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Test Bank for The Law and Business Administration in Canada, 13th Edition : Smyth

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Test Bank for The Law and Business Administration in Canada, 13th Edition : Smyth

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Smyth/Soberman/Easson/McGill is the leader in this market, presenting a comprehensive overview of traditional and current business law topics in a readable, practical yet thorough format.

 

Table of Content:

  1. Chapter 1 Law, Society, and Business
  2. Introduction: Law, Society, and Business
  3. In this chapter we examine such issues as:
  4. The Role of Law
  5. How Is Law Defined?
  6. How Is Law Linked to Morals and Ethics?
  7. Is It Ever Right to Break the Law?
  8. How Does Law Influence Behaviour?
  9. Law and Business
  10. The Significance of Law for the Business Environment
  11. Law and International Business
  12. Legal Risk Management
  13. Developing a Legal Risk Management Plan
  14. Strategies to Manage Legal Risks
  15. The Legal Profession
  16. Business and the Legal Profession
  17. Law and Business Ethics
  18. Business Ethics
  19. Codes of Conduct
  20. Binding Codes
  21. Voluntary Codes
  22. Self-Imposed Codes
  23. Who Makes Law?
  24. The Courts and Legislation
  25. Federalism and the Constitution
  26. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms
  27. The Rights and Freedoms Protected by the Charter
  28. The Significance of the Charter for Business
  29. Challenging the Application of a Statute
  30. Questions for Review
  31. Chapter 2 The Machinery of Justice
  32. Introduction: The Machinery of Justice
  33. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  34. Classifying Law
  35. Who Makes Law?
  36. Two Legal Systems: Civil Law and Common Law
  37. Regions of the World under Each System
  38. The Need for Consistency and Predictability
  39. Common Law: The Theory of Precedent
  40. Certainty versus Flexibility
  41. Accommodating Change
  42. The Sources of Law
  43. Legislation: Government Made Law
  44. Legislation Framework
  45. “Active” Legislation: Administrative Law and Government
  46. Subordinate Legislation
  47. Interpreting Statutes
  48. Case Law: Judge-Made Law
  49. The Common Law11
  50. Equity
  51. Merger of Law and Equity
  52. The System of Courts
  53. The Courts of First Instance—Trial Courts
  54. The Court of Appeal
  55. Final Court of Appeal—The Supreme Court
  56. The System of Courts in Canada
  57. The Provincial Court System
  58. The Courts of First Instance
  59. Small Claims Court
  60. Provincial Division
  61. Superior Trial Courts—Surrogate Court (or Probate Court)
  62. Superior Trial Courts—Superior Court
  63. Intermediate Appellate Court—The Court of Appeal
  64. The Federal Court System
  65. Courts of First Instance
  66. Tax Court of Canada
  67. The Federal Court of Canada
  68. Intermediate Level Appeal—Federal Court of Appeal
  69. The Supreme Court of Canada
  70. Procedural Law: Using the Courts
  71. Who May Sue?
  72. Standing to Sue
  73. Class Actions22
  74. Procedure Before Trial
  75. The Trial
  76. Judgment
  77. Appeals
  78. Costs
  79. Who Pays for the Court System?
  80. Solicitor–Client Fees
  81. Party and Party Costs
  82. Total Costs of Litigation
  83. The Economics of Civil Litigation
  84. Contingent Fees
  85. Origins in the United States
  86. The Use of Contingency Fees in Canada
  87. Settlement Out of Court
  88. Advantages
  89. Growing Delay in the Court System
  90. Alternative Dispute Resolution
  91. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  92. Questions for Review
  93. Cases and Problems
  94. Continuing Scenario
  95. Chapter 3 Government Regulation of Business
  96. Introduction: Government Regulation of Business
  97. We examine such questions as:
  98. The Legal Framework for Doing Business in Canada
  99. Challenging Government Regulation of Business
  100. Jurisdiction over “Business Activities” under the Constitution
  101. Business Regulations that Offend the Charter
  102. Regulation Improperly Applied in the Circumstances
  103. Judicial Review
  104. Competition
  105. The Competition Act
  106. Exemptions
  107. Enforcement
  108. Conspiracies
  109. Criminal Conspiracies: Section 45 of the Competition Act
  110. “Conspires, Agrees or Arranges . . .”
  111. Other Criminal Conspiracies
  112. Reviewable Conspiracies: Lessening of Competition
  113. Registered Agreements: Specialization Agreements
  114. Monopolizing
  115. Distribution Practices
  116. Abuse of Dominant Position
  117. Mergers
  118. Consumer Protection
  119. Why Is Consumer Protection Legislation Necessary?
  120. Principal Types of Consumer Legislation
  121. Misleading Advertising
  122. Regulation of Labelling, Product Safety, and Performance Standards
  123. Regulation of Specific Businesses by Licensing, Bonding, Inspection, or Other Regulation
  124. Environmental Protection
  125. The Legislative Framework
  126. Federal Legislation
  127. Provincial Legislation
  128. Environmental Impact Assessment Review
  129. Enforcement and Liability
  130. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  131. Questions for Review
  132. Cases and Problems
  133. Continuing Scenario
  134. Chapter 4 The Law of Torts
  135. Introduction: The Law of Torts
  136. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  137. The Development of Tort Law
