. Consequences of Global Warming
  414. What Makes a Planet Habitable?
  415. Summary of Key Concepts
  416. 7.1 Earth as a Planet
  417. Why is Earth Geologically Active?
  418. What Processes Shape Earth’s Surface?
  419. How does Earth’s Atmosphere Affect the Planet?
  420. 7.2 The Moon and Mercury: Geologically Dead
  421. Was there Ever Geological Activity on the Moon or Mercury?
  422. 7.3 Mars: A Victim of Planetary Freeze-Drying
  423. What Geological Features Tell Us that Water Once Flowed on Mars?
  424. Why did Mars Change?
  425. 7.4 Venus: A Hothouse World
  426. Is Venus Geologically Active?
  427. Why is Venus So Hot?
  428. 7.5 Earth as a Living Planet
  429. What Unique Features of Earth are Important for Life?
  430. How is Human Activity Changing our Planet?
  431. What Makes a Planet Habitable?
  432. Exercises and Problems
  433. Review Questions
  434. Test Your Understanding
  435. Surprising Discoveries?
  436. Quick Quiz
  437. Process of Science
  438. Group Work Exercise
  439. Investigate Further
  440. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  441. Quantitative Problems
  442. Discussion Questions
  443. Web Projects
  444. 8 Jovian Planet Systems
  445. Learning Goals
  446. 8.1 A Different Kind of Planet
  447. What are Jovian Planets Made Of?
  448. General Composition
  449. Density Differences
  450. Jovian Planet Interiors
  451. Magnetic Fields
  452. What is the Weather Like on Jovian Planets?
  453. Clouds and Colors
  454. Global Winds and Storms
  455. 8.2 A Wealth of Worlds: Satellites of Ice and Rock
  456. What Kinds of Moons Orbit the Jovian Planets?
  457. Why are Jupiter’s Galilean Moons Geologically Active?
  458. Io: The Volcano World
  459. Europa: The Water World?
  460. Ganymede and Callisto
  461. What Geological Activity do We See on Titan and Other Moons?
  462. Titan
  463. Saturn’s Medium-Size Moons
  464. Moons of Uranus and Neptune
  465. Why are Jovian Moons More Geologically Active than Small Rocky Planets?
  466. 8.3 Jovian Planet Rings
  467. What are Saturn’s Rings Like?
  468. Ring Particle Characteristics
  469. Rings and Gaps
  470. Why do the Jovian Planets have Rings?
  471. Summary of Key Concepts
  472. 8.1 A Different Kind of Planet
  473. What are Jovian Planets Made Of?
  474. What is the Weather Like on Jovian Planets?
  475. 8.2 A Wealth of Worlds: Satellites of Ice and Rock
  476. What Kinds of Moons Orbit the Jovian Planets?
  477. Why are Jupiter’s Galilean Moons Geologically Active?
  478. What Geological Activity do We See on Titan and Other Moons?
  479. Why are Jovian Moons More Geologically Active than Small Rocky Planets?
  480. 8.3 Jovian Planet Rings
  481. What are Saturn’s Rings Like?
  482. Why do the Jovian Planets have Rings?
  483. Exercises and Problems
  484. Review Questions
  485. Test Your Understanding
  486. Surprising Discoveries?
  487. Quick Quiz
  488. Process of Science
  489. Group Work Exercise
  490. Investigate Further
  491. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  492. Quantitative Problems
