Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

;Research is valuable since it helps to provide evidence for or against a hypothesis.

;Status placement is a primary function of the family.

;Generation Yers believe in paying one’s dues, getting credentials, and sacrificing through hard work to achieve economic stability.

;The last step in the research process is to identify the topic or focus of the research.

;According to the looking-glass self, the image people have of themselves is not affected by what other people tell them about themselves.

;For people to marry by common law, they must be of sound mind, be unmarried, and must have lived together for a certain period of time.

;Singlehood will continue to be the dominant lifestyle choice for about 85% of adults in the United States.

;A cross-sectional study involves studying the same group across time.

;In the context of the human ecology framework, the well-being of individuals and families can be considered apart from the well-being of the environment.

;The family life course developmental framework has its basis in psychology, whereas the family life cycle has its basis in sociology.

;Persons married by common law who move to a non-common-law state are not recognized as being married in the state to which they move.

;The first step in the research process is developing a hypothesis.

;A feminist framework views marriage and family as contexts of inequality and oppression for women.

;The Industrial Revolution refers to the social and economic changes that occurred when human labor became the dominant mode for the production of goods.

;In healthy families, individuals are locked into one role.

;In the context of the trends in marriage and family, diversity in marriage and family life will continue as evidenced by same-sex marriages/families, single-parent families, childfree families, and poly families.

;The looking-glass self and the self-fulfilling prophecy are concepts exclusive to conflict framework of viewing the family.

;In a family, sex between near kin is neither expected nor approved.

;In the context of feminist perspectives, lesbian feminism emphasizes oppressive heterosexuality.

;A fact to keep in mind when making relationship choices is that choices do not involve trade-offs.

;Conflict theorists believe that conflict is an unnatural and unhealthy part of relationships.

;A case study is a quantitative method of data collection.

;The family of orientation represents the family that you will begin should you marry and have children.

;In the context of family life cycles, even if developmental tasks at one stage are not accomplished, functioning in subsequent stages will not be impaired.

;A survey is a qualitative method of data collection.

;Marriages in the year 2020 have rigid gender roles.

;A hypothesis is a suggested explanation for a phenomenon.

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

;Which of the following statements is true of pantagamy?

;Which of the following is true of marriages and families in the year 1950?

;The definition of the situation, the looking-glass self, and the self-fulfilling prophecy are concepts involved in the _____ of marriage and the family.

;Which of the following statements is true of the legal contract of marriage in the United States?

;Identify a true statement about marriages and families in the year 2020.

;Which of the following is a difference between marriages and families in the United States?

;In the context of the ways of viewing marriage and the family, which of the following theoretical frameworks emphasizes the important role transitions of individuals that occur in different periods of life and in different social contexts?

;The social exchange framework of marriage and the family operates from a premise of _____.

;Which of the following statements is true of choices in relationships?

;The _____ emphasizes how marriage and family contribute to society.

;Nyima is married to four brothers. They belong to a poor family and pool all their resources to support her. The marriage depicted in this scenario can be referred to as _____.

;In terms of the theoretical frameworks for viewing marriage and the family, the _____ views interaction and choices in terms of cost and profit.

;During the Industrial Revolution, _____ became the dominant mode for the production of goods.

;The _____ represents the family a person begins typically by getting married and having children.

;The advent of industrialization, urbanization, and mobility was associated with the rise of:

;The major reason for polyandry is _____.

;Which of the following statements is true of problem families?

;Which of the following is a qualitative method of data collection?

;People of _____ were born in the information age.

;Your _____ consists either of you, your parents, and your siblings or of you, your spouse, and your children.

;__________is a type of marriage in which one wife has two or more husbands.

;In comparison with married people, single people have:

;Identify a true statement about single people.

;Which of the following methods of data collection involves focusing on one couple?

;_____ is a family created when two individuals marry and at least one of them brings a child or children from a previous relationship or marriage.

;Which of the following statements best defines marriage?

;In _____, two or more (up to five) husbands, who may be brothers, pool their resources to support one wife.

;Which of the following feministic perspectives stresses the neglect of women’s perspective and experiences in the production of knowledge?

;According to _____, the image people have of themselves is a reflection of what other people tell them about themselves.

;Members of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints (FLDS) feel that:

;Liz and Harry have been married for a year. Liz has a daughter from her previous marriage who lives with the couple. The family exemplified in this scenario is _____.

;Which of the following is a fact to keep in mind when making relationship choices?

;In the context of the ways of viewing marriage and the family, _____ is the theory that individuals rationally weigh the rewards and costs associated with behavioral choices.

;Which of the following statements is true of marriages and families in the year 2020?

;Which of the following statements is true of marriages?