  138. The Basis for Liability
  139. Fault
  140. Strict Liability
  141. Public Policy
  142. Vicarious Liability
  143. Intentional Torts
  144. Assault and Battery
  145. Nuisance
  146. False Imprisonment and Malicious Prosecution
  147. Defamation
  148. Other Intentional Torts Related to Business
  149. Unintentional Torts
  150. Negligence
  151. Elements of Negligence
  152. 1. Duty of Care
  153. 2. Standard of Care
  154. 3. Damage to the Plaintiff
  155. 4. Causation of Damage
  156. Remoteness of Damage
  157. Defences to Negligence: The Plaintiff’s Own Conduct
  158. The Relevance of Insurance
  159. Product Liability
  160. Duty of Care
  161. Proving Breach of the Standard of Care
  162. Inherently Dangerous Products
  163. Occupier’s Liability
  164. Who Is an Occupier?
  165. To Whom Is the Duty Owed?
  166. Remedies
  167. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  168. Questions for Review
  169. Cases and Problems
  170. Continuing Scenario
  171. Chapter 5 Professional Liability: The Legal Challenges
  172. Introduction: Professional Liability: The Legal Challenges
  173. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  174. Professional Liability: The Challenge
  175. Liability of Professionals
  176. Contracts
  177. Fiduciary Duty
  178. Tort Liability
  179. Statutory Liability
  180. Choosing a Cause of Action
  181. Tort Liability for Inaccurate Statements
  182. Fraudulent Misrepresentation
  183. Negligent Misrepresentation
  184. Proving Negligent Misrepresentation
  185. The Duty of Care—Special Relationship
  186. Proximity
  187. Foreseeability
  188. Residual Policy Considerations
  189. Accuracy of the Statement
  190. The Standard of Care for Professionals
  191. Omissions
  192. Reliance and Detriment
  193. The Role of Professional Organizations
  194. Responsibilities and Powers
  195. Codes of Conduct
  196. Discipline
  197. Conflict of Duty toward Clients, the Profession, and the Courts
  198. Multi-Disciplinary Partnerships
  199. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  200. Questions for Review
  201. Cases and Problems
  202. Continuing Scenario
  203. Chapter 6 Formation of a Contract: Offer and Acceptance
  204. Introduction: Formation of a Contract: Offer and Acceptance
  205. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  206. The Role of Contract Law
  207. The Nature of a Contract
  208. The Nature of an Offer
  209. The Communication of an Offer
  210. Written Offers
  211. Standard Form Contracts: Their Risks and Benefits
  212. Notice of Terms
  213. The Lapse and Revocation of an Offer
  214. Lapse
  215. Revocation
  216. Notice of Revocation
  217. Options
  218. Rejection and Counter-offer by the Offeree
  219. The Elements of Acceptance
  220. Positive and Unconditional
  221. Communication to the Offeror
  222. The Moment of Formation
  223. Transactions Between Parties at A Distance from Each Other
  224. Method of Acceptance
  225. Methods of Revocation
  226. Determining the Jurisdiction Where a Contract Is Made
  227. Unilateral and Bilateral Contracts
  228. Bilateral: Offer of a Promise for a Promise
  229. Unilateral: Offer of a Promise for an Act
  230. Formation of Internet Contracts
  231. Uncertainty in the Wording of an Offer
  232. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  233. Questions for Review
  234. Cases and Problems
  235. Continuing Scenario
  236. Chapter 7 Formation of a Contract: Consideration and Intention
  237. Introduction: Formation of a Contract: Consideration and Intention
  238. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  239. The Meaning of Consideration
  240. Gratuitous Promises
  241. Adequacy of Consideration
  242. Motive Contrasted with Consideration: Past Consideration
  243. Relation Between Existing Legal Duty and Consideration
  244. Gratuitous Reduction of A Debt
  245. Equitable Estoppel
  246. Estoppel Based on Fact
  247. Injurious Reliance
  248. The Effect of A Request for Goods or Services
  249. The Use of A Seal
  250. Intention to Create Legal Relations
  251. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  252. Questions for Review
  253. Cases and Problems
  254. Continuing Scenario
  255. Chapter 8  Formation of a Contract: Capacity to Contract and Legality of Object
  256. Introduction: Formation of a Contract: Capacity to Contract and Legality of Object
  257. We examine such questions as:
  258. The Burden of Proving Essential Elements of a Contract
  259. The Meaning of Capacity to Contract
  260. Limited Capacity
  261. Minors (or Infants)
  262. Necessaries and Beneficial Contracts of Service
  263. Contracts Without Liability for a Minor
  264. Contracts Indirectly Affecting a Minor
  265. Contractual Liability of Minors upon Attaining Majority
  266. Other Persons of Diminished Contractual Capacity
  267. Bankrupt Debtors
  268. Corporations
  269. Labour Unions, Associations, and Other Organizations
  270. Aboriginal Peoples
  271. The Role of Legality in the Formation of a Contract
  272. The Difference between Void and Illegal Contracts
  273. Contracts Affected by Statute
  274. Significance of the Wording of a Statute
  275. Examples of Contracts Void by Statute
  276. Agreements Contrary to the Purpose of Legislation
  277. Examples of Statutes Affecting Public Policy
  278. Promises to Pay a Betting Debt
  279. Insurance Contracts
  280. Stock Exchange Transactions
  281. Examples of Agreements Illegal by Statute
  282. Examples of Agreements Made Legal by Statute
  283. Contracts Illegal by the Common Law and Public Policy
  284. The Common Law
  285. Public Policy
  286. Agreements in Restraint of Trade
  287. Agreements between Vendor and Purchaser of a Business
  288. Agreements between Employee and Employer
  289. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  290. Questions for Review
  291. Cases and Problems
  292. Continuing Scenario
  293. Chapter 9  Contract Issues: Mistake and Misrepresentation
  294. Introduction: Contract Issues: Mistake and Misrepresentation
  295. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  296. Setting Aside a Contract
  297. The Narrow Meaning of Mistake
  298. Void and Voidable Contracts
  299. Mistakes About the Terms
  300. Words Used Inadvertently
  301. Errors in Recording an Agreement
  302. Misunderstandings About the Meanings of Words
  303. Mistakes About the Subject Matter
  304. Mistake About the Existence of the Subject Matter of a Contract
  305. Mistake about the Value of the Subject Matter
  306. Mistakes About the Identity of a Party to a Contract
  307. Mistakes About the Nature of a Signed Document
  308. Non Est Factum
  309. Misrepresentation
  310. Contract Versus Tort
  311. Consequences of Misrepresentation in Contracts
  312. Misrepresentation by Silence or Omission
  313. Contracts of Insurance
  314. Contracts Involving the Sale of Corporate Securities
  315. Contracts Involving the Sale of Goods
  316. Contracts with Consumers
  317. Undue Influence
  318. Burden of Proof
  319. Arrangements Involving Spouses
  320. Importance of Independent Legal Advice
  321. Consumer Protection
  322. Duress
  323. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  324. Questions for Review