  493. Discussion Questions
  494. Web Projects
  495. 9 Asteroids, Comets, and Dwarf Planets Their Nature, Orbits, and Impacts
  496. Learning Goals
  497. 9.1 Classifying Small Bodies
  498. How do We Classify Small Bodies?
  499. Asteroids
  500. Comets
  501. Dwarf Planets
  502. Meteors and Meteorites
  503. 9.2 Asteroids
  504. What are Asteroids Like?
  505. What do Meteorites Tell Us about Asteroids and the Early Solar System?
  506. Why is There an Asteroid Belt?
  507. 9.3 Comets
  508. Why do Comets Grow Tails?
  509. The Flashy Lives of Comets
  510. Comet Tails and Meteor Showers
  511. Where do Comets Come From?
  512. 9.4 Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
  513. What is Pluto Like?
  514. Pluto Before New Horizons
  515. New Horizons at Pluto
  516. What do We Know about Other Kuiper Belt Comets?
  517. 9.5 Cosmic Collisions: Small Bodies Versus the Planets
  518. Did an Impact Kill the Dinosaurs?
  519. How Great is the Impact Risk Today?
  520. How do the Jovian Planets Affect Impact Rates and Life on Earth?
  521. Summary of Key Concepts
  522. 9.1 Classifying Small Bodies
  523. How do We Classify Small Bodies?
  524. 9.2 Asteroids
  525. What are Asteroids Like?
  526. What do Meteorites Tell Us about Asteroids and the Early Solar System?
  527. Why is There an Asteroid Belt?
  528. 9.3 Comets
  529. Why do Comets Grow Tails?
  530. Where do Comets Come From?
  531. 9.4 Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
  532. What is Pluto Like?
  533. What do We Know about Other Kuiper Belt Comets?
  534. 9.5 Cosmic Collisions: Small Bodies Versus the Planets
  535. Did an Impact Kill the Dinosaurs?
  536. How Great is the Impact Risk Today?
  537. How do the Jovian Planets Affect Impact Rates and Life on Earth?
  538. Exercises and Problems
  539. Review Questions
  540. Short-Answer Questions Based on the Reading
  541. Test Your Understanding
  542. Surprising Discoveries?
  543. Quick Quiz
  544. Process of Science
  545. Group Work Exercise
  546. Investigate Further
  547. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  548. Quantitative Problems
  549. Discussion Questions
  550. Web Projects
  551. 10 Other Planetary Systems The New Science of Distant Worlds
  552. Learning Goals
  553. 10.1 Detecting Planets Around Other Stars
  554. How do We Detect Planets Around Other Stars?
  555. Gravitational Tugs
  556. The Astrometric Method
  557. The Doppler Method
  558. Transits
  559. Other Strategies
  560. 10.2 The Nature of Planets Around Other Stars
  561. What Properties of Extrasolar Planets can We Measure?
  562. Orbital Period and Distance
  563. Orbital Eccentricity
  564. Planetary Mass
  565. Planetary Size
  566. Planetary Density
  567. Atmospheric Composition and Temperature
  568. How do Extrasolar Planets Compare with Planets in Our Solar System?
  569. Orbital Properties
  570. Sizes, Masses, and Densities
  571. The Nature of Extrasolar Planets
  572. 10.3 The Formation of Other Planetary Systems
  573. Do We Need to Modify Our Theory of Solar System Formation?
  574. Explaining Planetary Orbits
  575. Explaining Planetary Types
  576. An Improved Nebular Theory
  577. Are Planetary Systems Like Ours Common?
  578. Summary of Key Concepts
  579. 10.1 Detecting Planets Around Other Stars
  580. How do We Detect Planets Around Other Stars?
  581. 10.2 The Nature of Planets Around Other Stars
  582. What Properties of Extrasolar Planets can We Measure?
  583. How do Extrasolar Planets Compare with Planets in Our Solar System?
  584. 10.3 The Formation of Other Planetary Systems
  585. Do We Need to Modify Our Theory of Solar System Formation?
  586. Are Planetary Systems Like Ours Common?
  587. Exercises and Problems
  588. Review Questions
  589. Test Your Understanding
  590. Does It Make Sense?
  591. Quick Quiz
  592. Process of Science
  593. Group Work Exercise
  594. Investigate Further
  595. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  596. Quantitative Problems
