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Visual Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology combines a visual approach with a modular organization to deliver an easy-to-use and time-efficient book that uniquely meets the needs of today’s students―without sacrificing the coverage of A&P topics required for careers in nursing and other allied health professions. This book is geared toward students enrolled in a one–semester A&P course.

 

Table of Content:

  1. 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
  2. SECTION 1 A&P in Perspective
  3. 1.1 Anatomy is the study of form; physiology is the study of function
  4. 1.2 Form and function are interrelated
  5. 1.3 The human body has multiple interdependent levels of organization
  6. 1.4 Organs and organ systems perform vital functions
  7. Section 1 Review
  8. SECTION 2 Homeostasis
  9. 1.5 Negative feedback provides stability, whereas positive feedback accelerates a process to complet
  10. Section 2 Review
  11. SECTION 3 Anatomical Terms
  12. 1.6 Superficial anatomy and regional anatomy indicate locations on or in the body
  13. 1.7 Directional and sectional terms describe specific points of reference
  14. 1.8 Body cavities protect internal organs and allow them to change shape
  15. Section 3 Review
  16. Chapter 1 Review
  17. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  18. Career Paths: Diagnostic Medical Sonographer
  19. Chapter 1 Review Questions
  20. 2 Chemical Level of Organization
  21. SECTION 1 Atoms and Molecules
  22. 2.1 Typical atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons
  23. 2.2 Electrons occupy various energy levels
  24. 2.3 The most common chemical bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds
  25. Section 1 Review
  26. SECTION 2 Chemical Reactions
  27. 2.4 Chemical notation describes chemical reactions that may be helped by enzymes
  28. 2.5 There are three basic types of chemical reactions
  29. Section 2 Review
  30. SECTION 3 The Importance of Water in the Body
  31. 2.6 Physiological systems depend on water
  32. 2.7 Regulation of body fluid pH is vital for homeostasis
  33. Section 3 Review
  34. SECTION 4 Metabolites and Nutrients
  35. 2.8 Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
  36. 2.9 Lipids often contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of 1:2
  37. 2.10 Steroids, phospholipids, and glycolipids have diverse functions
  38. 2.11 Proteins are formed from amino acids
  39. 2.12 Enzymes are proteins with important regulatory functions
  40. 2.13 High-energy compounds may store and transfer a portion of energy released during enzymatic reac
  41. 2.14 DNA and RNA are nucleic acids
  42. Section 4 Review
  43. Chapter 2 Review
  44. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  45. Career Paths: Pharmacy Technician
  46. Chapter 2 Review Questions
  47. 3 Cells and Tissues
  48. SECTION 1 An Introduction to Cells
  49. 3.1 Cells are the smallest living units of life
  50. 3.2 The plasma membrane isolates the cell from its environment and performs various functions; the c
  51. 3.3 Protein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum and at free ribosomes depends primarily on the en
  52. 3.4 The Golgi apparatus is a packaging center
  53. 3.5 The nucleus contains DNA, RNA, organizing proteins, and enzymes
  54. 3.6 Protein synthesis involves DNA, enzymes, and three types of RNA
  55. 3.7 Each cell has a life cycle that typically involves periods of growth and cell division
  56. 3.8 Mitosis distributes chromosomes before cytokinesis separates the daughter cells
  57. 3.9 CLINICAL MODULE: Tumors and cancer are characterized by abnormal cell growth and division
  58. Section 1 Review
  59. SECTION 2 How Substances Enter and Leave the Cell
  60. 3.10 Diffusion is movement driven by concentration differences
  61. 3.11 Passive and active processes move materials in and out of cells
  62. Section 2 Review
  63. SECTION 3 Tissues
  64. 3.12 Tissues are specialized groups of cells and cell products
  65. 3.13 Epithelial tissue covers surfaces, lines structures, and forms secretory glands
  66. 3.14 Epithelial cells are extensively interconnected, both structurally and functionally
  67. 3.15 The cells in a squamous epithelium are flattened and irregular in shape
  68. 3.16 Cuboidal and transitional epithelia are found along several passageways and chambers connected
  69. 3.17 Columnar epithelia typically perform absorption or provide protection from chemical or environm
  70. 3.18 Glandular epithelia are specialized for secretion
  71. 3.19 Loose connective tissues provide padding and support, whereas dense connective tissues provide
  72. 3.20 Membranes are physical barriers
  73. 3.21 Cartilage provides a flexible supporting framework