  325. Cases and Problems
  326. Continuing Scenario
  327. Chapter 10  Writing and Interpretation
  328. Introduction: Writing and Interpretation
  329. In particular, we examine such questions as:
  330. The Distinction Between Substance and Form
  331. The Benefits of a Written Record
  332. Legislation Dealing with Writing
  333. The Statute of Frauds
  334. The Types of Contracts Covered by the Statute of Frauds
  335. Guarantees
  336. Land
  337. Part Performance
  338. Requirements for a Written Memorandum
  339. All Essential Terms Must Be Included
  340. Signed by the Defendant
  341. Consequences for Contracts Within Its Scope
  342. 1. Recovery of Money Paid under a Contract
  343. 2. Recovery for Goods and Services
  344. 3. Effect of a Subsequent Written Memorandum
  345. 4. Defendant Must Expressly Plead the Statute
  346. 5. Varying a Prior Written Contract
  347. Writing Requirements of the Sale of Goods Act
  348. What Constitutes a Sale of Goods for the Purposes of the Writing Requirement?
  349. Goods
  350. Threshold Amounts
  351. Evidence That Satisfies the Act
  352. Acceptance
  353. Part Payment
  354. Earnest
  355. When Both Acts Apply
  356. Consumer Protection Legislation
  357. The Interpretation of Express Terms
  358. The Goal of the Courts: To Give Validity to Contracts
  359. Legal Principles of Interpretation
  360. General Approach to Interpretation
  361. Special Usage of Words
  362. Conflicting Testimony and Credibility
  363. Special Contracts or Clauses
  364. Insurance Contracts
  365. The Parol Evidence Rule
  366. The Meaning of Parol Evidence
  367. The Meaning of the Parol Evidence Rule
  368. Exceptions to the Parol Evidence Rule
  369. The Document Does Not Contain the Whole Contract
  370. Subsequent Oral Agreement
  371. Collateral Agreement
  372. Condition Precedent
  373. Implied Terms as a Method of Interpretation
  374. Terms Established by Custom or Statute
  375. Reasonable Expectation of the Parties
  376. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  377. Questions for Review
  378. Cases and Problems
  379. Continuing Scenario
  380. Chapter 11 Privity of Contract and the Assignment of Contractual Rights
  381. Introduction: Privity of Contract and the Assignment of Contractual Rights
  382. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  383. Privity of Contract
  384. Scope of Contractual Rights and Duties
  385. Comparison with Rights and Duties in Tort
  386. Liability of Sellers of Goods
  387. Liability of Manufacturers
  388. Tort Liability and Vicarious Performance
  389. Exceptions to the Privity of Contract Rule
  390. Trusts
  391. What Is a Trust?
  392. How Trusts Affect Third Parties: Constructive Trusts
  393. Insurance
  394. The Undisclosed Principal
  395. Contracts Concerning Land
  396. Express Language in the Contract
  397. Enurement Clause
  398. The Principled Exception—Exemption Clauses
  399. Assignment of Rights
  400. The Nature of an Assignment
  401. The Importance of Assignments
  402. The Role of Equity
  403. Equitable Assignments
  404. Assignment of Part of a Debt
  405. Statutory Assignments
  406. Reform
  407. The Requirements of the Statute
  408. Notice to the Promisor
  409. The Effect of Notice on the Promisor
  410. The Effect of Notice from Multiple Assignees
  411. The Assignee’s Title
  412. An Assignee “Takes Subject to the Equities”
  413. The Right to Set Off
  414. Assignments by Operation of Law
  415. Death
  416. Bankruptcy
  417. Negotiable Instruments
  418. Their Nature and Uses
  419. Negotiability Compared with Assignability
  420. Notice to the Promisor
  421. Defences of the Promisor
  422. Form of Action
  423. Commercial Importance of Negotiability
  424. Currency
  425. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  426. Questions for Review
  427. Cases and Problems
  428. Continuing Scenario:
  429. Chapter 12 The Discharge of Contracts
  430. Introduction: The Discharge of Contracts
  431. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  432. The Ways in Which a Contract May Be Discharged
  433. Discharge by Performance
  434. The Nature of Discharge by Performance
  435. Tender of Performance
  436. Discharge by Agreement
  437. Waiver
  438. Substituted Agreement
  439. Accord and Satisfaction
  440. Novation
  441. A Contract Provides for Its Own Dissolution
  442. Condition Precedent
  443. Condition Subsequent
  444. Option to Terminate
  445. Discharge by Frustration
  446. Doctrine of Frustration
  447. Self-Induced Frustration
  448. The Effect of Frustration
  449. Release of Further Performance
  450. Statutory Reform
  451. The Sale of Goods
  452. Discharge by Operation of Law
  453. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  454. Questions for Review
  455. Cases and Problems
  456. Continuing Scenario
  457. Chapter 13 Breach of Contract and Remedies
  458. Introduction: Breach of Contract and Remedies
  459. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  460. Implications of Breach
  461. How Breach May Occur
  462. Express Repudiation
  463. One Party Renders Performance Impossible
  464. Failure of Performance
  465. Degree of Failure
  466. Doctrine of Substantial Performance
  467. Duty of Honesty in Performance
  468. Overperformance
  469. Exemption Clauses
  470. Purpose
  471. Analytical Approach
  472. Step One: Interpretation of Exemption Clauses
  473. Step Two: Unconscionable Clauses
  474. Step Three: Public Policy and Public Interest
  475. Types of Remedies
  476. Damages
  477. The Purpose of an Award of Damages
  478. Prerequisites for an Award of Damages
  479. 1. Loss Must Flow from the Breach
  480. 2. Damages Must Be Mitigated
  481. The Measurement of Damages
  482. Liquidated Damages
  483. Nominal Damages
  484. Types of Damages
  485. Expectation Damages
  486. Consequential Damages
  487. General Damages
  488. Reliance Damages
  489. Punitive Damages
  490. Challenges in Measuring Damages
  491. Mental Anguish
  492. 1. Wrongful Dismissal
  493. 2. Lost Holidays
  494. Cost of Performance Versus Economic Loss
  495. Equitable Remedies
  496. Reasons for the Intervention of Equity
  497. Prerequisites for an Equitable Remedy
  498. Specific Performance
  499. Injunction
  500. Rescission
  501. Quantum Meruit
  502. Methods of Enforcing Judgments
  503. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  504. Questions for Review
  505. Cases and Problems
  506. Continuing Scenario
  507. Chapter 14 Sale of Goods and Consumer Contracts
  508. Introduction: Sale of Goods and Consumer Contracts
  509. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  510. The Sale of Goods Act