  597. Discussion Questions
  598. Web Projects
  599. Part IV Stars
  600. 11 Our Star
  601. Learning Goals
  602. 11.1 A Closer Look at the Sun
  603. Why does the Sun Shine?
  604. How Fusion Started
  605. The Stable Sun
  606. What is the Sun’s Structure?
  607. Basic Properties of the Sun
  608. The Sun’s Atmosphere
  609. The Sun’s Interior
  610. 11.2 Nuclear Fusion in the Sun
  611. How does Nuclear Fusion Occur in the Sun?
  612. The Proton–Proton Chain
  613. The Solar Thermostat
  614. How does the Energy from Fusion Get Out of the Sun?
  615. How do We Know what is Happening Inside the Sun?
  616. Mathematical Models
  617. Solar Vibrations
  618. Solar Neutrinos
  619. 11.3 The Sun–Earth Connection
  620. What Causes Solar Activity?
  621. Sunspots and Magnetic Fields
  622. Solar Storms
  623. Heating of the Chromosphere and Corona
  624. How does Solar Activity Vary with Time?
  625. The Sunspot Cycle
  626. The Cause of the Sunspot Cycle
  627. The Sunspot Cycle and Earth’s Climate
  628. Summary of Key Concepts
  629. 11.1 A Closer Look at the Sun
  630. Why does the Sun Shine?
  631. What is the Sun’s Structure?
  632. 11.2 Nuclear Fusion in the Sun
  633. How does Nuclear Fusion Occur in the Sun?
  634. How does the Energy from Fusion Get Out of the Sun?
  635. How do We Know what is Happening Inside the Sun?
  636. 11.3 The Sun–Earth Connection
  637. What Causes Solar Activity?
  638. How does Solar Activity Vary with Time?
  639. Exercises and Problems
  640. Review Questions
  641. Test Your Understanding
  642. Does It Make Sense?
  643. Quick Quiz
  644. Process of Science
  645. Group Work Exercise
  646. Investigate Further
  647. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  648. Quantitative Problems
  649. Discussion Questions
  650. Web Projects
  651. 12 Surveying the Stars
  652. Learning Goals
  653. 12.1 Properties of Stars
  654. How do We Measure Stellar Luminosities?
  655. The Inverse Square Law for Light
  656. Measuring Distance Through Stellar Parallax
  657. The Luminosity Range of Stars
  658. The Magnitude System
  659. How do We Measure Stellar Temperatures?
  660. Color and Temperature
  661. Spectral Type and Temperature
  662. History of the Spectral Sequence
  663. How do We Measure Stellar Masses?
  664. Types of Binary Star Systems
  665. Masses in Binary Systems
  666. 12.2 Patterns Among Stars
  667. What is a Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram?
  668. Basics of the H-R Diagram
  669. Patterns in the H-R Diagram
  670. Luminosity Classes
  671. Complete Stellar Classification
  672. What is the Significance of the Main Sequence?
  673. Masses Along the Main Sequence
  674. Lifetimes Along the Main Sequence
  675. Mass: A Star’s Most Fundamental Property
  676. What are Giants, Supergiants, and White Dwarfs?
  677. Giants and Supergiants
  678. White Dwarfs
  679. 12.3 Star Clusters
  680. What are the Two Types of Star Clusters?
  681. How do We Measure the Age of a Star Cluster?
  682. Summary of Key Concepts
  683. 12.1 Properties of Stars
  684. How do We Measure Stellar Luminosities?
  685. How do We Measure Stellar Temperatures?
  686. How do We Measure Stellar Masses?
  687. 12.2 Patterns Among Stars
  688. What is a Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram?
  689. What is the Significance of the Main Sequence?
  690. What are Giants, Supergiants, and White Dwarfs?
  691. 12.3 Star Clusters
  692. What are the Two Types of Star Clusters?
  693. How do We Measure the Age of a Star Cluster?
  694. Exercises and Problems
  695. Review Questions
  696. Test Your Understanding
  697. Does It Make Sense?
  698. Quick Quiz
  699. Process of Science
  700. Group Work Exercise
  701. Investigate Further
  702. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  703. Quantitative Problems