  74. 3.22 Bone provides a strong framework for the body
  75. 3.23 Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction; neural tissue is specialized for communication
  76. 3.24 CLINICAL MODULE: The response to tissue injury involves inflammation and regeneration
  77. Section 3 Review
  78. Chapter 3 Review
  79. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  80. Career Paths: Clinical Laboratory Scientist
  81. Chapter 3 Review Questions
  82. 4 The Integumentary System
  83. SECTION 1 Functional Anatomy of the Skin
  84. 4.1 The epidermis is composed of layers with various functions
  85. 4.2 Factors influencing skin color include epidermal pigmentation and dermal circulation
  86. 4.3 The dermis supports the epidermis, and the hypodermis connects the dermis to the rest of the bod
  87. 4.4 The integument has endocrine functions that require ultraviolet radiation
  88. Section 1 Review
  89. SECTION 2 Accessory Organs of the Skin
  90. 4.5 Hair is composed of dead, keratinized cells produced in a specialized hair follicle
  91. 4.6 Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are exocrine glands found in the skin
  92. 4.7 Nails are thick sheets of keratinized epidermal cells that protect the tips of fingers and toes
  93. 4.8 CLINICAL MODULE: Age-related changes alter the integument
  94. 4.9 CLINICAL MODULE: The integument can often repair itself, even after extensive damage
  95. Section 2 Review
  96. Chapter 4 Review
  97. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  98. Career Paths: EMT/Paramedic
  99. Chapter 4 Review Questions
  100. 5 The Skeletal System
  101. SECTION 1 An Introduction to the Bones of the Skeletal System
  102. 5.1 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and have a variety of surface features
  103. 5.2 Long bones have a rich blood supply
  104. 5.3 Bone has a calcified matrix associated with osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
  105. 5.4 Compact bone consists of parallel osteons, and spongy bone consists of a network of trabeculae
  106. 5.5 The most common method of bone formation involves the replacement of cartilage with bone
  107. 5.6 CLINICAL MODULE: Abnormalities of bone growth and development produce recognizable physical sign
  108. 5.7 CLINICAL MODULE: A fracture is a crack or a break in a bone
  109. Section 1 Review
  110. SECTION 2 The Skeleton
  111. 5.8 Facial bones dominate the anterior skull, and cranial bones dominate the posterior surface
  112. 5.9 Surface features of the skull are functional landmarks
  113. 5.10 Additional landmarks are visible in sectional views of the skull
  114. 5.11 The associated bones of the skull perform specialized functions
  115. 5.12 Fontanelles permit cranial growth in infants and small children
  116. 5.13 The vertebral column has four spinal curves, and vertebrae have both anatomical similarities an
  117. 5.14 There are 7 cervical vertebrae and 12 thoracic vertebrae
  118. 5.15 There are five lumbar vertebrae, and the sacrum and coccyx consist of fused vertebrae
  119. 5.16 The thoracic cage protects organs in the chest and provides sites for muscle attachment
  120. 5.17 CLINICAL MODULE: Abnormalities in the axial skeleton directly affect posture and balance
  121. 5.18 The pectoral girdles—the clavicles and scapulae—connect the upper limbs to the axial skelet
  122. 5.19 The humerus of the arm articulates with the radius and ulna of the forearm
  123. 5.20 The wrist is composed of carpal bones, and the hand consists of metacarpal bones and phalanges
  124. 5.21 The hip bone forms by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
  125. 5.22 The pelvis consists of the two hip bones plus the sacrum and the coccyx
  126. 5.23 The femur articulates with the patella and tibia
  127. 5.24 The ankle and foot contain tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges
  128. Section 2 Review
  129. SECTION 3 Joint Structure and Movement
  130. 5.25 Synovial joints (diarthroses) are freely movable and contain synovial fluid
  131. 5.26 Anatomical organization determines the functional properties of synovial joints
  132. 5.27 CLINICAL MODULE: Adjacent vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs that are compressed b
  133. 5.28 CLINICAL MODULE: Arthritis can disrupt normal joint structure and function
  134. Section 3 Review
  135. Chapter 5 Review
  136. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  137. Career Paths: Physical Therapist
  138. Chapter 5 Review Questions
  139. 6 The Muscular System
  140. SECTION 1 Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
  141. 6.1 A skeletal muscle contains skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves
  142. 6.2 Skeletal muscle fibers have contractile myofibrils containing hundreds to thousands of sarcomere
  143. 6.3 A skeletal muscle fiber contracts when stimulated by a motor neuron
  144. 6.4 The sliding filament theory explains the physical changes that occur during a contraction
  145. 6.5 A muscle fiber contraction uses ATP in a cycle that repeats for the duration of the contraction
  146. Section 1 Review
  147. SECTION 2 Functional Properties of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
  148. 6.6 Tension production rises to maximum levels as the rate of muscle stimulation increases
  149. 6.7 A skeletal muscle controls muscle tension by the number of motor units stimulated
  150. 6.8 Muscle contractions may be isotonic or isometric
  151. 6.9 Muscle contraction requires a large amount of ATP that may be produced aerobically or anaerobica
  152. 6.10 CLINICAL MODULE: Many factors can result in muscle hypertrophy, atrophy, or paralysis
  153. Section 2 Review
  154. SECTION 3 Functional Organization of the Muscular System
  155. 6.11 The names of muscles provide clues to their appearance and/or function
  156. 6.12 Broad descriptive terms are used to describe movements with reference to the anatomical positio
  157. 6.13 Terms of more limited application describe rotational movements and special movements
  158. 6.14 Skeletal muscles are grouped in the axial division or appendicular division based on origins an
  159. 6.15 The muscles of the head and neck are important in eating and useful for communication
  160. 6.16 The muscles of the vertebral column support and align the axial skeleton
  161. 6.17 The oblique and rectus muscles form the muscular walls of the trunk
  162. 6.18 Large axial and appendicular muscles originate on the trunk
  163. 6.19 Proximal limb muscles are larger, stronger, fewer, and less precise in their actions than dista
  164. 6.20 The muscles that move the leg originate on the pelvis and femur
  165. 6.21 The primary muscles that move the foot and toes originate on the tibia and fibula
  166. Section 3 Review
  167. Chapter 6 Review
  168. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  169. Career Paths: Personal Trainer
  170. Chapter 6 Review Questions
  171. 7 The Central Nervous System
  172. SECTION 1 Neurons and Neuroglia
  173. 7.1 Neurons are nerve cells specialized for intercellular communication
  174. 7.2 Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia are neuroglia of the CNS
  175. 7.3 Schwann cells and satellite cells protect the axons and cell bodies of sensory and motor neurons
  176. 7.4 All communication and processing in the nervous system depends on changes in the membrane potent
  177. 7.5 An action potential can affect other portions of the membrane through continuous or saltatory pr
  178. 7.6 At a synapse, information travels from presynaptic cell to postsynaptic cell
  179. Section 1 Review
  180. SECTION 2 The Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
  181. 7.7 Each region of the brain has distinct structural and functional characteristics
  182. 7.8 The cranial meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid protect and support the brain
  183. 7.9 Superficial landmarks can be used to divide the surface of the cerebral cortex into lobes
  184. 7.10 The lobes of the cerebral cortex contain regions with specific functions
  185. 7.11 The diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum contain relay stations that process information ou
  186. 7.12 The reticular activating system of the midbrain is responsible for maintaining consciousness
  187. 7.13 CLINICAL MODULE: Brain activity can be monitored using external electrodes; the record is calle
  188. 7.14 The spinal cord contains gray matter and white matter
  189. 7.15 Gray matter is the region of integration, and white matter carries information
  190. 7.16 The spinal cord is surrounded by the meninges, which consist of the dura mater, arachnoid mater
  191. Section 2 Review
  192. Chapter 7 Review
  193. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  194. Career Paths: Physician Assistant
  195. Chapter 7 Review Questions
  196. 8 The Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous Systems
  197. SECTION 1 The Peripheral Nervous System
  198. 8.1 Spinal nerves have a consistent anatomical structure and pattern of distribution
  199. 8.2 The twelve pairs of cranial nerves are classified as sensory, special sensory, motor, or mixed n
  200. 8.3 Spinal nerves form nerve plexuses that innervate the skin and skeletal muscles
  201. 8.4 Sensory and motor pathways carry information between the PNS and processing centers in the CNS
  202. 8.5 Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli
  203. 8.6 CLINICAL MODULE: Reflexes can be used to determine the location and severity of damage to the CN