  511. History of the Sale of Goods Act
  512. Contracts of Sale
  513. Goods
  514. Ownership and Possession
  515. Terms in a Contract of Sale
  516. The Caveat Emptor Principle
  517. Statutory Protection for the Buyer: Implied Terms
  518. Conditions and Warranties
  519. Seller’s Title
  520. Description
  521. Sale by Sample
  522. Suitability and Quality
  523. Exemption Clauses
  524. Payment
  525. Delivery
  526. Risk of Loss Before Delivery
  527. Title to Goods
  528. Who May Pass Title?
  529. The Effect of Agency
  530. Seller or Buyer in Possession
  531. When Does Title Pass?
  532. The Sale of Goods Act Rules for Passing of Title
  533. Bills of Lading
  534. Remedies of the Seller
  535. Lien
  536. Repossession
  537. Resale
  538. Damages for Non-Acceptance
  539. Action for the Price
  540. Retention of Deposit
  541. The Seller’s Liability
  542. Breach of a Term
  543. Wrongful Withholding or Disposition by the Seller
  544. Remedies of the Buyer
  545. Consumer Contracts
  546. Consumer Protection
  547. Business Sales Tactics Targeting Consumers
  548. Pressure Selling
  549. Unsolicited Goods
  550. Telemarketing
  551. Terms in Consumer Contracts
  552. Legislated Terms
  553. Exemption Clauses
  554. Repossession
  555. Arbitration and Class Actions
  556. Severance
  557. Financing Arrangements and Disclosure of the True Cost of Credit
  558. Consumer Remedies
  559. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  560. Questions for Review
  561. Cases and Problems
  562. Continuing Scenario
  563. Chapter 15 Bailment and Leasing
  564. Introduction: Bailment and Leasing
  565. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  566. Bailment
  567. Definition
  568. Nature of Bailment
  569. Sub-Bailment
  570. Rights and Duties of a Bailee
  571. Liability Under Contract and Tort
  572. The Standard of Care
  573. Rights and Remedies
  574. Damages and Quantum Meruit
  575. Lien
  576. The Right of Sale
  577. Special Types of Bailment
  578. Storage and Safekeeping
  579. Repairs and Work on a Chattel
  580. Transportation
  581. Innkeepers
  582. Pledge or Pawn
  583. Leasing
  584. Types of Chattel Lease
  585. Operating Leases
  586. Purchase Leases
  587. Security and Finance Leases
  588. Sale-and-Leaseback
  589. Reasons for Chattel Leasing
  590. Common Terms in Chattel Leases
  591. Duration
  592. Rent
  593. Insurance and Other Costs Payable by the Lessee
  594. Purchase Option
  595. Consent to Assignment (Sub-Bailment)
  596. Early Termination—Minimum Payment
  597. Implied Terms
  598. Rights of the Parties
  599. The Lessor
  600. The Lessee
  601. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  602. Questions for Review
  603. Cases and Problems
  604. Continuing Scenario
  605. Chapter 16 Insurance and Guarantee
  606. Introduction: Insurance and Guarantee
  607. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  608. Insurance and the Management of Legal Risk
  609. Insurance Terminology
  610. Regulation of Insurance Business
  611. Types of Insurance
  612. Insurance against Loss or Damage
  613. Insurance against Liability
  614. Comprehensive Insurance
  615. Special Aspects of Insurance Contracts
  616. Legality of Objects—Wrongful Act of the Insured
  617. Insurable Interest
  618. Formation of the Contract
  619. Renewal
  620. Interpreting Terms of the Contract
  621. Good Faith, Fairness, and Disclosure
  622. Subrogation
  623. Recovery
  624. Assignment
  625. Guarantee
  626. The Nature of a Guarantee
  627. Continuing Guarantee
  628. Consideration
  629. Discharge of Guarantee
  630. Rights of the Guarantor on Default
  631. Defences
  632. Subrogation
  633. Requirement of Writing
  634. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  635. Questions for Review
  636. Cases and Problems
  637. Continuing Scenario
  638. Chapter 17 Agency and Franchising
  639. Introduction: Agency and Franchising
  640. In this chapter we examine the following issues:
  641. Defining Agency
  642. Creation of an Agency Relationship
  643. By Agreement
  644. Other Ways to Create an Agency Relationship
  645. Duties Owed by an Agent to the Principal
  646. Duty to Comply with the Agency Agreement
  647. Duty of Care
  648. Personal Performance
  649. Good Faith
  650. Duties Owed by the Principal to the Agent
  651. The Authority of the Agent
  652. Actual Authority
  653. Apparent Authority
  654. Usual Authority
  655. Holding Out
  656. Ratification
  657. Rights and Liability of Principal and Agent
  658. The Principal Alone Is Liable on the Contract
  659. The Agent Alone Is Liable on the Contract
  660. Either the Principal or the Agent May Be Held Liable on the Contract
  661. Rights of the Undisclosed Principal
  662. Liability for Torts
  663. Breach of Warranty of Authority
  664. Terminating an Agency Relationship
  665. Franchising
  666. The Nature of Franchising
  667. Contents of a Typical Franchising Agreement
  668. Consideration Provided by the Franchisor
  669. Consideration Provided by the Franchisee
  670. Conduct of the Business
  671. Termination of the Franchise
  672. Restrictive Covenants
  673. Intellectual Property Rights
  674. Dispute Resolution
  675. Legal Relationships Created by Franchising
  676. Various Franchise Models
  677. Franchise Legislation
  678. Mandatory Franchisor Disclosure
  679. Fair Dealing
  680. Right to Associate
  681. No Waiver
  682. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  683. Questions for Review
  684. Cases and Problems
  685. Continuing Scenario
  686. Chapter 18 The Contract of Employment
  687. Introduction: The Contract of Employment
  688. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  689. Development of Employment Law
  690. Relationship of Employer and Employee
  691. Compared with Agency
  692. Compared with Contractors
  693. Employment Relationship at Common Law
  694. The Employer’s Liability to Third Persons
  695. Liability in Contract
  696. Liability in Tort
  697. Notice of Termination of Individual Employment Contracts
  698. Express Term in the Contract
  699. Implied Term of Reasonable Notice
  700. Length of Reasonable Notice
  701. Dismissal without Notice
  702. Misconduct
  703. Disobedience
  704. Incompetence
  705. Illness
  706. Discovery of Cause
  707. Progressive Discipline
  708. Adverse Economic Conditions
  709. Wrongful Dismissal
  710. Damages
  711. Additional Damages
  712. Mitigation
  713. Reinstatement
  714. Employee Welfare Legislation
  715. Background
  716. Federal and Provincial Jurisdiction
  717. Employee Rights
  718. Human Rights
  719. Disability
  720. Sexual Harassment
  721. Hostile Workplace
  722. Constructive Discrimination
  723. Pay Equity
  724. Employment Equity
  725. Mandatory Retirement and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
  726. Regulation of Working Conditions
  727. Employment Insurance
  728. Workers’ Compensation
  729. Variations in Provincial Reforms
  730. Occupational Health
  731. Collective Bargaining
  732. The Process
  733. Content of a Collective Agreement
  734. First Collective Agreement
  735. Labour Disputes
  736. Types of Disputes
  737. Legislative Regulation of Dispute Resolution
  738. Implications of the Collective Agreement for the Individual Employee
  739. The Legal Status of Trade Unions
  740. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  741. Questions for Review
  742. Cases and Problems
  743. Continuing Scenario
  744. Chapter 19 Banking and Negotiable Instruments
  745. Introduction: Banking and Negotiable Instruments
  746. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  747. What Is a Bank?