  704. Discussion Question
  705. Web Projects
  706. 13 Star Stuff
  707. Learning Goals
  708. 13.1 Star Birth
  709. How do Stars Form?
  710. From Cloud to Protostar
  711. Disks and Jets
  712. Single Star or Binary?
  713. From Protostar to the Main Sequence
  714. How Massive are Newborn Stars?
  715. Limits on Stellar Masses
  716. Pressure in Brown Dwarfs
  717. 13.2 Life as a Low-Mass Star
  718. What are the Life Stages of a Low-Mass Star?
  719. Main-Sequence Stage
  720. Red Giant Stage
  721. Helium Fusion
  722. How does a Low-Mass Star Die?
  723. Last Gasps
  724. Planetary Nebula
  725. The Fate of Earth
  726. The Sun’s Life on an H-R Diagram
  727. 13.3 Life as a High-Mass Star
  728. What are the Life Stages of a High-Mass Star?
  729. Hydrogen Fusion in a High-Mass Star
  730. Becoming a Supergiant
  731. How do High-Mass Stars Make the Elements Necessary for Life?
  732. Fusion of Heavier Nuclei
  733. Iron: Bad News for the Stellar Core
  734. Evidence for the Origin of Elements
  735. How does a High-Mass Star Die?
  736. The Supernova Explosion
  737. Supernova Observations
  738. Summary of Stellar Lives
  739. 13.4 Stars in Close Binaries
  740. How are the Lives of Stars with Close Companions Different?
  741. Summary of Key Concepts
  742. 13.1 Star Birth
  743. How do Stars Form?
  744. How Massive are Newborn Stars?
  745. 13.2 Life as a Low-Mass Star
  746. What are the Life Stages of a Low-Mass Star?
  747. How does a Low-Mass Star Die?
  748. 13.3 Life as a High-Mass Star
  749. What are the Life Stages of a High-Mass Star?
  750. How do High-Mass Stars Make the Elements Necessary for Life?
  751. How does a High-Mass Star Die?
  752. 13.4 Stars in Close Binaries
  753. How are the Lives of Stars with Close Companions Different?
  754. Exercises and Problems
  755. Review Questions
  756. Test Your Understanding
  757. Does It Make Sense?
  758. Quick Quiz
  759. Process of Science
  760. Group Work Exercise
  761. Investigate Further
  762. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  763. Quantitative Problems
  764. Discussion Questions
  765. Web Projects
  766. 14 The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard
  767. Learning Goals
  768. 14.1 White Dwarfs
  769. What is a White Dwarf?
  770. White Dwarf Composition, Density, and Size
  771. The White Dwarf Limit
  772. What can Happen to a White Dwarf in a Close Binary System?
  773. Accretion Disks
  774. Novae
  775. White Dwarf Supernovae
  776. 14.2 Neutron Stars
  777. What is a Neutron Star?
  778. How were Neutron Stars Discovered?
  779. What can Happen to a Neutron Star in a Close Binary System?
  780. X-Ray Bursts
  781. Neutron Star Mergers
  782. 14.3 Black Holes: Gravity’s Ultimate Victory
  783. What is a Black Hole?
  784. The Event Horizon
  785. Singularity and the Limits to Knowledge
  786. What would it be Like to Visit a Black Hole?
  787. Do Black Holes Really Exist?
  788. The Formation of a Black Hole
  789. Observational Evidence for Black Holes
  790. 14.4 Extreme Events
  791. What Causes Gamma-Ray Bursts?
  792. What Happens when Black Holes Merge?
  793. Summary of Key Concepts
  794. 14.1 White Dwarfs
  795. What is a White Dwarf?
  796. What can Happen to a White Dwarf in a Close Binary System?
  797. 14.2 Neutron Stars
  798. What is a Neutron Star?
  799. How were Neutron Stars Discovered?
  800. What can Happen to a Neutron Star in a Close Binary System?
  801. 14.3 Black Holes: Gravity’s Ultimate Victory
  802. What is a Black Hole?
  803. What would it Be Like to Visit a Black Hole?
  804. Do Black Holes Really Exist?
  805. 14.4 Extreme Events
  806. What Causes Gamma-Ray Bursts?
  807. What Happens when Black Holes Merge?
  808. Exercises and Problems
  809. Review Questions
  810. Test Your Understanding
  811. Does It Make Sense?
  812. Quick Quiz
  813. Process of Science
  814. Group Work Exercise
  815. Investigate Further
  816. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  817. Quantitative Problems