  204. 8.7 CLINICAL MODULE: Nervous system disorders may result from problems with neurons, pathways, or a
  205. Section 1 Review
  206. SECTION 2 The Autonomic Nervous System
  207. 8.8 The sympathetic division has chain ganglia, collateral ganglia, and the adrenal medullae, wherea
  208. 8.9 The two ANS divisions innervate many of the same structures, but the innervation patterns are di
  209. 8.10 The functional differences between the two ANS divisions reflect their divergent anatomical and
  210. Section 2 Review
  211. Chapter 8 Review
  212. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  213. Career Paths: Occupational Therapist
  214. Chapter 8 Review Questions
  215. 9 The Senses
  216. SECTION 1 The General Senses
  217. 9.1 General sensory receptors in the skin vary widely in form and function
  218. 9.2 Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors start important autonomic reflexes involving visceral sensory p
  219. Section 1 Review
  220. SECTION 2 The Special Senses
  221. 9.3 Olfaction involves specialized chemoreceptive neurons whereas taste receptors are specialized ep
  222. 9.4 The ear is divided into the external ear, the middle ear, and the internal ear
  223. 9.5 The bony labyrinth protects the membranous labyrinth
  224. 9.6 Hair cells in the semicircular ducts respond to rotation, while those in the utricle and saccule
  225. 9.7 The cochlear duct contains the hair cells of the spiral organ
  226. 9.8 The sensations of pitch and volume depend on movements of the basilar membrane
  227. 9.9 The accessory structures of the eye provide protection while allowing light to reach the interio
  228. 9.10 The eye has a layered wall; it is hollow, with fluid-filled anterior and posterior cavities
  229. 9.11 The eye is highly organized and has a consistent visual axis that directs light to the fovea of
  230. 9.12 Focusing produces a sharply defined image at the retina
  231. 9.13 The neural tissue of the retina contains multiple layers of specialized photoreceptors, neurons
  232. 9.14 Photoreception, which occurs in the outer segment of rods and cones, involves the activation of
  233. 9.15 The visual pathways distribute visual information from each eye to both cerebral hemispheres
  234. 9.16 CLINICAL MODULE: Accommodation problems result from abnormalities in the cornea or lens, or in
  235. 9.17 CLINICAL MODULE: Aging is associated with many disorders of the special senses; trauma, infecti
  236. Section 2 Review
  237. Chapter 9 Review
  238. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  239. Career Paths: Massage Therapist
  240. Chapter 9 Review Questions
  241. 10 The Endocrine System
  242. SECTION 1 Hormones and Intercellular Communication
  243. 10.1 Hormones may be amino acid derivatives, peptides, or lipid derivatives
  244. 10.2 There are two major mechanisms by which hormones act on target cells
  245. 10.3 The hypothalamus exerts direct or indirect control over the activities of many different endocr
  246. Section 1 Review
  247. SECTION 2 Endocrine Organs
  248. 10.4 The pituitary gland acts as a master gland
  249. 10.5 Thyroid gland hormones regulate metabolism or calcium ion levels
  250. 10.6 Parathyroid hormone, produced by the parathyroid glands, is the primary regulator of calcium io
  251. 10.7 The adrenal glands produce hormones involved in metabolic regulation
  252. 10.8 The pancreatic islets secrete insulin and glucagon and regulate glucose use by most cells
  253. 10.9 The pineal gland of the epithalamus secretes melatonin
  254. 10.10 CLINICAL MODULE: Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterized by excessively high
  255. 10.11 The stress response is a predictable response to any significant threat to homeostasis
  256. Section 2 Review
  257. Chapter 10 Review
  258. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  259. Career Paths: Sports Trainer
  260. Chapter 10 Review Questions
  261. 11 Blood and Blood Vessels
  262. SECTION 1 Blood
  263. 11.1 Blood is a fluid connective tissue containing plasma and formed elements
  264. 11.2 Red blood cells, the most common formed elements, contain hemoglobin
  265. 11.3 Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of specific surface antigens on RBCs
  266. 11.4 CLINICAL MODULE: Hemolytic disease of the newborn is an RBC-related disorder caused by a cross-
  267. 11.5 White blood cells defend the body against pathogens, toxins, cellular debris, and abnormal or d
  268. 11.6 Formed elements are produced by stem cells derived from hemocytoblasts
  269. 11.7 The clotting response is a complex cascade of events that reduces blood loss
  270. 11.8 CLINICAL MODULE: Blood disorders can be classified by their origins and the changes in blood ch
  271. Section 1 Review