  748. Regulation of Banks
  749. Regulation of Non-Bank Financial Institutions
  750. What Is a Negotiable Instrument?
  751. Nature and Uses of Negotiable Instruments
  752. Personal Property
  753. Types of Instruments
  754. Bills of Exchange (Drafts)
  755. Promissory Notes
  756. Cheques
  757. Certification
  758. Postdated Cheques
  759. Stop Payment
  760. Electronic Cheques
  761. Prerequisites for Payment
  762. Negotiability
  763. Meaning of Negotiability
  764. Consequences When a Document Is Not Negotiable
  765. Methods of Negotiation
  766. Purposes of Endorsement
  767. Liability of Parties
  768. A Drawer or Maker
  769. A Drawee or Acceptor
  770. An Endorser
  771. Proving Liability
  772. Presented for Payment
  773. Notice of Dishonour
  774. Limitation Periods
  775. Holder in Due Course
  776. Requirements to Become a Holder in Due Course
  777. Defences
  778. Personal Defences
  779. Defect of Title Defences
  780. Real Defences
  781. Consumer Bills and Notes
  782. Modern Alternatives to Cash
  783. Regulation of the Electronic Transfer of Funds
  784. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  785. Questions for Review
  786. Cases and Problems
  787. Continuing Scenario
  788. Chapter 20 Intellectual Property
  789. Introduction: Intellectual Property
  790. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  791. The Nature of Intellectual Property
  792. Forms of Intellectual Property
  793. Should Intellectual Property Be Protected?
  794. Trademarks
  795. Nature of Trademarks
  796. Business Names
  797. Protection of Trademarks
  798. Common Law: The Tort of Passing off
  799. Section 7 of the Trade-marks Act
  800. Registered Trademarks
  801. Rights Obtained by Registration
  802. Duration
  803. Requirements for Registration
  804. The Mark
  805. Ownership and Use
  806. Opposition Proceedings
  807. Actions for Infringement
  808. Unauthorized Use
  809. Jurisdiction and Remedies
  810. Assignment, Licensing, and Franchising
  811. Copyright
  812. Statutory Origin
  813. International Treaties
  814. Reform—2012
  815. Nature of Copyright
  816. Rights of Owner
  817. Moral Rights
  818. Limits to Copyright
  819. Works in Which Copyright Exists
  820. Literary Works
  821. Computer Software
  822. Dramatic Works
  823. Communication Signals and Telecommunications
  824. Musical Works
  825. Artistic Works
  826. Performers’ Performances
  827. The Protection of Copyright
  828. Registration
  829. Duration of Copyright
  830. Ownership of Copyright
  831. Assignment and Licensing
  832. Infringement of Copyright
  833. What Constitutes Infringement?
  834. Notice of Infringement
  835. Fair Dealing and Other Permitted Uses
  836. Remedies for Infringement
  837. Patents
  838. International Treaties
  839. The Nature of Patents
  840. Patentable Inventions
  841. Art, Process, Machine, Manufacture, or Composition of Matter
  842. Business Methods
  843. Novelty
  844. Utility
  845. Inventiveness
  846. Obtaining a Patent
  847. Enforcing Patent Rights
  848. Remedies
  849. Patents and the Public Interest
  850. Challenging a Patent
  851. Abuse of Patent Rights
  852. Compulsory Licensing
  853. Competition Law
  854. Industrial Designs
  855. Meaning of “Industrial Design”
  856. Protection by Registration
  857. Remedies
  858. Reform
  859. Overlap
  860. Confidential Information, Trade Secrets, and Know-How
  861. Technological Change and Intellectual Property Law
  862. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  863. Questions for Review
  864. Cases and Problems
  865. Continuing Scenario
  866. Chapter 21 Interests in Land and Their Transfer
  867. Introduction: Interests in Land and Their Transfer
  868. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  869. The Nature of Interests in Land
  870. The Definition of Land
  871. Real Property or Real Estate
  872. The Meaning of “Property”
  873. The Meaning of “Real”
  874. The Meaning of “Estate”
  875. Crown Grant
  876. Aboriginal Title and Rights
  877. Aboriginal Title
  878. Aboriginal Rights
  879. Infringement of Aboriginal Title or Rights
  880. Duty to Consult and Accommodate
  881. Remedies
  882. Estates in Time
  883. Freehold Estates
  884. Fee Simple Estate
  885. Life Estate
  886. Leasehold Estates
  887. Sharing Title: Co-Ownership
  888. Tenancy in Common
  889. Joint Tenancy
  890. Severance
  891. Interests Less Than Estates
  892. Easements
  893. Statutory Easements
  894. Easements by Prescription
  895. Covenants
  896. Restrictive Covenants
  897. Remedies for Breach of a Covenant
  898. Building-Scheme Covenants
  899. Other Interests
  900. Oil, Gas, and Mineral Leases
  901. Licences
  902. Government Regulation of Land
  903. Use and Development
  904. Rights in the Matrimonial Home
  905. Condominiums
  906. The Nature of Ownership in a Condominium
  907. Responsibility for Maintaining Units
  908. Maintenance and Management of a Condominium
  909. Financing and Insurance
  910. Cooperative Housing
  911. Transferring Interests in Land
  912. By a Sale or Gift
  913. On Death of the Owner
  914. By Compulsory Sale
  915. Adverse Possession
  916. Registration of Interests in Land
  917. First in Time
  918. Registry System
  919. Land Titles System
  920. Electronic Registration
  921. Claims That Are Not Registered on Title
  922. Adverse Possession
  923. Arrears of Taxes
  924. Creditors’ Claims
  925. Tenant in Possession
  926. Title Insurance
  927. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  928. Questions for Review
  929. Cases and Problems
  930. Continuing Scenario
  931. Chapter 22 Landlord and Tenant
  932. Introduction: Landlord and Tenant
  933. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  934. The Nature of the Relationship