;Which of the following is true in the context of marriage?

;The family of orientation is also known as the:

;The veterans and civilians of World War II belonged to the _____.

;Which of the following statements best defines the term familism?

;In the 1950s, _____.

;The Census Bureau’s definition of family has been challenged because it does not include:

;Which of the following statements is true of family relationship values in the year 2020?

;Which of the following statements is true of family systems?

;In the context of the structure-function framework, which of the following is a primary function of families?

;Which of the following is an example of a postmodern family?

;Which of the following is true of a marriage contract in the United States?

;In the context of the ways of viewing marriage and the family,__________are a set of interrelated principles designed to explain a particular phenomenon and provide a point of view.

;The term symbolic interaction refers to the process of interpersonal interaction and involves the concept of__________.

;According to the__________, individuals, couples, and families are dependent on the environment for survival and on other people for social interaction.

;Which of the following statements is true in the context of the family systems framework?

;In _____, the same group is studied across time.

;_____ is a type of marriage involving one husband and two or more wives.

;Which of the following statements is true of families?

;The__________has its basis in psychology and emphasizes the various developmental tasks family members face across time.

;Which of the following statements is true of single people?

;According to _____, women and men will experience life differently because there are different expectations for the respective genders.

;The family of orientation is the:

;People born from early 1980s to early 2000s belong to _____.

;The term _____ refers to a heterosexual cohabiting couple presenting themselves as married.

;The family systems framework views each member of the family as part of a system and the family as a unit that develops norms of interacting. In this context, which of the following is an example of an implicit norm?

;Which of the following statements is true of the views of the members of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints (FLDS)?

;Which of the following is true of conflict theorists?

;The family life course developmental framework has its basis in _____.

;Identify a fact to keep in mind when making relationship choices.

;According to the self-fulfilling prophecy, _____.

;The family life cycle has its basis in _____.

;_____ are pair-bonded relationships given legal significance in terms of rights and privileges.

;Briefly discuss common-law marriages.

;What is polygamy?

;In the context of the ways of viewing marriage and the family, briefly discuss the structure-function framework.

;Briefly discuss the terms nuclear family, traditional family, and modern family.

;Briefly discuss some of the benefits of marriage.

;Briefly discuss the terms familism and individualism.

;In the context of the ways of viewing marriage and the family, briefly explain the family systems framework.

;Briefly discuss the legal contract of marriage.

;In the context of the ways of viewing marriage and the family, briefly explain the views of conflict theorists.

;Briefly discuss the impact of the Industrial Revolution on families.

;Briefly discuss the terms family of origin and family of procreation.

;In the context of the ways of viewing marriage and the family, briefly discuss the social exchange framework.

;In the context of the ways of viewing marriage and the family, briefly explain the human ecology framework.

;In the context of the symbolic interaction framework, discuss the difference between the looking-glass self and the self-fulfilling prophecy.

;In the context of the ways of viewing marriage and the family, briefly explain the feminist framework.

;Briefly discuss the terms binuclear family and blended family.

;List the steps in the marriage and family research process.

;Differentiate between marriage and the family in the United States.

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;Answers will vary. The law is currently designed to protect spouses, not lovers or cohabitants. An exception is common-law marriage, in which a heterosexual couple who cohabit and present themselves as married will be regarded as legally married in those states that recognize such marriages. Common-law marriages exist in 14 states (Alabama, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Montana, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Texas) and the District of Columbia. Even in these states, not all persons can marry by common law—they must be of sound mind, be unmarried, and must have lived together for a certain period of time (, three years). Persons married by common law who move to a non-common-law state are recognized as being married in the new state to which they move.

;Answers will vary. Polygamy is a generic term for marriage involving more than two spouses. There are three forms of polygamy: polygyny, polyandry, and pantagamy. Polygyny involves one husband and two or more wives and is practiced illegally in the United States by some religious fundamentalist groups. These groups are primarily in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah (as well as Canada), and have splintered off from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (commonly known as the Mormon Church). Tibetan Buddhists foster yet another brand of polygamy, referred to as polyandry, in which one wife has two or more (up to five) husbands. These husbands, who may be brothers, pool their resources to support one wife. Polyandry is a much less common form of polygamy than polygyny. The major reason for polyandry is economic. Pantagamy describes a group marriage in which each member of the group is “married” to the others. Pantagamy is a formal arrangement that was practiced in communes (, Oneida) in the 19th and 20th centuries.