  272. SECTION 2 The Functional Anatomy of Blood Vessels
  273. 11.9 Arteries and veins differ in the structure and thickness of their walls
  274. 11.10 CLINICAL MODULE: Arteriosclerosis can restrict blood flow and damage vital organs
  275. 11.11 Capillaries function as part of an interconnected network called a capillary bed
  276. 11.12 The venous system has low pressures and contains almost two-thirds of the body’s blood volume
  277. 11.13 The pulmonary circuit, which is relatively short, carries deoxygenated blood from the right ve
  278. 11.14 The systemic arterial and venous systems operate in parallel, and the major vessels often have
  279. 11.15 The branches of the aortic arch supply structures that are drained by the superior vena cava
  280. 11.16 The external carotid arteries supply the neck, lower jaw, and face, and the internal carotid a
  281. 11.17 The internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries supply the brain, which is drained by
  282. 11.18 The regions supplied by the descending aorta are drained by the superior and inferior venae ca
  283. 11.19 The viscera supplied by the celiac trunk and mesenteric arteries are drained by the tributarie
  284. 11.20 The pelvis and lower limb are supplied by branches of the common iliac arteries and drained by
  285. Section 2 Review
  286. Chapter 11 Review
  287. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  288. Career Paths: Phlebotomist
  289. Chapter 11 Review Questions
  290. 12 The Heart and Cardiovascular Function
  291. SECTION 1 The Structure of the Heart
  292. 12.1 The wall of the heart contains concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue
  293. 12.2 The heart is suspended within the pericardial cavity; the boundaries of the internal chambers a
  294. 12.3 The heart has an extensive blood supply
  295. 12.4 Internal valves control the direction of blood flow between the heart chambers
  296. 12.5 CLINICAL MODULE: Damage to the myocardium or heart valves may compromise heart function
  297. Section 1 Review
  298. SECTION 2 The Cardiac Cycle
  299. 12.6 The cardiac cycle, which creates pressure gradients that maintain blood flow, is coordinated by
  300. 12.7 The ANS innervates the heart, and an ECG can display heart activity
  301. 12.8 Adjustments in heart rate and stroke volume regulate cardiac output
  302. Section 2 Review
  303. SECTION 3 The Coordination of Cardiac Output and Peripheral Blood Flow
  304. 12.9 Arterial pressure and peripheral resistance determine blood flow and affect capillary exchange
  305. 12.10 Cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms respond to changes in blood pressure
  306. 12.11 The endocrine responses to low blood pressure and low blood volume are very different from tho
  307. 12.12 The cardiovascular centers make extensive adjustments to cardiac output and blood distribution
  308. 12.13 CLINICAL MODULE: An ECG can reveal cardiac arrhythmias
  309. Section 3 Review
  310. Chapter 12 Review
  311. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  312. Career Paths: Radiologic Technologist
  313. Chapter 12 Review Questions
  314. 13 The Lymphatic System and Immunity
  315. SECTION 1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
  316. 13.1 Interstitial fluid flows into lymphatic capillaries to become lymph within lymphatic vessels
  317. 13.2 Small lymphatic vessels merge to form lymphatic ducts that empty lymph into subclavian veins
  318. 13.3 Lymphocytes are responsible for the immune functions of the lymphatic system
  319. 13.4 Lymphocytes within lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs protect the body from pathogens and tox
  320. Section 1 Review
  321. SECTION 2 Nonspecific Immunity
  322. 13.5 Physical barriers and phagocytes play a role in nonspecific defenses
  323. 13.6 Inflammation is a localized tissue response to injury; fever is a generalized response to tissu
  324. Section 2 Review
  325. SECTION 3 specific Immunity
  326. 13.7 Specific defenses are triggered by exposure to antigenic fragments
  327. 13.8 Antibodies are small soluble proteins that bind to specific antigens; they may inactivate the a
  328. 13.9 Antibodies use many different mechanisms to destroy target antigens
  329. 13.10 CLINICAL MODULE: Antibody responses can cause allergies and anaphylaxis
  330. 13.11 CLINICAL MODULE: Immune disorders involving both overactivity and underactivity can be harmful
  331. Section 3 Review
  332. Chapter 13 Review
  333. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  334. Career Paths: Burn Nurse Specialist
  335. Chapter 13 Review Questions
  336. 14 The Respiratory System
  337. SECTION 1 Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
  338. 14.1 The respiratory mucosa cleans, warms, and moistens inhaled air