  818. Discussion Questions
  819. Web Projects
  820. Part V Galaxies and Beyond
  821. 15 Our Galaxy
  822. Learning Goals
  823. 15.1 The Milky Way Revealed
  824. What does Our Galaxy Look Like?
  825. How do Stars Orbit in Our Galaxy?
  826. Orbits of Disk Stars
  827. Orbits of Halo Stars
  828. Orbits of Bulge Stars
  829. Stellar Orbits and the Mass of the Galaxy
  830. 15.2 Galactic Recycling
  831. How is Gas Recycled in Our Galaxy?
  832. Gas from Dying Stars
  833. Cooling and Cloud Formation
  834. Completing the Cycle
  835. Putting It All Together: The Distribution of Gas in the Milky Way
  836. Where do Stars Tend to Form in Our Galaxy?
  837. Star-Forming Regions
  838. Spiral Arms
  839. 15.3 The History of the Milky Way
  840. What do Halo Stars Tell Us about Our Galaxy’s History?
  841. How did Our Galaxy Form?
  842. 15.4 The Galactic Center
  843. What is the Evidence for a Black Hole at Our Galaxy’s Center?
  844. Summary of Key Concepts
  845. 15.1 The Milky Way Revealed
  846. What does Our Galaxy Look Like?
  847. How do Stars orbit in Our Galaxy?
  848. 15.2 Galactic Recycling
  849. How is Gas Recycled in Our Galaxy?
  850. Where do Stars Tend to Form in Our Galaxy?
  851. 15.3 The History of the Milky Way
  852. What do Halo Stars Tell us about Our Galaxy’s History?
  853. How did Our Galaxy Form?
  854. 15.4 The Galactic Center
  855. What is the Evidence for a Black Hole at Our Galaxy’s Center?
  856. Exercises and Problems
  857. Review Questions
  858. Test Your Understanding
  859. Does It Make Sense?
  860. Quick Quiz
  861. Process of Science
  862. Group Work Exercise
  863. Investigate Further
  864. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  865. Quantitative Problems
  866. Discussion Questions
  867. Web Projects
  868. 16 A Universe of Galaxies
  869. Learning Goals
  870. 16.1 Islands of Stars
  871. What Patterns do We Find Among the Properties of Galaxies?
  872. Spiral Galaxies
  873. Elliptical Galaxies
  874. Irregular Galaxies
  875. Hubble’s Galaxy Classes
  876. Patterns in Galaxy Color and Luminosity
  877. Patterns in Galaxy Groups and Clusters
  878. 16.2 Distances of Galaxies
  879. How do We Measure the Distances to Galaxies?
  880. Standard Candles
  881. Cepheid Variables
  882. Distant Standard Candles
  883. What is Hubble’s Law?
  884. Hubble and the Andromeda Galaxy
  885. Distance and Redshift
  886. Hubble’s Law
  887. Distance Chain Summary
  888. How do Distance Measurements Tell Us the Age of the Universe?
  889. The Cosmological Principle
  890. The Age of the Universe
  891. Lookback Time and Cosmological Redshift
  892. The Horizon of the Universe
  893. 16.3 Galaxy Evolution
  894. How do We Study Galaxy Evolution?
  895. Observing Galaxies at Different Ages
  896. Modeling Galaxy Formation
  897. Why do Galaxies Differ?
  898. Birth Conditions
  899. Later Interactions
  900. An Incomplete Answer
  901. How does Gas Cycle through Galaxies?
  902. Bursts of Star Formation
  903. Regulation of the Gas Supply
  904. 16.4 The Role of Supermassive Black Holes
  905. What is the Evidence for Supermassive Black Holes at the Centers of Galaxies?
  906. Sizes of Active Galactic Nuclei
  907. The Black Hole Hypothesis
  908. Evidence from Orbits
  909. Do Supermassive Black Holes Regulate Galaxy Evolution?
  910. Radio Galaxies
  911. Disruption of the Star–Gas–Star Cycle
  912. Black Holes and Galaxy Evolution
  913. Summary of Key Concepts
  914. 16.1 Islands of Stars
  915. What Patterns do We Find Among the Properties of Galaxies?
  916. 16.2 Distances of Galaxies
  917. How do We Measure the Distances to Galaxies?
  918. What is Hubble’s Law?
  919. How do Distance Measurements Tell us the age of the universe?
  920. 16.3 Galaxy Evolution
  921. How do We Study Galaxy Evolution?
  922. Why do Galaxies Differ?
  923. How does Gas Cycle through Galaxies?
  924. 16.4 The Role of Supermassive Black Holes
  925. What is the Evidence for Supermassive Black Holes at the Centers of Galaxies?
  926. Do Supermassive Black Holes Regulate Galaxy Evolution?
  927. Exercises and Problems
  928. Review Questions
  929. Test Your Understanding
  930. Does It Make Sense?
  931. Quick Quiz
  932. Process of Science
  933. Group Work Exercise
  934. Investigate Further
  935. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  936. Quantitative Problems