;Answers will vary. The structure-function framework emphasizes how marriage and family contribute to society. Just as the human body is made up of different parts that work together for the good of the individual, society is made up of different institutions (, family, religion, education, economics) that work together for the good of society. Functionalists view the family as an institution with values, norms, and activities meant to provide stability for the larger society. Such stability depends on families performing various functions for society. First, families serve to replenish society with socialized members. Because our society cannot continue to exist without new members, we must have some way of ensuring a continuing supply. However, just having new members is not enough. We need socialized members— those who can speak our language and know the norms and roles of our society. Second, marriage and the family promote the emotional stability of the respective spouses. Society cannot provide enough counselors to help us whenever we have emotional issues/problems. Marriage ideally provides in-residence counselors who are loving and caring partners with whom people share (and receive help for) their most difficult experiences.

;Answers will vary. The nuclear family refers to either a family of origin or a family of procreation. In practice, this means that your nuclear family consists either of you, your parents, and your siblings or of you, your spouse, and your children. Generally, one-parent households are not referred to as nuclear families. They are binuclear families if both parents are involved in the child’s life, or single-parent families if only one parent is involved in the child’s life. The traditional family is the two-parent nuclear family, with the husband as breadwinner and the wife as homemaker. The modern family is the dual-earner family, in which both spouses work outside the home.

;Answers will vary. The following are some of the benefits of marriage:

• Spouses have fewer hospital admissions, see a physician more regularly, and are sick less often. They recover from illness/surgery more quickly.
• Spouses report being happier than single people.
• Spouses report being more satisfied with their sex lives, both physically and emotionally.
• Spouses have more economic resources than single people.
• Spouses have lower rates of drug use and abuse.

;Answers will vary. The advent of industrialization, urbanization, and mobility was associated with the demise of familism (focus on what is important for the family) and the rise of individualism (focus on what it important for the individual). When family members functioned together as an economic unit, they were dependent on one another for survival and were concerned about what was good for the family. This familistic focus on the needs of the family has since shifted to a focus on self-fulfillment— individualism. Individualism and the quest for personal fulfillment are thought to have contributed to high divorce rates, absent fathers, and parents spending less time with their children.

;Answers will vary. The family systems framework views each member of the family as part of a system and the family as a unit that develops norms of interacting, which may be explicit (, parents specify when their children must stop texting for the evening and complete homework) or implicit (, spouses expect fidelity from each other). These rules serve various functions, such as the allocation of keeping the education of offspring on track and solidifying the emotional bond of the spouses. Rules are most efficient if they are flexible (, they should be adjusted over time in response to a child’s growing competence). Family members also develop boundaries that define the individual and the group and separate one system or subsystem from another. In addition to rules and boundaries, family systems have roles (leader, follower, scapegoat) for the respective family members. These roles may be shared by more than one person or may shift from person to person during an interaction or across time.

;Answers will vary. Marriage in society is a legal contract into which two individuals (heterosexual or homosexual) who are of legal age may enter when they are not already married to someone else. The age required to marry varies by state and is usually from 16 to 18 (most states set 17 or 18 as the requirement). In some states (, Alabama) individuals can marry at age 14 with parental or judicial consent. In California, individuals can marry at any age with parental consent. The marriage license certifies that a legally empowered representative of the state perform the ceremony, often with two witnesses present. The marriage contract gives power to the state over the couple—should they decide to divorce, the state can dictate the terms—in child custody, division of property, and child support.

;Answers will vary. Conflict framework views individuals in relationships as competing for valuable resources (time, money, power). Conflict theorists recognize that family members have different goals and values that produce conflict. Adolescents want freedom (, stay out late with new love interest) while parents want their child to get a good night’s sleep, not get pregnant, and stay on track in school. Conflict theorists also view conflict not as good or bad but as a natural and normal part of relationships. They regard conflict as necessary for the change and growth of individuals, marriages, and families. Cohabitation relationships, marriages, and families all have the potential for conflict.

;Answers will vary. The Industrial Revolution refers to the social and economic changes that occurred when machines and factories, rather than human labor, became the dominant mode for the production of goods. Industrialization occurred in the United States during the early- and mid-1800s and represents one of the most profound influences on the family. Before industrialization, families functioned as an economic unit that produced goods and services for its own consumption. Parents and children worked together in or near the home to meet the survival needs of the family. As the United States became industrialized, more men and women left the home to sell their labor for wages. The family was no longer a self-sufficient unit that determined its work hours. Rather, employers determined where and when family members would work. Whereas children in preindustrialized America worked on farms and contributed to the economic survival of the family, children in industrialized America became economic liabilities rather than assets. Child labor laws and mandatory education removed children from the labor force and lengthened their dependence on parental support. Eventually, both parents had to work away from the home to support their children. The dual-income family had begun.