  339. 14.2 The trachea and primary bronchi carry air to and from the lungs
  340. 14.3 Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli
  341. Section 1 Review
  342. SECTION 2 Respiratory Physiology
  343. 14.4 Pressure changes within the pleural cavities drive pulmonary ventilation
  344. 14.5 Respiratory muscles adjust the tidal volume to meet respiratory demands
  345. 14.6 Gas Diffusion depends on the relative concentrations and solubilities of gases
  346. 14.7 Respiratory control involves interacting centers in the brain stem
  347. 14.8 CLINICAL MODULE: Respiratory disorders and aging both reduce lung function; smoking makes matte
  348. Section 2 Review
  349. Chapter 14 Review
  350. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  351. Career Paths: Respiratory Therapist
  352. Chapter 14 Review Questions
  353. 15 The Digestive System
  354. SECTION 1 General Organization of the Digestive System
  355. 15.1 The digestive tract is a muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane
  356. 15.2 Smooth muscle contractions mix and propel materials through the digestive tract
  357. Section 1 Review
  358. SECTION 2 The Digestive Tract
  359. 15.3 The oral cavity contains the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth, and receives saliva from the s
  360. 15.4 Teeth in different regions of the jaws vary in size, shape, and function
  361. 15.5 The muscular walls of the pharynx and esophagus play a key role in swallowing
  362. 15.6 The stomach is a muscular, expandable, J-shaped organ with three layers in its muscularis exter
  363. 15.7 The stomach breaks down the organic nutrients in food
  364. 15.8 The intestinal tract is specialized for absorbing nutrients
  365. 15.9 The small intestine is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
  366. 15.10 Five hormones are involved in regulating digestive activities
  367. 15.11 The large intestine stores and concentrates fecal material
  368. 15.12 Neural reflexes and hormones work together to control digestive activities
  369. Section 2 Review
  370. SECTION 3 Accessory Digestive Organs
  371. 15.13 Secretions from three pairs of salivary glands produce saliva
  372. 15.14 The liver, the largest visceral organ, is divided into left, right, caudate, and quadrate lobe
  373. 15.15 The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and the pancreas has vital endocrine and exocrin
  374. 15.16 CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the digestive system are diverse and relatively common
  375. Section 3 Review
  376. Chapter 15 Review
  377. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  378. Career Paths: Dental Hygienist
  379. Chapter 15 Review Questions
  380. 16 Metabolism and Energetics
  381. SECTION 1 An Introduction to Cellular Metabolism
  382. 16.1 Cells obtain most of their ATP from the electron transport system, which is linked to the citri
  383. 16.2 Cells can break down any available substrate from the nutrient pool to obtain the energy they n
  384. Section 1 Review
  385. SECTION 2 The Digestion and Metabolism of Nutrients
  386. 16.3 Carbohydrates are usually the preferred substrates for catabolism and ATP production under rest
  387. 16.4 Lipids reach the bloodstream in chylomicrons; the cholesterol is then extracted and released as
  388. 16.5 An amino acid not needed for protein synthesis may be broken down or converted to a different a
  389. 16.6 Vitamins and minerals are essential to the function of many metabolic pathways
  390. 16.7 Proper nutrition depends on eating a balanced diet
  391. 16.8 The control of appetite is complex and involves both short-term and long-term mechanisms
  392. 16.9 CLINICAL MODULE: Metabolic disorders may result from inadequate nutrition, biochemical problems
  393. Section 2 Review
  394. SECTION 3 Metabolism and Energy Use
  395. 16.10 The body uses energy continuously, and to maintain a constant body temperature, heat gain and
  396. 16.11 Thermoregulatory centers in the hypothalamus adjust heat loss and heat gain
  397. Section 3 Review
  398. Chapter 16 Review
  399. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  400. Career Paths: Registered Dietitian
  401. Chapter 16 Review Questions
  402. 17 The Urinary System and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
  403. SECTION 1 Anatomy of the Urinary System
  404. 17.1 The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs
  405. 17.2 A nephron can be divided into regions; each region has specific functions
  406. 17.3 The kidneys are highly vascular, and the circulation patterns are complex
  407. Section 1 Review
  408. SECTION 2 Overview of Renal Physiology
  409. 17.4 Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion occur in specific regions of the nephron and collecting