  937. Discussion Questions
  938. Web Projects
  939. 17 The Birth of the Universe
  940. Learning Goals
  941. 17.1 The Big Bang Theory
  942. What were Conditions Like in the Early Universe?
  943. Particle Creation and Annihilation
  944. Fundamental Forces
  945. How did the Early Universe Change with Time?
  946. The Planck Era
  947. The GUT Era
  948. The Electroweak Era
  949. The Particle Era
  950. The Era of Nucleosynthesis
  951. The Era of Nuclei
  952. The Eras of Atoms and Galaxies
  953. Early Universe Summary
  954. 17.2 Evidence for the Big Bang
  955. How do Observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background Support the Big Bang Theory?
  956. How do the Abundances of Elements Support the Big Bang Theory?
  957. Helium Formation in the Early Universe
  958. Abundances of Other Light Elements
  959. 17.3 The Big Bang and Inflation
  960. What Key Features of the Universe are Explained by Inflation?
  961. Density Enhancements: Giant Quantum Fluctuations
  962. Uniformity: Equalizing Temperatures and Densities
  963. Geometry: Balancing the Universe
  964. Did Inflation Really Occur?
  965. 17.4 Observing the Big Bang for Yourself
  966. Why is the Darkness of the Night Sky Evidence for the Big Bang?
  967. Summary of Key Concepts
  968. 17.1 The Big Bang Theory
  969. What were Conditions Like in the Early Universe?
  970. How did the Early Universe Change with Time?
  971. 17.2 Evidence for the Big Bang
  972. How do Observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background Support the Big Bang Theory?
  973. How do the Abundances of Elements Support the Big Bang Theory?
  974. 17.3 The Big Bang and Inflation
  975. What Key Features of the Universe are Explained by Inflation?
  976. Did Inflation Really Occur?
  977. 17.4 Observing the Big Bang for Yourself
  978. Why is the Darkness of the Night Sky Evidence for the Big Bang?
  979. Exercises and Problems
  980. Review Questions
  981. Test Your Understanding
  982. Does It Make Sense?
  983. Quick Quiz
  984. Process of Science
  985. Group Work Exercise
  986. Investigate Further
  987. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  988. Quantitative Problems