;Answers will vary. Also referred to as the family of orientation, the family of origin is the family into which you were born or the family in which you were reared. It involves you, your parents, and your siblings. When you go to your parents’ home for the holidays, you return to your family of origin. Siblings in one’s family of origin also provide a profound influence on one another’s behavior, emotional development, adjustment, and happiness (Incerti et al., 2015; McHale et al., 2012). The relationship with one’s siblings, particularly the sister-sister relationship, often represents the most enduring relationship in a person’s lifetime. The family of procreation represents the family that you will begin should you marry and have children. Of citizens living in the United States 65 years old and over, 96% have married with most establishing their own family of procreation (Proquest Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2016, Table 32). Across the life cycle, individuals move from their family of orientation to their family of procreation.

;Answers will vary. The social exchange framework is one of the most commonly used theoretical perspectives in marriage and the family. The framework views interaction and choices in terms of cost and profit. The social exchange framework also operates from a premise of utilitarianism—the theory that individuals rationally weigh the rewards and costs associated with behavioral choices. A social exchange view of marital roles emphasizes that spouses negotiate the division of labor on the basis of exchange. For example, a man participates in child care in exchange for his wife earning an income, which relieves him of the total financial responsibility. Social exchange theorists also emphasize that power in relationships is the ability to influence, and avoid being influenced by, the partner. Over half (63%) of 9,410 undergraduates from two universities reported that they had the same amount of power in the relationship as their partner.

;Answers will vary. The human ecology framework (also known as the ecological perspective) (Shelton, 2015) looks at family as an ecosystem which interacts with the environment. Humans are biological organisms and social beings that interact with their environment. Individuals, couples, and families are dependent on the environment for survival and on other human beings for social interaction. The well-being of individuals and families cannot be considered apart from the well-being of the environment. For example, nutrition and housing are important to the functioning of families. If a family does not have enough to eat or have adequate housing, it will not be able to function at an optimal level.

;Answers will vary. The symbolic interaction framework views marriages and families as symbolic worlds in which the various members give meaning to one another’s behavior. The term symbolic interaction refers to the process of interpersonal interaction and involves the concepts of the definition of the situation, the looking-glass self, and the self-fulfilling prophecy. According to the looking-glass self, the image people have of themselves is a reflection of what other people tell them about themselves. People develop an idea of who they are by the way others act toward them. If no one looks at or speaks to them, they will begin to feel unsettled. Similarly, family members constantly hold up social mirrors for one another into which the respective members look for definitions of self. According to the self-fulfilling prophecy, once people define situations and the behaviors in which they are expected to engage, they are able to behave toward one another in predictable ways. Such predictability of behavior affects subsequent behavior. If you feel that your partner expects you to be faithful, your behavior is likely to conform to these expectations. The expectations thus create a self-fulfilling prophecy.

;Answers will vary. Although a feminist framework views marriage and family as contexts of inequality and oppression for women, there are 11 feminist perspectives, including lesbian feminism (emphasizing oppressive heterosexuality), psychoanalytic feminism (focusing on cultural domination of men’s phallic-oriented ideas and repressed emotions), and standpoint feminism (stressing the neglect of women’s perspective and experiences in the production of knowledge) (Lorber, 1998). Regardless of which feminist framework is being discussed, all feminist frameworks have the themes of inequality and oppression. According to feminist theory, gender structures our experiences (, women and men will experience life differently because there are different expectations for the respective genders). Feminists seek equality in their relationships with their partners. In addition, this framework has been adapted to examine other inequalities and oppressions such as sexism, lookism, and heterosexualism.

;Answers will vary. A binuclear family is a family in which the members live in two separate households. This family type is created when the parents of the children divorce and live separately, setting up two separate units, with the children remaining a part of each unit. Each of these units may also change again when the parents remarry and bring additional children into the respective units (blended family). Hence, the children may go from a nuclear family with both parents, to a binuclear unit with parents living in separate homes, to a blended family when parents remarry and bring additional children into the respective units.

;Answers will vary. The following are the steps in the marriage and family research process:

• Identifying the topic or focus of research
• Reviewing the literature
• Developing hypotheses
• Deciding on the type of study and method of data collection
• Getting approval from the Institutional Review Board
• Collecting and analyzing data
• Writing up and publishing the results

;Answers will vary. The following are some of the differences between marriage and the family in the United States:

• Marriages involve two people, whereas families usually involve more than two people.
• In marriages, the ages of the individuals tend to be similar, whereas in families, individuals represent more than one generation.
• In marriages, spouses are focused on each other, whereas in families, focus changes with addition of children.
• In marriages, money in unit is spent on the couple, whereas in families, money is used for the needs of children.
• In marriages, recreation revolves around adults, whereas in families, recreation revolves around children.