  410. 17.5 Urine volume and concentration are hormonally regulated
  411. 17.6 Renal function is an integrative process
  412. 17.7 CLINICAL MODULE: Renal failure is a life-threatening condition
  413. Section 2 Review
  414. SECTION 3 Urine Storage and Elimination
  415. 17.8 The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra are specialized for conducting urine
  416. 17.9 CLINICAL MODULE: Physical exams and laboratory tests can often detect urinary disorders
  417. Section 3 Review
  418. SECTION 4 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
  419. 17.10 Fluid and mineral balance exists when gains equal losses
  420. 17.11 Water balance depends on sodium balance, and the two are regulated simultaneously
  421. Section 4 Review
  422. SECTION 5 Acid-Base Balance
  423. 17.12 Buffer systems oppose potentially dangerous disturbances in acid-base balance
  424. 17.13 Buffer systems can delay but not prevent pH shifts in the ICF and ECF
  425. 17.14 Homeostatic responses to acidosis and alkalosis involve respiratory and renal mechanisms as we
  426. Section 5 Review
  427. Chapter 17 Review
  428. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  429. Career Paths: Nurse Practitioner
  430. Chapter 17 Review Questions
  431. 18 The Reproductive System
  432. SECTION 1 The Male Reproductive System
  433. 18.1 The coiled seminiferous tubules of the testes are connected to the male reproductive tract
  434. 18.2 Hormones play a key role in establishing and maintaining male sexual function
  435. 18.3 The male reproductive tract receives secretions from the seminal, prostate, and bulbo-urethral
  436. 18.4 The penis conducts semen and urine out of the body
  437. 18.5 CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the prostate gland and testes are relatively common
  438. Section 1 Review
  439. SECTION 2 The Female Reproductive System
  440. 18.6 The ovaries and the female reproductive tract are in close proximity but are not directly conne
  441. 18.7 Meiosis I in the ovaries produces a single haploid secondary oocyte that completes meiosis II o
  442. 18.8 The uterine tubes are connected to the uterus, a hollow organ with thick muscular walls
  443. 18.9 The entrance to the vagina is enclosed by external genitalia
  444. 18.10 The mammary glands nourish the infant after delivery
  445. 18.11 The ovarian and uterine cycles are regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland,
  446. 18.12 CLINICAL MODULE: Female reproductive system disorders are relatively common and often deadly
  447. 18.13 CLINICAL MODULE: Birth control strategies vary in effectiveness and in the nature of associate
  448. Section 2 Review
  449. Chapter 18 Review
  450. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  451. Career Paths: Health Educator
  452. Chapter 18 Review Questions
  453. 19 Development and Inheritance
  454. SECTION 1 An Overview of Development
  455. 19.1 Cleavage continues until the blastocyst implants in the uterine wall
  456. 19.2 Gastrulation produces three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
  457. 19.3 The extra-embryonic membranes form the placenta that supports fetal growth and development
  458. 19.4 The placenta performs many vital functions for the duration of prenatal development
  459. 19.5 Organ systems are formed in the first trimester and become functional in the second and third t
  460. 19.6 Pregnancy places anatomical and physiological stresses on maternal systems
  461. 19.7 Multiple factors initiate and accelerate the process of labor
  462. 19.8 After delivery, development initially requires nourishment by maternal systems
  463. 19.9 At puberty, male and female sex hormones have differential effects on most body systems
  464. Section 1 Review
  465. SECTION 2 Genetics and Inheritance
  466. 19.10 Genes and chromosomes determine patterns of inheritance
  467. 19.11 CLINICAL MODULE: Thousands of clinical disorders have been linked to abnormal chromosomes and/
  468. Section 2 Review
  469. Chapter 19 Review
  470. Visual Outline with Key Terms
  471. Career Paths: Pediatric Nurse
  472. Chapter 19 Review Questions
  473. Answers
  474. Glossary
  475. A
  476. B
  477. C
  478. D
  479. E
  480. F
  481. G
  482. H
  483. I
  484. J
  485. K
  486. L
  487. M
  488. N
  489. O
  490. P
  491. Q
  492. R
  493. S
  494. T
  495. U
  496. V
  497. W
  498. X
  499. Y
  500. Z
  501. Credits
  502. Index
  503. A
  504. B
  505. C
  506. D
  507. E
  508. F
  509. G
  510. H
  511. I
  512. J
  513. K
  514. L
  515. M
  516. N
  517. O
  518. P
  519. Q
  520. R
  521. S
  522. T
  523. U
  524. V
  525. W
  526. X
  527. Y
  528. Z

 

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