  935. Definition of a Tenancy
  936. Exclusive Possession
  937. Definite or Ascertainable Period
  938. Leasing Compared to Condominium Ownership
  939. Classes of Tenancies
  940. Term Certain
  941. Periodic Tenancy
  942. Tenancy at Will
  943. Tenancy at Sufferance
  944. Covenants
  945. To Pay Rent
  946. Assignment and Subletting
  947. Freedom to Assign
  948. The Landlord’s Consent to Assignment
  949. Subletting
  950. Restrictions on Use of Premises
  951. Fitness for Occupancy
  952. Repairs
  953. Usual Covenants in the Lease of a Building
  954. Quiet Enjoyment
  955. Insurance
  956. Provision of Services and Payment of Taxes
  957. Remedies of the Landlord
  958. Damages and Recovery of Rent
  959. Eviction
  960. Distress
  961. Injunction
  962. Bankruptcy of the Tenant
  963. Remedies of the Tenant
  964. Damages
  965. Injunction
  966. Termination of the Lease
  967. Termination and Renewal of a Tenancy
  968. Surrender
  969. Forfeiture
  970. Termination by Notice to Quit
  971. Periodic Tenancies
  972. Tenant Remaining in Possession after the Expiration of a Fixed Term
  973. Parties May Set Their Own Terms for Notice
  974. Renewal
  975. Fixtures
  976. General Rules for Ownership of Fixtures
  977. Fixture or Not?
  978. Tenant’s Fixtures
  979. Oral Leases
  980. Sale of the Landlord’s Interest
  981. Relationship Between a Tenant and a Purchaser of the Landlord’s Interest
  982. Privity of Contract with the Former Landlord
  983. Relationship Between a Tenant and the Landlord’s Mortgagee
  984. The Need to Register a Long-Term Lease
  985. Leasebacks
  986. Residential Tenancies
  987. Changing Needs of Residential Tenants
  988. Legislative Protection for Tenants
  989. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  990. Questions for Review
  991. Cases and Problems
  992. Continuing Scenario
  993. Chapter 23 Mortgages of Land and Real Estate Transactions
  994. Introduction: Mortgages of Land and Real Estate Transactions
  995. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  996. The Essence of Mortgage Law
  997. The Mortgage as a Contract
  998. The Mortgage as an Interest in Land
  999. The Mortgagor’s Right to Redeem
  1000. The Mortgagee’s Right to Foreclose
  1001. Why Mortgagees Rarely Take Possession
  1002. Land Titles System
  1003. Registration
  1004. Rights of the Mortgagee and Mortgagor
  1005. The Mortgagee
  1006. The Mortgagor
  1007. The Mortgagee’s Remedies upon Default
  1008. Foreclosure
  1009. Sale by the Court
  1010. Sale by the Mortgagee
  1011. Sale by a Mortgagor of His Interest
  1012. Financial Arrangements
  1013. Effect of Default by the Purchaser
  1014. Second Mortgages
  1015. Uses of a Second Mortgage
  1016. Rights of a Second Mortgagee
  1017. Risks for a Second Mortgagee When the Mortgagor Defaults
  1018. Subsequent Mortgages after a Second Mortgage
  1019. Mortgagee’s Rights Compared with Rights of Other Creditors
  1020. Transferring a Mortgagee’s Interest in Land
  1021. Assignment
  1022. Discharge of Mortgages
  1023. Effects of a Discharge
  1024. Arrangements for Prepayment of Mortgage Debt
  1025. Partial Discharges
  1026. Provincial Variations
  1027. The Mortgagee’s Rights
  1028. Non-recourse Mortgages
  1029. The Mortgagor’s Rights
  1030. Reverse Mortgages
  1031. Mortgage Fraud
  1032. A Typical Real Estate Transaction
  1033. The Circumstances
  1034. Vendor Lists the Property for Sale
  1035. The Offer to Purchase
  1036. Accepting the Offer and Waiver of Conditions
  1037. Preparations for Completing the Transaction
  1038. Verifying Title and Possession
  1039. Preparing the Documents for Closing
  1040. Preparing for Closing
  1041. The Closing
  1042. Exchanging Documents
  1043. Delivering Possession
  1044. After the Closing
  1045. The Distinctiveness of Each Transaction
  1046. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  1047. Questions for Review
  1048. Cases and Problems
  1049. Continuing Scenario
  1050. Chapter 24 Sole Proprietorships and Partnerships
  1051. Introduction: Sole Proprietorships and Partnerships
  1052. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  1053. Choosing the Appropriate Form of Business Organization
  1054. Sole Proprietorships
  1055. Partnerships
  1056. Advantages and Disadvantages
  1057. The Partnership Act
  1058. The Nature of Partnership
  1059. The Definition of Partnership
  1060. The Partnership Relationship
  1061. The Business Nature of Partnership
  1062. The Profit Motive
  1063. The Legal Nature of Partnership
  1064. Legal Personality
  1065. The Continuing Relationship Between Partners
  1066. Partnership Property
  1067. Creditors of the Firm
  1068. Legal Proceedings
  1069. The Creation of a Partnership
  1070. The Partnership Agreement
  1071. Registration
  1072. The Liability of a Partner
  1073. Contractual Liability
  1074. Agency Principles
  1075. Joint Liability
  1076. Apparent Partners
  1077. Tort and Breach of Trust
  1078. The Relationship Between Partners
  1079. Implied Terms
  1080. Partnership Property
  1081. Financial Arrangements
  1082. Conduct of the Business
  1083. Membership
  1084. Fiduciary Duties
  1085. Information
  1086. Secret Benefits
  1087. Duty Not to Compete
  1088. Termination of Partnership
  1089. Express Provision
  1090. Implied Statutory Rules
  1091. Termination by Notice or Expiry
  1092. Termination on Death or Insolvency
  1093. Dissolution by Law
  1094. Effects of Dissolution
  1095. Limited Partnerships
  1096. Limited Liability Partnerships
  1097. Joint Ventures
  1098. Income Trusts
  1099. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  1100. Questions for Review
  1101. Cases and Problems
  1102. Continuing Scenario
  1103. Chapter 25 The Nature of a Corporation and Its Formation
  1104. Introduction: The Nature of a Corporation and Its Formation
  1105. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  1106. The Nature of a Corporation
  1107. The Corporation as a Legal Person
  1108. Characteristics of Corporations vs. Partnerships
  1109. Liability
  1110. Transfer of Ownership
  1111. Management
  1112. Duty of Good Faith
  1113. Continuity
  1114. Taxation
  1115. Consequences of Separate Corporate Personality
  1116. Capacity
  1117. Separate Existence: Salomon
  1118. Limitations on the Principle of Separate Corporate Existence
  1119. Exceptions to Limited Liability
  1120. Other Statutory Provisions
  1121. Lifting the Corporate Veil
  1122. Methods of Incorporation
  1123. Early Methods of Incorporation
  1124. General Incorporation Statutes
  1125. Incorporation Roots: The Memorandum and Letters Patent Systems
  1126. The Articles of Incorporation System
  1127. The Choice of Jurisdiction
  1128. The Constitution of a Corporation
  1129. Articles of Incorporation
  1130. The Corporate Name
  1131. Bylaws
  1132. Nature of Bylaws
  1133. General Operating Rules
  1134. Authorization to Directors
  1135. Types of Business Corporations
  1136. Public and Private Corporations
  1137. Public Corporations
  1138. Private Corporations
  1139. Corporate Groups
  1140. Cooperatives
  1141. Professional Corporations
  1142. Corporate Capital
  1143. Equity and Debt
  1144. Share Capital
  1145. Par Values
  1146. Corporate Securities
  1147. The Distinction Between Shares and Bonds
  1148. Rights of Security Holders
  1149. Bondholders
  1150. Common Shareholders
  1151. Preferred Shareholders
  1152. Class Rights
  1153. The Transfer of Corporate Securities
  1154. Restrictions on Share Transfer
  1155. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  1156. Questions for Review
  1157. Cases and Problems
  1158. Continuing Scenario
  1159. Chapter 26 Corporate Governance: The Internal Affairs of Corporations
  1160. Introduction: Corporate Governance: The Internal Affairs of Corporations
  1161. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  1162. What Is Corporate Governance?