  989. Discussion Questions
  990. Web Projects
  991. 18 Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Universe
  992. Learning Goals
  993. 18.1 Unseen Influences in the Cosmos
  994. What do We Mean by Dark Matter and Dark Energy?
  995. 18.2 Evidence for Dark Matter
  996. What is the Evidence for Dark Matter in Galaxies?
  997. Dark Matter in the Milky Way
  998. Dark Matter in Other Galaxies
  999. What is the Evidence for Dark Matter in Clusters of Galaxies?
  1000. Orbits of Galaxies in Clusters
  1001. Hot Gas in Clusters
  1002. Gravitational Lensing
  1003. Does Dark Matter Really Exist?
  1004. What Might Dark Matter be Made Of?
  1005. Ordinary Matter: Not Enough
  1006. Exotic Matter: The Leading Hypothesis
  1007. Searching for Dark Matter Particles
  1008. 18.3 Structure Formation
  1009. What is the Role of Dark Matter in Galaxy Formation?
  1010. What are the Largest Structures in the Universe?
  1011. 18.4 Dark Energy and the Fate of the Universe
  1012. What is the Evidence for an Accelerating Expansion?
  1013. Four Expansion Models
  1014. Evidence for Acceleration
  1015. The Nature of Dark Energy
  1016. Why is Flat Geometry Evidence for Dark Energy?
  1017. Flatness and Dark Energy
  1018. Inventory of the Universe
  1019. The Age of the Universe
  1020. What is the Fate of the Universe?
  1021. The Next 10100 Years
  1022. Forever Is a Long Time
  1023. Summary of Key Concepts
  1024. 18.1 Unseen Influences in the Cosmos
  1025. What do We Mean by Dark Matter and Dark Energy?
  1026. 18.2 Evidence for Dark Matter
  1027. What is the Evidence for Dark Matter in Galaxies?
  1028. What is the Evidence for Dark Matter in Clusters of Galaxies?
  1029. Does Dark Matter Really Exist?
  1030. What Might Dark Matter be Made Of?
  1031. 18.3 Structure Formation
  1032. What is the Role of Dark Matter in Galaxy Formation?
  1033. What are the Largest Structures in the Universe?
  1034. 18.4 Dark Energy and the Fate of the Universe
  1035. What is the Evidence for an Accelerating Expansion?
  1036. Why is Flat Geometry Evidence for Dark Energy?
  1037. What is the Fate of the Universe?
  1038. Exercises and Problems
  1039. Review Questions
  1040. Test Your Understanding
  1041. Does It Make Sense?
  1042. Quick Quiz
  1043. Process of Science
  1044. Group Work Exercise
  1045. Investigate Further
  1046. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  1047. Quantitative Problems
  1048. Discussion Questions
  1049. Web Projects
  1050. Part VI Life on Earth and Beyond
  1051. 19 Life in the Universe
  1052. Learning Goals
  1053. 19.1 Life on Earth
  1054. When did Life Arise on Earth?
  1055. How did Life Arise on Earth?
  1056. The Theory of Evolution
  1057. The Mechanism of Evolution
  1058. The First Living Organisms
  1059. The Transition from Chemistry to Biology
  1060. Could Life Have Migrated to Earth?
  1061. A Brief History of Life on Earth
  1062. What are the Necessities of Life?
  1063. 19.2 Life in the Solar System
  1064. Could there Be Life on Mars?
  1065. Searching for Life on Mars
  1066. Methane on Mars
  1067. Could there Be Life in the Outer Solar System?
  1068. Jupiter’s Potentially Habitable Moons
  1069. Titan and Enceladus
  1070. Beyond Saturn
  1071. 19.3 Life Around Other Stars
  1072. What are the Requirements for Surface Habitability?
  1073. The Habitable Zone
  1074. Volcanism and Plate Tectonics
  1075. Global Magnetic Field
  1076. A Recipe for Habitability?
  1077. What Kinds of Extrasolar Worlds Might be Habitable?
  1078. Moons with Habitable Surfaces
  1079. Super-Earths and Water Worlds in Extended Habitable Zones
  1080. Subsurface Habitability
  1081. Orphan Planets
  1082. The Bottom Line: Wide-Ranging Possibilities
  1083. How could We Detect Life on Extrasolar Planets?
  1084. 19.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
  1085. How Many Civilizations are out There?
  1086. The Drake Equation
  1087. The Number of Life-Bearing Planets
  1088. The Question of Intelligence
  1089. Technological Lifetimes
  1090. How does SETI Work?
  1091. 19.5 Interstellar Travel and Its Implications for Civilization
  1092. How Difficult is Interstellar Travel?
  1093. The Challenge of Interstellar Travel
  1094. Starship Design
  1095. Where are the Aliens?
  1096. Summary of Key Concepts
  1097. 19.1 Life on Earth
  1098. When did Life Arise on Earth?
  1099. How did Life Arise on Earth?
  1100. What are the Necessities of Life?
  1101. 19.2 Life in the Solar System
  1102. Could there Be Life on Mars?
  1103. Could there Be Life in the Outer Solar System?
  1104. 19.3 Life Around Other Stars
  1105. What are the Requirements for Surface Life?
  1106. What Kinds of Extrasolar Worlds Might be Habitable?
  1107. How could We Detect Life on Extrasolar Planets?
  1108. 19.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
  1109. How Many Civilizations are Out There?
  1110. How does SETI Work?
  1111. 19.5 Interstellar Travel and Its Implications for Civilization
  1112. How Difficult is Interstellar Travel?
  1113. Where are the Aliens?
  1114. Exercises and Problems
  1115. Review Questions
  1116. Test Your Understanding
  1117. Fantasy or Science Fiction?
  1118. Quick Quiz
  1119. Process of Science
  1120. Group Work Exercise
  1121. Investigate Further
  1122. Short-Answer/Essay Questions
  1123. Quantitative Problems
  1124. Discussion Questions
  1125. Web Projects
  1126. A Useful Numbers
  1127. Astronomical Distances
  1128. Universal Constants
  1129. Useful Sun and Earth Reference Values
  1130. Astronomical Times
  1131. Energy and Power Units
  1132. B Useful Formulas
  1133. C A Few Mathematical Skills
  1134. C.1 Powers of 10
  1135. Multiplying and Dividing Powers of 10
  1136. Powers of Powers of 10
  1137. Adding and Subtracting Powers of 10
  1138. Summary
  1139. C.2 Scientific Notation
  1140. Converting a Number to Scientific Notation
  1141. Converting a Number from Scientific Notation
  1142. Multiplying or Dividing Numbers in Scientific Notation
  1143. Addition and Subtraction with Scientific Notation
  1144. C.3 Working with Units
  1145. Five Guidelines for Working with Units
  1146. More Examples of Working with Units

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