  1163. Corporate Governance of Publicly Traded Corporations
  1164. The Structure of the Modern Business Corporation
  1165. Directors
  1166. The Role of the Directors
  1167. Appointment and Removal of Directors
  1168. Officers
  1169. Duties of Directors and Officers
  1170. What Duties Are Owed?
  1171. Section 122(1)(a): Fiduciary Duties
  1172. Section 122(1)(b): Duty of Care, Diligence, and Skill
  1173. To Whom Are Directors’ and Officers’ Duties Owed?
  1174. To the Corporation
  1175. To the Shareholders and Other Stakeholders
  1176. The Peoples v Wise Distinction
  1177. Defences to Breach of Duty
  1178. Strict Liability
  1179. Specific Conduct Involving Conflicts of Interest
  1180. Contracts with the Corporation
  1181. Interception of Corporate Opportunity
  1182. Competing with the Corporation
  1183. Related Party Transactions
  1184. Insider Trading
  1185. Shareholders
  1186. The Role of Shareholders
  1187. Publicly Traded Corporations
  1188. Private Corporations
  1189. Rights Attached to Shares
  1190. Meetings and Voting
  1191. Notice and Attendance at Meetings
  1192. The Right to Requisition Meetings
  1193. The Right to Vote
  1194. Class Voting Rights
  1195. Proxies
  1196. Financial Rights
  1197. Dividends
  1198. Distribution of Surplus
  1199. Preemptive Rights
  1200. The Right to Information
  1201. The Financial Statements
  1202. Documents of Record
  1203. The Auditor
  1204. Appointment of Inspector
  1205. Duties of Shareholders
  1206. The Protection of Minority Shareholders
  1207. Majority Rule
  1208. The Appraisal Remedy
  1209. The Derivative Action
  1210. Winding Up
  1211. Oppression Remedy
  1212. Shareholder Agreements
  1213. Advantages
  1214. Right to Participate in Management
  1215. Right to a Fair Price for a Share Interest
  1216. Unanimous Shareholder Agreements
  1217. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  1218. Questions for Review
  1219. Cases and Problems
  1220. Continuing Scenario
  1221. Chapter 27 Corporate Governance: External Responsibilities
  1222. Introduction: Corporate Governance: External Responsibilities
  1223. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  1224. Liability Arising from Business Responsibilities
  1225. Types of Liability
  1226. The Requirement of Mens Rea
  1227. Presumption of Intent
  1228. Absolute Liability
  1229. Protection of Creditors
  1230. Implications of Limited Liability
  1231. Preservation of Capital
  1232. The Solvency Test
  1233. The Maintenance of Capital Test
  1234. (i) Dividends
  1235. (ii) Return of Capital
  1236. Loans to Shareholders, Directors, and Employees
  1237. Protection of Employees
  1238. Protection of Consumers and Competitors
  1239. Protection of Investors
  1240. Securities Legislation
  1241. Objectives of Securities Legislation
  1242. The Securities Industry
  1243. Licensing
  1244. The Public Corporation: Public Offering
  1245. Corporate Governance
  1246. Prospectus
  1247. Continuing Disclosure
  1248. The Public Accounting Industry
  1249. Secondary Market Liability
  1250. Takeovers and Reorganizations
  1251. Protection of the Public Interest
  1252. Civil Liability of Corporations
  1253. Tort Liability
  1254. Contractual Liability
  1255. Pre-Incorporation Contracts
  1256. Criminal Liability of Corporations
  1257. The Nature of Corporate Criminal Liability
  1258. How Can Corporations Commit Crimes?
  1259. The “Directing Mind” Principle
  1260. The Criminal Code’s Test
  1261. Criminal Code Offences
  1262. Sentencing
  1263. Criminal Liability of Directors and Officers
  1264. Liability for Environmental Offences
  1265. What Standard of Skill and Care Must Be Met?
  1266. The Expertise Required of Directors and Senior Officers
  1267. Who Should Be Found Liable?
  1268. Those in Charge of an Activity
  1269. The Difficulty of Determining Responsibility
  1270. What Should the Punishment Be?
  1271. The Business Consequences
  1272. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  1273. Questions for Review
  1274. Cases and Problems
  1275. Continuing Scenario
  1276. Chapter 28 Secured Transactions
  1277. Introduction: Secured Transactions
  1278. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  1279. The Meaning of “Security”
  1280. Security Practices
  1281. Rights of a Secured Creditor
  1282. Creating a Security Interest in Personal Property
  1283. Familiar Security Agreements
  1284. Mortgages
  1285. Leases
  1286. Consignments
  1287. Other Credit Devices
  1288. Additional Security Agreements
  1289. Conditional Sales
  1290. Chattel Mortgages
  1291. Floating Charges
  1292. Personal Property Security Legislation
  1293. Jurisdiction and Application
  1294. Purpose of PPSA Legislation
  1295. Key Components of the Personal Property Security Act
  1296. Attachment
  1297. Perfection
  1298. Registration
  1299. Priority and Competing Interests
  1300. Effect of Security Interests on Purchasers
  1301. Separation of Possession and Ownership
  1302. Effect of Registration
  1303. Exceptions for Good Faith Buyers
  1304. Registration Practice
  1305. Maintaining Perfection
  1306. Security Interests in Intangible Property
  1307. Assignment of Book Debts
  1308. Investment Property
  1309. Effect of Security Interests on Other Creditors
  1310. Conflicting Priorities
  1311. Security for Bank Loans
  1312. Loans Under the Bank Act
  1313. Rights of a Lending Bank
  1314. Other Forms of Collateral Security for Bank Loans
  1315. Conflicts Between the Bank Act and Personal Property Security Acts
  1316. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  1317. Questions for Review
  1318. Cases and Problems
  1319. Continuing Scenario
  1320. Chapter 29 Creditors’ Rights
  1321. Introduction: Creditors’ Rights
  1322. In this chapter we consider such questions as:
  1323. Statutory Arrangements for the Protection of Creditors
  1324. The Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act
  1325. Competing Policy Issues
  1326. Government Supervision
  1327. Persons to Whom the Act Applies
  1328. Bankrupts and Insolvent Persons
  1329. Consumer Debtors
  1330. Corporations
  1331. Procedures Under the Act
  1332. Proposals
  1333. Commercial Proposals
  1334. Consumer Proposals
  1335. Assignments
  1336. Bankruptcy Orders
  1337. Acts of Bankruptcy
  1338. Administration of a Bankrupt’s Affairs
  1339. Powers and Duties of the Trustee
  1340. Recovery of Property
  1341. Transfers at Undervalue
  1342. Preferences
  1343. Exempt Property
  1344. Payment of Claims
  1345. Super Priority
  1346. Unpaid Sellers
  1347. Wage Earners
  1348. Interim Financing Creditors
  1349. Secured Creditors
  1350. Preferred Creditors
  1351. General Creditors
  1352. Deferred Creditors
  1353. Duties of the Bankrupt Debtor
  1354. Bankruptcy Offences
  1355. Discharge of the Bankrupt Debtor
  1356. Automatic Discharge Availability
  1357. Other Methods of Liquidation and Reorganization
  1358. Corporate Winding Up
  1359. The Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act
  1360. Builders’ Liens
  1361. Who Is Protected?
  1362. Employees’ Rights
  1363. Procedures Under Builders’ Lien Legislation
  1364. Registration
  1365. Lienholders’ Rights
  1366. Progress Payments
  1367. Practical Application of Builders’ Liens
  1368. Mortgage Lenders
  1369. Tenants
  1370. Contractors Who Own the Land
  1371. Other Statutory Protection of Creditors
  1372. Business Corporations Acts
  1373. Limitations Statutes
  1374. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  1375. Questions for Review
  1376. Cases and Problems
  1377. Continuing Scenario
  1378. Chapter 30 International Business Transactions
  1379. Introduction: International Business Transactions
  1380. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  1381. Canadian Business in a Global Economy
  1382. Law and International Business
  1383. Foreign Trade
  1384. Export/Import Contracts
  1385. The Contract of Sale
  1386. The Proper Law of the Contract
  1387. Contractual Terms
  1388. The Documentation
  1389. Shipment and Insurance
  1390. Payment
  1391. Financing
  1392. Countertrade
  1393. Export and Import of Services
  1394. Intellectual Property
  1395. Government Regulation of International Trade
  1396. Export Promotion
  1397. Export Controls
  1398. Import Duties
  1399. Import Restrictions
  1400. Dumping and Subsidies
  1401. The International Law of Trade
  1402. The GATT and the World Trade Organization (WTO)
  1403. North American Free Trade
  1404. Trans-Pacific Partnership
  1405. Foreign Investment
  1406. Forms of Foreign Investment
  1407. Government Regulation of Foreign Investment
  1408. Foreign Investment and International Law
  1409. The Resolution of International Business Disputes
  1410. Courts
  1411. Jurisdiction
  1412. Standing
  1413. Choice of Law
  1414. Enforcement of Foreign Judgments
  1415. Commercial Arbitration
  1416. Disputes Involving Governments
  1417. The GATT and WTO
  1418. NAFTA
  1419. NAFTA Chapter 11
  1420. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  1421. Questions for Review
  1422. Cases and Problems
  1423. Continuing Scenario
  1424. Chapter 31 Electronic Commerce
  1425. Introduction: Electronic Commerce
  1426. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  1427. Ecommerce
  1428. What Is Ecommerce?
  1429. Increasing Impact of Ecommerce on Business
  1430. Pre-existing Business Practices
  1431. Establishing a Website
  1432. Cashless Society
  1433. Surrounding Business Environment
  1434. Net Neutrality
  1435. The Impact of Ecommerce on the Law
  1436. Ecommerce and the Law
  1437. Contract Law
  1438. Formation of Contracts
  1439. The Law Governing the Contract
  1440. Formal Requirements
  1441. Consumer Protection Legislation
  1442. Torts
  1443. Defamation
  1444. Others
  1445. Intellectual Property
  1446. Trademarks
  1447. Domain Names
  1448. Copyright
  1449. Patents
  1450. Privacy
  1451. Other Illegal Activities
  1452. International Aspects of Ecommerce
  1453. Jurisdiction
  1454. Non-Governmental Organizations
  1455. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  1456. Questions for Review
  1457. Cases and Problems
  1458. Continuing Scenario
  1459. Chapter 32 Privacy
  1460. Introduction: Privacy
  1461. In this chapter we examine such questions as:
  1462. Privacy
  1463. What Is Privacy?
  1464. Privacy as a Human Right
  1465. Privacy and Technology
  1466. Privacy and Business
  1467. Government Regulation of Privacy
  1468. Regulation of Privacy in the Public Sector
  1469. Government Transparency and Accountability
  1470. Provincial Variation
  1471. Municipalities
  1472. Healthcare
  1473. Education
  1474. Regulation of Privacy in the Private Sector
  1475. PIPEDA
  1476. Enforcement
  1477. Requirements
  1478. Provincial Variation
  1479. Specific Stakeholders
  1480. Employers and Employees
  1481. Consumers
  1482. Specific Businesses
  1483. Civil Liability
  1484. Tort Liability
  1485. Common Law Invasion of Privacy
  1486. Statutory Cause of Action
  1487. Tort: Negligence
  1488. Criminal Liability
  1489. Codes of Conduct
  1490. Strategies to Manage the Legal Risks
  1491. Questions for Review
  1492. Cases and Problems
  1493. Continuing Scenario
  1494. Glossary
  1495. A-C
  1496. D-I
  1497. J-O
  1498. P-R
  1499. S-Z

 

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